| 1. |
- Antoch, Jaromír, et al.
(författare)
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Recursive robust regression computational aspects and comparison
- 1995
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Ingår i: Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. - 0167-9473 .- 1872-7352. ; 19:2, s. 115-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main objective of this paper is to show how algorithms for classical robust regression can be modified for recursive evaluation. It is shown that such a modification can be utilized to increase the algorithmic efficiency for convex object functions. However, for the non-convex ones it is demonstrated that recursion gives little help to find the optimal solution.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Arslan, O., et al.
(författare)
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Algorithms to compute CM - and S-estimates for regression
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Conference on Robust Statistics. - : Physica-Verlag Rudolf Liebig GmbH. - 3790815187 ; , s. 62-76
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constrained M-estimators for regression were introduced by Mendes and Tyler in 1995 as an alternative class of robust regression estimators with high breakdown point and high asymptotic efficiency. To compute the CM-estimate, the global minimum of an objective function with an inequality constraint has to be localized. To find the S-estimate for the same problem, we instead restrict ourselves to the boundary of the feasible region. The algorithm presented for computing CM-estimates can easily be modified to compute S-estimates as well. Testing is carried out with a comparison to the algorithm SURREAL by Ruppert
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| 4. |
- Bergström, Göran, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in the General Population
- 2021
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Ingår i: Circulation. - Philadelphia : American Heart Association. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 144:12, s. 916-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Early detection of coronary atherosclerosis using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), in addition to coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring, may help inform prevention strategies. We used CCTA to determine the prevalence, severity, and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis and its association with CAC scores in a general population.Methods: We recruited 30 154 randomly invited individuals age 50 to 64 years to SCAPIS (the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study). The study includes individuals without known coronary heart disease (ie, no previous myocardial infarctions or cardiac procedures) and with high-quality results from CCTA and CAC imaging performed using dedicated dual-source CT scanners. Noncontrast images were scored for CAC. CCTA images were visually read and scored for coronary atherosclerosis per segment (defined as no atherosclerosis, 1% to 49% stenosis, or ≥50% stenosis). External validity of prevalence estimates was evaluated using inverse probability for participation weighting and Swedish register data.Results: In total, 25 182 individuals without known coronary heart disease were included (50.6% women). Any CCTA-detected atherosclerosis was found in 42.1%; any significant stenosis (≥50%) in 5.2%; left main, proximal left anterior descending artery, or 3-vessel disease in 1.9%; and any noncalcified plaques in 8.3% of this population. Onset of atherosclerosis was delayed on average by 10 years in women. Atherosclerosis was more prevalent in older individuals and predominantly found in the proximal left anterior descending artery. Prevalence of CCTA-detected atherosclerosis increased with increasing CAC scores. Among those with a CAC score >400, all had atherosclerosis and 45.7% had significant stenosis. In those with 0 CAC, 5.5% had atherosclerosis and 0.4% had significant stenosis. In participants with 0 CAC and intermediate 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to the pooled cohort equation, 9.2% had CCTA-verified atherosclerosis. Prevalence estimates had excellent external validity and changed marginally when adjusted to the age-matched Swedish background population.Conclusions: Using CCTA in a large, random sample of the general population without established disease, we showed that silent coronary atherosclerosis is common in this population. High CAC scores convey a significant probability of substantial stenosis, and 0 CAC does not exclude atherosclerosis, particularly in those at higher baseline risk.
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| 5. |
- Bergström, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in the General Population
- 2021
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Ingår i: Circulation. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 0009-7322 .- 1524-4539. ; 144:12, s. 916-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Early detection of coronary atherosclerosis using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), in addition to coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring, may help inform prevention strategies. We used CCTA to determine the prevalence, severity, and characteristics of coronary atherosclerosis and its association with CAC scores in a general population.Methods: We recruited 30 154 randomly invited individuals age 50 to 64 years to SCAPIS (the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study). The study includes individuals without known coronary heart disease (ie, no previous myocardial infarctions or cardiac procedures) and with high-quality results from CCTA and CAC imaging performed using dedicated dual-source CT scanners. Noncontrast images were scored for CAC. CCTA images were visually read and scored for coronary atherosclerosis per segment (defined as no atherosclerosis, 1% to 49% stenosis, or ≥50% stenosis). External validity of prevalence estimates was evaluated using inverse probability for participation weighting and Swedish register data.Results: In total, 25 182 individuals without known coronary heart disease were included (50.6% women). Any CCTA-detected atherosclerosis was found in 42.1%; any significant stenosis (≥50%) in 5.2%; left main, proximal left anterior descending artery, or 3-vessel disease in 1.9%; and any noncalcified plaques in 8.3% of this population. Onset of atherosclerosis was delayed on average by 10 years in women. Atherosclerosis was more prevalent in older individuals and predominantly found in the proximal left anterior descending artery. Prevalence of CCTA-detected atherosclerosis increased with increasing CAC scores. Among those with a CAC score >400, all had atherosclerosis and 45.7% had significant stenosis. In those with 0 CAC, 5.5% had atherosclerosis and 0.4% had significant stenosis. In participants with 0 CAC and intermediate 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease according to the pooled cohort equation, 9.2% had CCTA-verified atherosclerosis. Prevalence estimates had excellent external validity and changed marginally when adjusted to the age-matched Swedish background population.Conclusions: Using CCTA in a large, random sample of the general population without established disease, we showed that silent coronary atherosclerosis is common in this population. High CAC scores convey a significant probability of substantial stenosis, and 0 CAC does not exclude atherosclerosis, particularly in those at higher baseline risk.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Brandell, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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Encouraging More Women Into Computer Science : Initiating a Single-Sex Intervention Program in Sweden
- 1997
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Ingår i: Mathematics Education Research Journal. - 1033-2170 .- 2211-050X. ; 9:3, s. 312-324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of starting a new program in computer science and engineering, heavily based on applied mathematics and only open to women, is described in this paper. The program was introduced into an educational system without any tradition in single-sex education. Important observations made during the process included the considerable interest in mathematics and curiosity about computer science found among female students at the secondary school level, and the acceptance of the single-sex program by the staff, administration, and management of the university as well as among male and female students. The process described highlights the importance of preparing the environment for a totally new type of educational program.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Edlund, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Algorithms for non-linear M-estimation
- 1997
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Ingår i: Computational statistics (Zeitschrift). - 0943-4062 .- 1613-9658. ; 12:3, s. 373-383
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
- Edlund, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Algorithms for robustified error-in-variables problems
- 1998
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Ingår i: COMPSTAT [1998]. - Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag Rudolf Liebig GmbH. - 3790811319 ; , s. 293-298
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- From the introduction: We consider the problem of fitting a model of the form $y=f(x,\beta)$ to a set of points $(x_i,y_i)$, $i=1,\dots,n$. If there are measurement or observation errors in $x$ as well as in $y$, we have the so-called errors-in-variables-problem with model equation $$y_i=f(x_i+\delta_i,\beta)+\varepsilon_i,\ i=1,\dots,n,\tag 1$$ where $\delta_i\in\bbfR^m$, $i=1,\dots,n$, are the errors in $x_i\in\bbfR^m$. Then the problem is to find a vector of parameters $\beta\in\bbfR^p$ that minimizes the errors $\varepsilon_i$ and $\delta_i$ in some loss function subject to (1). We present algorithms using more robust alternatives to the least squares criterion.\par We will further discuss, from
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| 12. |
- Edlund, Ove, et al.
(författare)
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Computing the constrained M-estimates for regression
- 2005
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Ingår i: Computational Statistics & Data Analysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-9473 .- 1872-7352. ; 49:1, s. 19-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constrained M-estimates for regression have been previously proposed as an alternative class of robust regression estimators with high breakdown point and high asymptotic efficiency. These are closely related to S-estimates, and it is shown that in some cases they will necessarily coincide. It has been difficult to use the CM-estimators in practice for two reasons. Adequate computational methods have been lacking and there has also been some confusion concerning the tuning parameters. Both of these problems are addressed; an updated table for choice of suitable parameter value is given, and an algorithm to compute CM-estimates for regression is presented. It can also be used to compute S-estimates. The computational problem to be solved is global optimization with an inequality constraint. The algorithm consists of two phases. The first phase is finding suitable starting values for the local optimization. The second phase, the efficient finding of a local minimum, is described in more detail. There is a MATLAB code generally available from the net. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed, using this code, to test the performance of the estimator as well as the algorithm.
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| 13. |
- Ekblom, Håkan
(författare)
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A new algorithm for the huber estimator in linear models
- 1988
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Ingår i: BIT Numerical Mathematics. - 0006-3835 .- 1572-9125. ; 28:1, s. 123-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers algorithms for solving the linear robust regression problem by minimizing the Huber function. In the computational methods for this problem used so far, the scale estimate is adjusted separately. The new algorithm, based on Newton's method, treats both the scale and the location parameters as independent variables. The special form of the Hessian allows for an efficient updating scheme.
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| 14. |
- Ekblom, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Algorithms for non linear huber estimation
- 1989
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Ingår i: BIT Numerical Mathematics. - 0006-3835 .- 1572-9125. ; 29:1, s. 60-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Huber criterion for data fitting is a combination of thel 1 and thel 2 criteria which is robust in the sense that the influence of wild data points can be reduced. We present a trust region and a Marquardt algorithm for Huber estimation in the case where the functions used in the fit are non-linear. It is demonstrated that the algorithms converge under the usual conditions.
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| 15. |
- Ekblom, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Computing M-Estimates
- 1996
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Ingår i: COMPSTAT [1996]. - Heidelberg : Physica-Verlag Rudolf Liebig GmbH. - 3790809535 ; , s. 247-252
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 16. |
- Ekblom, Håkan
(författare)
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Generation of test problems for Lp - and Huber regression
- 1990
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Ingår i: Communications in statistics. Simulation and computation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0361-0918 .- 1532-4141. ; 19:2, s. 481-489
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical methods for obtaining (X|y), related to the linear model y = X + e, are presented. The user is allowed to specify the Lp or Huber solution vector B* and is also free to choose the conditioning and the structure of X.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Ekblom, Håkan
(författare)
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What can numerical analysis do for statistics?
- 1994
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Ingår i: COMPSTAT [1994] : proceedings in computational statistics ; 11th symposium held in Vienna, Austria, 1994. - : Physica-Verlag Rudolf Liebig GmbH. - 3790807931 ; , s. 31-45
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Basic numerical concepts, like cancellation, instability and condition number, are described and discussed. The implication on statistical computation is exemplified on computing variances and regression coefficients
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| 19. |
- Ekblom, Kim, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Iron stores and HFE genotypes are not related to increased risk of first-time myocardial infarction : a prospective nested case-referent study
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5273 .- 1874-1754. ; 150:2, s. 169-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Our objectives were to study the relationship between iron stores, HFE genotypes and the risk for first-ever myocardial infarction. Methods: First-ever myocardial infarction cases (n=618) and double matched referents from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Cohort Study were studied in a prospective nested case-referent setting. Plasma iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin iron saturation and ferritin were analyzed, as well as several confounders. HFE C282Y and H63D genotypes were determined. Results: There was an inverse risk association for myocardial infarction in the highest quartiles of iron (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.48-0.96) and transferrin iron saturation (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.42-0.89) in men. This association, however, was lost after adjusting for C-reactive protein. Women homozygous for H63D had a higher risk for myocardial infarction. Conclusions: No risk association between high iron stores and first-ever myocardial infarction was found. The higher risk in female H63D homozygotes is probably not related to iron metabolism.
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| 20. |
- Ekblom, Kim, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma Bilirubin and UGT1A1*28 Are Not Protective Factors Against First-Time Myocardial Infarction in a Prospective, Nested Case–Referent Setting
- 2010
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Ingår i: Circulation. - Philadelphia, PA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1942-325X .- 1942-3268. ; :3, s. 340-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Bilirubin, an effective antioxidant, shows a large variation in levels between individuals and has been positively associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. A major reason for the variability is a common promoter polymorphism, UGT1A1*28, which reduces the transcription of the enzyme that conjugates bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. The aim of the study was to evaluate a possible protective effect of plasma bilirubin and the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism against myocardial infarction in a prospective case-referent setting.Methods and Results: 618 subjects with a first-ever myocardial infarction (median event age 60.5 years, median lag time 3.5 years) and 1184 matched referents were studied. Plasma bilirubin was lower in cases vs. referents. Despite a strong gene-dosage effect on bilirubin levels in both cases and referents, the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism did not influence the risk of myocardial infarction. Among multiple other variables, serum iron showed one of the strongest associations with bilirubin levels.Conclusion: We found no evidence for a protective effect of the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism against myocardial infarction and consequently neither for bilirubin. The lower bilirubin levels in cases might be caused by decreased production, increased degradation or increased elimination.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Hoy, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered relations? Associations between Swedish parents, siblings, and adolescents' time spent sedentary and physically active
- 2024
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2624-9367. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionThe family is assumed to be fundamental in youth socialization processes and development, connected to social and cultural practices such as healthy lifestyles and physical activity. However, gender patterns in physical activity among adolescents and the structural drivers of gender inequality (e.g., parentage and siblingship) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore further how gender structures relate to adolescents' time spent being sedentary and physically active, using contemporary gender theory.MethodsThis cross-sectional study involved 1,139 adolescents aged 13-14 and their parents, including 815 mothers and 572 fathers. Physical activity and time spent sedentary were assessed through accelerometry among adolescents and through a self-report questionnaire for parents validated against accelerometry.ResultsThe results showed significant relationships between mothers' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and girls' MVPA on weekdays and weekends, and fathers' MVPA was significantly related to girls' MVPA on weekdays. Our results imply that the relationship between Swedish parents' and adolescent girls' physical activity in higher intensities are to some extent gendered practices. However, time spent sedentary does not seem to show any patterns of being performed according to binary ideas of gender. Further, our exploratory analyses suggest that these results somewhat intersect with parents' educational level and relate to intra-categorical aspects of doing gender. The results also indicate slight gendered patterns in the “doing” of brotherhood for time spent sedentary, however, for boys only on weekends.Discussion The study contributes to the understanding of gender norms as constraints and enablers for adolescents' participation in physical activity. The results can spur public health and physical activity research to apply a contemporary gender theory approach, and to expand the research agenda connected to what relates to gender inequalities in physical activity practices.
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| 23. |
- Ivarsson, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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SR Ca2+ leak in skeletal muscle fibers acts as an intracellular signal to increase fatigue resistance.
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Journal of General Physiology. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 0022-1295 .- 1540-7748. ; 151:4, s. 567-577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective practices to improve skeletal muscle fatigue resistance are crucial for athletes as well as patients with dysfunctional muscles. To this end, it is important to identify the cellular signaling pathway that triggers mitochondrial biogenesis and thereby increases oxidative capacity and fatigue resistance in skeletal muscle fibers. Here, we test the hypothesis that the stress induced in skeletal muscle fibers by endurance exercise causes a reduction in the association of FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12) with ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1). This will result in a mild Ca2+ leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), which could trigger mitochondrial biogenesis and improved fatigue resistance. After giving mice access to an in-cage running wheel for three weeks, we observed decreased FKBP12 association to RYR1, increased baseline [Ca2+]i, and signaling associated with greater mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle, including PGC1α1. After six weeks of voluntary running, FKBP12 association is normalized, baseline [Ca2+]i returned to values below that of nonrunning controls, and signaling for increased mitochondrial biogenesis was no longer present. The adaptations toward improved endurance exercise performance that were observed with training could be mimicked by pharmacological agents that destabilize RYR1 and thereby induce a modest Ca2+ leak. We conclude that a mild RYR1 SR Ca2+ leak is a key trigger for the signaling pathway that increases muscle fatigue resistance.
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| 24. |
- Johansson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Von Willebrand factor, ABO blood group, and risk of first-ever intracerebral hemorrhage : A prospective nested case-control study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Thrombosis Research. - : Elsevier. - 0049-3848 .- 1879-2472. ; 195, s. 77-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and purpose: Low levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) were associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a previous study. Persons with blood group O have lower VWF levels than other ABO blood groups. This study aimed to investigate the association between VWF and the risk of ICH in adults, as well as the association between ABO blood group and risk of ICH.Methods: This population-based, nested case-control study was conducted using data and blood samples from health examinations between 1985 and 2007. All participants were followed, and cases with first-ever ICH were identified and validated. One or two controls were matched to each case.Results: During a median follow-up time from blood sampling to ICH of 5.6 years, 176 cases with ICH were identified. The mean age at health examination was 57 years; 50% of participants were women. There was an association between hypertension and risk of ICH, but there was no association between VWF level and risk of ICH. There was no association between blood group O and risk of ICH.Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the largest prospective study investigating the association between VWF, ABO blood group and ICH. We found no association between VWF or blood group O and risk of future ICH.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Nyberg, Gisela, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between the School Environment and Physical Activity Pattern during School Time in Swedish Adolescents
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge about associations between school-based initiatives and physical activity patterns is limited. The purpose of this paper was to examine associations between factors in the school environment, physical activity and sedentary time during school time. The cross-sectional study included 1139 adolescents aged 13–14 from 34 schools. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured using hip-worn accelerometers. Factors in the school environment included health policy, a mobile phone ban during breaks, organized physical activities during breaks and activity breaks during lessons reported by teachers. The frequency and duration of breaks and physical education (PE) lessons were collected from school schedules. The results showed significant associations between health policy (β = 3.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37, 5.23), the mobile phone ban (β = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.94) and PE; total duration (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.11), average duration (β = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.13) and frequency (β = 1.73, 95% CI: 0.50, 3.04) and moderate-vigorous physical activity. There were negative associations between health policy (β = −6.41, 95% CI: −10.24, −2.67), the mobile phone ban (β = −3.75, 95% CI: −7.25, −0.77) and PE; total duration (β = −0.15, 95% CI: −0.23, −0.08) and average duration (β = −0.14, 95% CI: −0.27, −0.03) and time spent sedentary. Adolescents attending schools with health policies, mobile phone bans and more time for PE showed higher levels of physical activity and lower sedentary time.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Rafter, Ingalill, et al.
(författare)
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Isoform-specific alanine aminotransferase measurement candistinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury in humans
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1107-3756 .- 1791-244X. ; 30, s. 1241-1249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is used asa clinical marker to detect hepatic damage and hepatoxicity.Two isoforms of ALT have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2,which have identical enzymatic capacities and are detectedsimultaneously in human serum/plasma using classical clinicalchemical assays. Differences exist in the expression patterns ofthe ALT1 and ALT2 proteins in different organs which suggestthat changes in the proportion of ALT1 and ALT2 in plasmamay arise and reflect damage to different human organs.However, this has not been previously studied due to the lackof a selective methodology that can quantify both ALT1 andALT2 isoforms in the total ALT activity normally measuredin clinical samples. To the best of our knowledge, our currentstudy reveals for the first time, that under 3 different conditionsof liver damage (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis Cand during liver surgery) the leakage of ALT1 activity intoplasma greatly exceeds that of ALT2, and that the measurementof ALT1 during liver damage is equal to the measurement oftotal ALT activity. By contrast, during skeletal muscle injury,induced in volunteers by physical exertion, the leakage ofALT2 exceeds that of ALT1 and the proportion of circulatingALT isoforms changes accordingly. The ALT isoform changesoccurring in plasma reflect previously demonstrated relativecontents of ALT1 and ALT2 activities in human liver and skeletalmuscle. These data suggest that assessing the percentagecontribution of ALT1 and ALT2 activities to total ALT activityin plasma may distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injuryusing the same standard analytical platform.
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| 30. |
- Scaini, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways from research to sustainable development: Insights from ten research projects in sustainability and resilience
- 2024
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Ingår i: AMBIO. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on collective experience from ten collaborative research projects focused on the Global South, we identify three major challenges that impede the translation of research on sustainability and resilience into better-informed choices by individuals and policy-makers that in turn can support transformation to a sustainable future. The three challenges comprise: (i) converting knowledge produced during research projects into successful knowledge application; (ii) scaling up knowledge in time when research projects are short-term and potential impacts are long-term; and (iii) scaling up knowledge across space, from local research sites to larger-scale or even global impact. Some potential pathways for funding agencies to overcome these challenges include providing targeted prolonged funding for dissemination and outreach, and facilitating collaboration and coordination across different sites, research teams, and partner organizations. By systematically documenting these challenges, we hope to pave the way for further innovations in the research cycle.
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