| 1. |
- Sysoev, Oleg, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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PSICA : Decision trees for probabilistic subgroup identification with categorical treatments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Statistics in Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0277-6715 .- 1097-0258. ; 38:22, s. 4436-4452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personalized medicine aims at identifying best treatments for a patient with given characteristics. It has been shown in the literature that these methods can lead to great improvements in medicine compared to traditional methods prescribing the same treatment to all patients. Subgroup identification is a branch of personalized medicine, which aims at finding subgroups of the patients with similar characteristics for which some of the investigated treatments have a better effect than the other treatments. A number of approaches based on decision trees have been proposed to identify such subgroups, but most of them focus on two-arm trials (control/treatment) while a few methods consider quantitative treatments (defined by the dose). However, no subgroup identification method exists that can predict the best treatments in a scenario with a categorical set of treatments. We propose a novel method for subgroup identification in categorical treatment scenarios. This method outputs a decision tree showing the probabilities of a given treatment being the best for a given group of patients as well as labels showing the possible best treatments. The method is implemented in an R package psica available on CRAN. In addition to a simulation study, we present an analysis of a community-based nutrition intervention trial that justifies the validity of our method.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Emily White, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Diagnostic Testing of Pediatric Fevers: Meta-Analysis of 13 National Surveys Assessing Influences of Malaria Endemicity and Source of Care on Test Uptake for Febrile Children under Five Years
- 2014
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In 2010, the World Health Organization revised guidelines to recommend diagnosis of all suspected malaria cases prior to treatment. There has been no systematic assessment of malaria test uptake for pediatric fevers at the population level as countries start implementing guidelines. We examined test use for pediatric fevers in relation to malaria endemicity and treatment-seeking behavior in multiple sub-Saharan African countries in initial years of implementation. Methods and Findings: We compiled data from national population-based surveys reporting fever prevalence, care-seeking and diagnostic use for children under five years in 13 sub-Saharan African countries in 2009-2011/12 (n = 105,791). Mixed-effects logistic regression models quantified the influence of source of care and malaria endemicity on test use after adjusting for socioeconomic covariates. Results were stratified by malaria endemicity categories: low (PfPR(2-10)<5%), moderate (PfPR(2-10) 5-40%), high (PfPR(2-10)>40%). Among febrile under-fives surveyed, 16.9% (95% CI: 11.8%-21.9%) were tested. Compared to hospitals, febrile children attending non-hospital sources (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.56-0.69) and community health workers (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.23-0.43) were less often tested. Febrile children in high-risk areas had reduced odds of testing compared to low-risk settings (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.42-0.62). Febrile children in least poor households were more often tested than in poorest (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39-1.91), as were children with better-educated mothers compared to least educated (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.16-1.54). Conclusions: Diagnostic testing of pediatric fevers was low and inequitable at the outset of new guidelines. Greater testing is needed at lower or less formal sources where pediatric fevers are commonly managed, particularly to reach the poorest. Lower test uptake in high-risk settings merits further investigation given potential implications for diagnostic scale-up in these areas. Findings could inform continued implementation of new guidelines to improve access to and equity in point-of-care diagnostics use for pediatric fevers.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Emily White, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of diagnostic testing on medicines used by febrile children less than five years in 12 malaria-endemic African countries: a mixed-methods study.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Malaria journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2875. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2010, WHO revised guidelines to recommend testing all suspected malaria cases prior to treatment. Yet, evidence to assess programmes is largely derived from limited facility settings in a limited number of countries. National surveys from 12 sub-Saharan African countries were used to examine the effect of diagnostic testing on medicines used by febrile children under five years at the population level, including stratification by malaria risk, transmission season, source of care, symptoms, and age.
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| 4. |
- White Johansson, Emily, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Accessibility of basic paediatric emergency care in Malawi : analysis of a national facility census
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundEmergency care is among the weakest parts of health systems in low-income countries with both quality and accessibility constraints. Previous studies estimated accessibility to surgical or emergency care based on population travel times to nearest hospital with no assessment of hospital readiness to provide such care. We analysed a Malawi national facility census with comprehensive inventory audits and geocoded facility locations to identify hospitals equipped to provide basic paediatric emergency care with estimated travel times to these hospitals from non-equipped facilities and in relation to Malawi's population distribution.MethodsWe analysed a Malawi national facility census in 2013-2014 to identify hospitals equipped to manage critically ill children according to an extended version of WHO Emergency Triage, Assessment and Treatment (ETAT) guidelines. These guidelines include 25 components including staff, transport, equipment, diagnostics, medications, fluids, feeds and consumables that defined an emergency-equipped hospital in our study. We estimated travel times to emergency-equipped hospitals from non-equipped facilities and relative to population distributions using geocoded facility locations and an established accessibility mapping approach using global road network datasets from OpenStreetMap and Google.ResultsFour (3.5, 95% CI: 1.3-8.9) of 116 Malawi hospitals were emergency-equipped. Least available items were nasogastric tubes in 34.5% of hospitals (95% CI: 26.4-43.6), blood typing services (40.4, 95% CI: 31.9-49.6), micro nebulizers (50.9, 95% CI: 41.9-60.0), and radiology (54.2, 95% CI: 45.1-63.0). Nationally, the median travel time from non-equipped facilities to the nearest emergency-equipped hospital was 73 min (95% CI: 67-77) ranging 1-507 min. Approximately one-quarter (27%) of Malawians lived over 120 min from an emergency-equipped hospital with significantly better accessibility in Central than North and South regions (16% vs. 38 and 35%,p < 0.001).ConclusionsThere are unacceptable deficiencies in accessibility of basic paediatric emergency care in Malawi. Reliable supply chains for essential drugs and commodities are needed, particularly nasogastric tubes, asthma drugs and blood, along with improved capacity for time-sensitive referral. Further child mortality reductions will require substantial investments to expand basic paediatric emergency care into all Malawi hospitals for better managing critically ill children at highest mortality risk.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Abdelmenan, Semira, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of affordable diet is associated with pre-school children's diet diversity in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia : the EAT Addis survey
- 2024
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Ingår i: BMC Nutrition. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 2055-0928. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Despite improvements in food access and nutrition security over the last few decades, malnutrition remains a major public health problem. One of the significant contributors to these problems is affordability of nutritious food. This study aimed to examine the association between perceived food affordability and pre-school children's diet diversity in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: Cross-sectional data from 2017 to 18 were used for the analysis. A 24-hour dietary recall assessment was done to assess children's dietary diversity (DD). We used a modified operational definition of affordability indicator called perceived affordability of dietary diversity (afford-DD) to evaluate the impact of the food environment in terms of affordability at the household level. A sample (n 4,898) of children aged 6-59 months representative of households in Addis Ababa was randomly selected using a multistage sampling procedure including all districts in the city. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to assess the association between children's DD and afford-DD.Results: The survey revealed that the mean (standard deviation [SD]) of children's DD was 3.9 [±1.4] while the mean [SD] of afford-DD was 4.6 [±2.1]. Overall, 59.8% of children met the minimum dietary diversity (≥ 4 food groups). White roots and tubers were the most commonly consumed food groups regardless of their affordability. Considerable variations were observed between households that reported the food item affordable and not affordable in consumption of Vitamin A rich vegetables and fruits, meat and fish, egg, and dairy. The children's DD was positively associated with afford-DD after adjusting for maternal education, household wealth status and other relevant confounding. Higher maternal education modified the association between affordability and children's diet diversity.Conclusions: This study suggests higher perceived food affordability was associated with better diet diversity in children. A higher level of maternal education had the potential to mitigate affordability challenges in meeting the children's dietary diversity needs. Our study emphasizes the need for inclusive food programs and nutrition interventions addressing social differences, intensifying efforts to make nutrient-rich diets affordable for the less privileged, and highlights the potential benefits of targeting maternal education in addressing child dietary diversity.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Duc, Duong M., 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring local healthcare context for knowledge translation in primary and secondary levels of care in northern Vietnam: A cross-sectional study
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundThe influence of context in shaping the effectiveness of knowledge translation (KT) is widely recognized. The Context Assessment for Community Health (COACH) tool aims to assess contextual aspects that are of importance for KT in healthcare in low- and middle-income settings. This study used the COACH tool to describe healthcare context as perceived by health workers in primary and secondary levels of care in a northern province in Vietnam and to further evaluate the internal structure of the COACH tool.MethodsThis cross-sectional study administered the COACH tool to 677 eligible health workers in primary and secondary levels of care. The relationships between individual background variables and COACH dimensions were analysed using binary logistic regression. Further, internal construct validity was calculated by a first-order independent cluster model confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).ResultsOverall, the healthcare context was perceived as supportive for KT. Gender, age, and geographic location showed significant relationships to one of the COACH dimensions. Male health workers rated their Commitment to work as lower than female health workers (OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.20–0.78). There were, however, only minor differences in scores for the dimensions of context, at each health facility as well as between health facilities. The CFA asserted an acceptable internal structure of the COACH tool.ConclusionsThe survey enhanced the understanding of how aspects of the healthcare context for KT are perceived by health workers at primary and secondary levels of care in a province in Vietnam. There was an overall positive perception of the work context with only minor variability, reflecting a ‘receptive to change’ context for KT. This should, however, be interpreted with caution due to the risk of social desirability response bias. The findings on the acceptable internal structure of the COACH tool supports its further use as a valid instrument.
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| 9. |
- Ekholm Selling, Katarina, 1976-
(författare)
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Birth-characteristics, hospitalisations, and childbearing : Epidemiological studies based on Swedish register data
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the past decades there has been an improvement in the medical treatment of children born preterm or with reduced foetal growth. This has resulted in a much higher survival rate of these children, but also in a higher number of surviving children with chronic conditions. These changes have, in turn, increased interest in investigating the connection between birth-characteristics and outcomes in later life. The overall aim of the present thesis was to study the relations between birth-characteristics, subsequent hospitalisations, and childbearing by means of data available in Swedish population-based registries.The study population in this thesis consisted of women (and men in Paper III) born in 1973-75 according to the Medical Birth Register and the Total Population Register. Information available in other registries, such as the Hospital Discharge Register, was obtained by individual record linkage.In Paper I, 148,281 women, alive and living in Sweden at 13 years of age, were included. Of the women, 4.1% were born preterm and 5.4% were born small for gestational age, and approximately 30% of all women had given birth between 13 and 27 years of age. We found that reduced foetal growth and possibly preterm birth were related to the likelihood of giving birth during the study period. The intergenerational effects of preterm birth and reduced foetal growth were investigated in Paper II and the study population consisted of 38,720 mother-offspring pairs. An intergenerational effect of reduced foetal growth was found, and reduced foetal growth in the mother also increased the risk for preterm birth in the child.Paper III was concerned with 304,275 men and women living in Sweden at 13 years of age. Of these men and women, 30% were hospitalised during adolescence and early adulthood (i.e. between 12 and 23 years of age). We found that men and women born small for gestational age or preterm were more likely to be hospitalised, and that those born small for gestational age seemed to be more at risk compared to those born preterm. Finally, in Paper IV, the relation between hospitalisations during adolescence and the likelihood of giving birth was studied in 142,998 women living in Sweden at 20 years of age. We found that a majority of the causes of hospitalisation during adolescence were positively connected to the likelihood of giving birth between 20 and 27 years of age. The relations presented in Papers I-IV were evident although socio-economic characteristics were adjusted for.
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Leif, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Process evaluation of a knowledge translation intervention using facilitation of local stakeholder groups to impove neonatal survival in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam
- 2016
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Ingår i: Trials. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1745-6215. ; 17:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAnnually, 2.8 million neonatal deaths occur worldwide, despite the fact that three-quarters of them could be prevented if available evidence-based interventions were used. Facilitation of community groups has been recognized as a promising method to translate knowledge into practice. In northern Vietnam, the Neonatal Health – Knowledge Into Practice trial evaluated facilitation of community groups (2008–2011) and succeeded in reducing the neonatal mortality rate (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95 % confidence interval 0.30–0.89). The aim of this paper is to report on the process (implementation and mechanism of impact) of this intervention.MethodsProcess data were excerpted from diary information from meetings with facilitators and intervention groups, and from supervisor records of monthly meetings with facilitators. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. An evaluation including attributes and skills of facilitators (e.g., group management, communication, and commitment) was performed at the end of the intervention using a six-item instrument. Odds ratios were analyzed, adjusted for cluster randomization using general linear mixed models.ResultsTo ensure eight active facilitators over 3 years, 11 Women’s Union representatives were recruited and trained. Of the 44 intervention groups, composed of health staff and commune stakeholders, 43 completed their activities until the end of the study. In total, 95 % (n = 1508) of the intended monthly meetings with an intervention group and a facilitator were conducted. The overall attendance of intervention group members was 86 %. The groups identified 32 unique problems and implemented 39 unique actions. The identified problems targeted health issues concerning both women and neonates. Actions implemented were mainly communication activities. Communes supported by a group with a facilitator who was rated high on attributes and skills (n = 27) had lower odds of neonatal mortality (odds ratio, 0.37; 95 % confidence interval, 0.19–0.73) than control communes (n = 46).ConclusionsThis evaluation identified several factors that might have influenced the outcomes of the trial: continuity of intervention groups’ work, adequate attributes and skills of facilitators, and targeting problems along a continuum of care. Such factors are important to consider in scaling-up efforts.
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| 11. |
- Eriksson, Leif, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Secular trend, seasonality and effects of a community-based intervention on neonatal mortality : follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial in Quang Ninh province, Vietnam
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 72:9, s. 776-782
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Little is know about whether the effects of community engagement interventions for child survival in low-income and middle-income settings are sustained. Seasonal variation and secular trend may blur the data. Neonatal mortality was reduced in a cluster-randomised trial in Vietnam where laywomen facilitated groups composed of local stakeholders employing a problem-solving approach for 3 years. In this analysis, we aim at disentangling the secular trend, the seasonal variation and the effect of the intervention on neonatal mortality during and after the trial.Methods: In Quang Ninh province, 44 communes were allocated to intervention and 46 to control. Births and neonatal deaths were assessed in a baseline survey in 2005, monitored during the trial in 2008–2011 and followed up by a survey in 2014. Time series analyses were performed on monthly neonatal mortality data.Results: There were 30 187 live births and 480 neonatal deaths. The intervention reduced the neonatal mortality from 19.1 to 11.6 per 1000 live births. The reduction was sustained 3 years after the trial. The control areas reached a similar level at the time of follow-up. Time series decomposition analysis revealed a downward trend in the intervention areas during the trial that was not found in the control areas. Neonatal mortality peaked in the hot and wet summers.Conclusions: A community engagement intervention resulted in a lower neonatal mortality rate that was sustained but not further reduced after the end of the trial. When decomposing time series of neonatal mortality, a clear downward trend was demonstrated in intervention but not in control areas.Trial registration number: ISRCTN44599712, Post-results.
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| 12. |
- Gunnarsdottir, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Prenatal exposure to preeclampsia is associated with accelerated height gain in early childhood
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLoS Medicine. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1549-1277 .- 1549-1676. ; 13:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Preeclampsia is associated with low birth weight, both because of increased risks of preterm and of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births. Low birth weight is associated with accelerated childhood height gain and cardiovascular diseases later in life. The aim was to investigate if prenatal exposure to preeclampsia is associated with accelerated childhood height gain, also after adjustments for SGA-status and gestational age at birth. Methods In a cohort of children prenatally exposed to preeclampsia (n = 865) or unexposed (n = 22,898) we estimated height gain between birth and five years of age. The mean difference in height gain between exposed and unexposed children was calculated and adjustments were done with linear regression models. Results Children exposed to preeclampsia were on average born shorter than unexposed. Exposed children grew on average two cm more than unexposed from birth to five years of age. After adjustments for maternal characteristics including socioeconomic factors, height, body mass index (BMI) and diabetes, as well as for parents smoking habits, infant's breastfeeding and childhood obesity, the difference was 1.6 cm (95% CI 1.3-1.9 cm). Further adjustment for SGA birth only slightly attenuated this estimate, but adjustment for gestational age at birth decreased the estimate to 0.5 cm (95% CI 0.1-0.7 cm). Conclusion Prenatal exposure to preeclampsia is associated with accelerated height gain in early childhood. The association seemed independent on SGA-status, but partly related to shorter gestational age at birth.
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| 13. |
- Hesselman, Susanne, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The risk of uterine rupture is not increased with single- compared with double-layer closure : a Swedish cohort study
- 2015
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Ingår i: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. - : Wiley. - 1470-0328 .- 1471-0528. ; 122:11, s. 1535-1541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:To compare single- with double-layer closure of the uterus for the risk of uterine rupture in women attempting vaginal birth after one prior caesarean delivery.DESIGN:Cohort study.SETTING:Sweden.POPULATION:From a total of 19 604 nulliparous women delivered by caesarean section in the years 2001-2007, 7683 women attempting vaginal birth in their second delivery were analysed.METHODS:Data from population-based registers were linked to hospital-based registers that held data from maternity and delivery records. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of uterine rupture after single- or double-layer closure of the uterus. Results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:Uterine rupture.RESULTS:Uterine rupture during labour occurred in 103 (1.3%) women. There was no increased risk of uterine rupture when single- was compared with double-layer closure of the uterus (OR 1.17; 95% CI 0.78-1.76). Maternal factors associated with uterine rupture were: age ≥35 years and height ≤160 cm. Factors from the first delivery associated with uterine rupture in a subsequent delivery were: infection and giving birth to an infant large for gestational age. Risk factors from the second delivery were induction of labour, use of epidural analgesia, and a birthweight of ≥4500 g.CONCLUSIONS:There was no significant difference in the rate of uterine rupture when single-layer closure was compared with double -layer closure of the uterus.
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| 14. |
- Kallioinen, Maija, et al.
(författare)
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Prenatal early food and multiple micronutrient supplementation trial reduced infant mortality in Bangladesh, but did not influence morbidity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 106:12, s. 1979-1986
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: A previous maternal and infant nutrition intervention in rural Matlab, Bangladesh, showed that prenatal nutrient supplements improved child survival, but had no effect on size at birth. This secondary analysis examined whether prenatal multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS), on their own or combined with an early invitation to receive prenatal food supplements, affected child morbidity.METHODS: This randomised trial enrolled 4436 pregnant women from November 2001 to October 2003 and allocated them to early or standard invitations to food supplements, in the ninth and 20th weeks of pregnancy, respectively, and supplements of either the standard 60 mg iron with 400 μg folic acid, 30 mg iron with 400 μg folic acid or MMS. Quasi-Poisson regression was used to analyse morbidity.RESULTS: There were 3560 single live births and 3516 had morbidity data. The incidence rates of fever, diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory tract infection were 15.3, 3.6 and 2.3 episodes per person-year, respectively. The separate or combined interventions had no effect on morbidity up to 24 months.CONCLUSION: Early invitations to prenatal food supplements or prenatal MMS had no effect on common infections in rural Bangladesh, suggesting that earlier findings on improved child survival were not mediated by an effect on child morbidity.
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| 15. |
- Kitutu, Freddy, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Can malaria rapid diagnostic tests by drug sellers under feld conditions classify children 5 years old or less with or without Plasmodium falciparum malaria? : Comparison with nested PCR analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Malaria Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2875. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) available as dipsticks or strips, are simple to perform, easily interpretable and do not require electricity nor infrastructural investment. Correct interpretation of and compliance with the malaria RDT results is a challenge to drug sellers. Thus, drug seller interpretation of malaria RDT strips was compared with laboratory scientist re-reading, and PCR analysis of Plasmodium DNA extracted from malaria RDT nitrocellulose strips and Fast Transient Analysis (FTA) cards. Malaria RDT cassettes are also assessed as potential source of Plasmodium DNA.MethodsA total of 212 children aged between 2 and 60 months, 199 of whom had complete records at two study drug shops in south west Uganda participated in the study. Duplicate 5μL samples of capillary blood were picked from the 212 children, dispensed onto the sample well of the CareStartTM Pf-HRP2 RDT cassette and a fast transient analysis (FTA), WhatmanTM 3MM filter paper in parallel. The malaria RDT strip was interpreted by the drug seller within 15 to 20 minutes, visually re-read centrally by laboratory scientist and from it; Plasmodium DNA was recovered and detected by PCR, and compared with FTA recovered P. falciparum DNA PCR detection.ResultsMalaria positive samples were 62/199 (31.2% 95% CI 24.9 - 38.3) by drug seller interpretation of malaria RDT strip, 59/212 (27.8% 95% CI 22.2 – 34.3) by laboratory scientist, 55/212 (25.9% 95% CI 20.0 – 32.6) by RDT nitrocellulose strip PCR and 64/212 (30.2% 95% CI 24.4 – 37.7). The overall agreement between the drug seller interpretation and laboratory scientist re-reading of the malaria RDT strip was 93% with kappa value of 0.8 (95 % CI 0.7, 0.9). The drug seller compliance with the reported malaria RDT results and kappa value were 92.5% and 0.8 (95% CI 0.7, 0.9), respectively. The performance of the three diagnostic strategies compared with FTA PCR as the gold standard had sensitivity between 76.6% and 86.9%, specificity above 90%, positive predictive value ranging from 79% to 89.8% and negative predictive value above 90%.Conclusion:Drug sellers can use of malaria RDTs in field conditions and achieve acceptable accuracy for malaria diagnosis, and they comply with the malaria RDT results. Plasmodium DNA can be recovered from malaria RDT nitrocellulose strips even in the context of drug shops. Future malaria surveillance and diagnostic quality control studies with malaria RDT cassette as a source of Plasmodium DNA are recommended.
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| 16. |
- Kitutu, Freddy Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated community case management by drug sellers influences appropriate treatment of paediatric febrile illness in South Western Uganda : a quasi-experimental study.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Malaria Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2875. ; 16:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Fever case management is a major challenge for improved child health globally, despite existence of cheap and effective child survival health technologies. The integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) intervention of paediatric febrile illnesses though adopted by Uganda's Ministry of Health to be implemented by community health workers, has not addressed the inaccess to life-saving medicines and diagnostics. Therefore, the iCCM intervention was implemented in private drug shops and evaluated for its effect on appropriate treatment of paediatric fever in a low malaria transmission setting in South Western Uganda.METHODS: From June 2013 to September 2015, the effect of the iCCM intervention on drug seller paediatric fever management and adherence to iCCM guidelines was assessed in a quasi-experimental study in South Western Uganda. A total of 212 care-seeker exit interviews were done before and 285 after in the intervention arm as compared to 216 before and 268 care-seeker interviews at the end of the study period in the comparison arm. The intervention effect was assessed by difference-in-difference analysis of drug seller treatment practices against national treatment recommendations between the intervention and comparison arms. Observed proportions among care-seeker interviews were compared with corresponding proportions from 5795 child visits recorded in patient registries and 49 direct observations of drug seller-care-seeker encounters in intervention drug shops.RESULTS: The iCCM intervention increased the appropriate treatment of uncomplicated malaria, pneumonia symptoms and non-bloody diarrhoea by 80.2% (95% CI 53.2-107.2), 65.5% (95% CI 51.6-79.4) and 31.4% (95% CI 1.6-61.2), respectively. Within the intervention arm, drug seller scores on appropriate treatment for pneumonia symptoms and diagnostic test use were the same among care-seeker exit interviews and direct observation. A linear trend (negative slope, - 0.009 p value < 0.001) was observed for proportions of child cases prescribed any antimicrobial medicine in the intervention arm drug shops.CONCLUSIONS: The iCCM intervention improved appropriate treatment for uncomplicated malaria, pneumonia symptoms and diarrhoea. Drug seller adherence to iCCM guidelines was high, without causing excessive prescription of antimicrobial medicines in this study. Further research should assess whether this effect is sustained over time and under routine supervision models.
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| 17. |
- Kitutu, Freddy, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived quality of paediatric fever care from private drug shops and care-seeking choice in South Western Uganda: data from household surveys.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundChild mortality is influenced by interventions beyond the health sector such as adequate access to education, quality water and sanitation, transport and general socio-economic wellbeing. Child mortality due to febrile illnesses remains unevenly distributed within countries. The role of context and variables that act at a higher level such as a geographical location has been largely under-examined. Factors that act at group level are commonly described in literature as neighbourhood factors. The aim of the study was to investigate whether contextual differences in choice of childhood fever care-seeking in South Western Uganda remain after relevant individual and household characteristics have been taken into account, for three outcome variables, namely, choice of care-seeking in private versus government health facilities, choice of care-seeking in private health facilities versus community level and perceived quality of childhood fever care at drug shops, among households in Mbarara and Bushenyi districts.MethodsTwo household surveys were conducted at different time periods in Bushenyi and Mbarara districts. The first survey of 2261 households was conducted from July to October 2013 before implementation of an adapted integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) intervention for paediatric febrile illness in drug shops in Mbarara district. The second survey of 3073 households was done from April to May 2015 after the intervention. These data were analysed for effect of contextual factors, the iCCM intervention and other predictors on choice of care-seeking and perceived quality of care among the households in Mbarara and Bushenyi. Results:In the pre-intervention survey , more households in both Mbarara and Bushenyi reported time required to travel to either a private clinic (31%) or drug shop (43%) of 15 minutes or less as compared to a government health facility (12%). The crude second level (neighbourhood) variance of the odds ratio for care-seeking in private versus government health facility was 0.446 (SE, 0.089). The intra-neighbourhood correlation and median odds ratio were 11.9% and 1.89, respectively, for the crude model. After adjusting for covariates that were kept in the prediction model, the estimates of neighbourhood variance, intra-neighbourhood correlation and mean odds ratio decreased to 0.241 (0.069), 6.8% and 1.6, respectively. Conclusion: In addition to individual factors, contextual characteristics of the neighbourhoods predict the choice of care-seeking from private versus government health facilities, private health facilities versus in the community and perceived quality of pediatric fever care at drug shops.
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| 18. |
- Källestål, Carina, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Poverty : Data Mining Approaches to the 2004-14 Health and Demographic Surveillance System in Cuatro Santos, Nicaragua
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Public Health. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 2296-2565. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We identified clusters of multiple dimensions of poverty according to the capability approach theory by applying data mining approaches to the Cuatro Santos Health and Demographic Surveillance database, Nicaragua. Four municipalities in northern Nicaragua constitute the Cuatro Santos area, with 25,893 inhabitants in 5,966 households (2014). A local process analyzing poverty-related problems, prioritizing suggested actions, was initiated in 1997 and generated a community action plan 2002-2015. Interventions were school breakfasts, environmental protection, water and sanitation, preventive healthcare, home gardening, microcredit, technical training, university education stipends, and use of the Internet. In 2004, a survey of basic health and demographic information was performed in the whole population, followed by surveillance updates in 2007, 2009, and 2014 linking households and individuals. Information included the house material (floor, walls) and services (water, sanitation, electricity) as well as demographic data (birth, deaths, migration). Data on participation in interventions, food security, household assets, and women's self-rated health were collected in 2014. A K-means algorithm was used to cluster the household data (56 variables) in six clusters. The poverty ranking of household clusters using the unsatisfied basic needs index variables changed when including variables describing basic capabilities. The households in the fairly rich cluster with assets such as motorbikes and computers were described as modern. Those in the fairly poor cluster, having different degrees of food insecurity, were labeled vulnerable. Poor and poorest clusters of households were traditional, e.g., in using horses for transport. Results displayed a society transforming from traditional to modern, where the forerunners were not the richest but educated, had more working members in household, had fewer children, and were food secure. Those lagging were the poor, traditional, and food insecure. The approach may be useful for an improved understanding of poverty and to direct local policy and interventions.
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| 19. |
- Källestål, Carina, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting poverty : data mining approaches to the health and demographic surveillance system in Cuatro Santos, Nicaragua
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal for Equity in Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1475-9276. ; 18:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: In order to further identify the needed interventions for continued poverty reduction in our study area Cuatro Santos, northern Nicaragua, we aimed to elucidate what predicts poverty, measured by the Unsatisfied Basic Need index. This analysis was done by using decision tree methodology applied to the Cuatro Santos health and demographic surveillance databases.METHODS: Using variables derived from the health and demographic surveillance update 2014, transferring individual data to the household level we used the decision tree framework Conditional Inference trees to predict the outcome "poverty" defined as two to four unsatisfied basic needs using the Unsatisfied Basic Need Index. We further validated the trees by applying Conditional random forest analyses in order to assess and rank the importance of predictors about their ability to explain the variation of the outcome "poverty." The majority of the Cuatro Santos households provided information and the included variables measured housing conditions, assets, and demographic experiences since the last update (5 yrs), earlier participation in interventions and food security during the last 4 weeks.RESULTS: Poverty was rare in households that have some assets and someone in the household that has a higher education than primary school. For these households participating in the intervention that installed piped water with water meter was most important, but also when excluding this variable, the resulting tree showed the same results. When assets were not taken into consideration, the importance of education was pronounced as a predictor for welfare. The results were further strengthened by the validation using Conditional random forest modeling showing the same variables being important as predicting the outcome in the CI tree analysis. As assets can be a result, rather than a predictor of more affluence our results in summary point specifically to the importance of education and participation in the water installation intervention as predictors for more affluence.CONCLUSION: Predictors of poverty are useful for directing interventions and in the Cuatro Santos area education seems most important to prioritize. Hopefully, the lessons learned can continue to develop the Cuatro Santos communities as well as development in similar poor rural settings around the world.
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| 20. |
- Lundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants and Outcomes of Suicidal Behavior Among Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
- 2023
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 80:12, s. 1218-1225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an important risk factor of suicidal behavior, but the added burden of suicidal behavior and MDD on the patient and societal level, including all-cause mortality, is not well studied. Also, the contribution of various prognostic factors for suicidal behavior has not been quantified in larger samples.OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and societal outcomes, including all-cause mortality, of suicidal behavior in patients with MDD and to explore associated risk factors and clinical management to inform future research and guidelines.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cohort study used health care data from the Stockholm MDD Cohort. Patients aged 18 years or older with episodes of MDD diagnosed between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2017, in any health care setting were included. The dates of the data analysis were February 1 to November 1, 2022.EXPOSURES Patients with MDD with and without records of suicidal behavior.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomewas all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were comorbid conditions, medications, health care resource utilization (HCRU), and work loss. Using Region Stockholm registry variables, a risk score for factors associated with suicidal behavior within 1 year after the start of an MDD episode was calculated.RESULTS A total of 158 169 unipolar MDD episodes were identified in 145 577 patients; 2240 (1.4%) of these episodes, in 2219 patients, included records of suicidal behavior (mean [SD] patient age, 40.9 [18.6] years; 1415 episodes [63.2%] in women and 825 [36.8%] in men). A total of 11 109 MDD episodes in 9574 matched patients with MDD without records of suicidal behavior were included as controls (mean [SD] patient age, 40.8 [18.5] years; 7046 episodes [63.4%] in women and 4063 [36.6%] in men). The all-cause mortality rate was 2.5 per 100 person-years at risk for the MDD-SB group and 1.0 per 100 person-years at risk for the MDD-non-SB group, based on 466 deaths. Suicidal behavior was associated with higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 2.62 [95% CI, 2.15-3.20]), as well as with HCRU and work loss, compared with the matched controls. Patients with MDD and suicidal behavior were younger and more prone to have psychiatric comorbid conditions, such as personality disorders, substance use, and anxiety, at the start of their episode. The most important factors associated with suicidal behavior within 1 year after the start of an MDD episode were history of suicidal behavior and age, history of substance use and sleep disorders, and care setting in which MDD was diagnosed.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cohort study's findings suggest that high mortality, morbidity, HCRU, and work loss associated with MDD may be substantially accentuated in patients with MDD and suicidal behavior. Use of medication aimed at decreasing the risk of all-cause mortality during MDD episodes should be systematically evaluated to improve long-term outcomes.
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| 21. |
- Musafili, Aimable, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Social equity in perinatal survival : a case-control study at hospitals in Kigali, Rwanda
- 2015
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 104:12, s. 1233-1240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM:Rwanda has invested heavily in improving maternal and child health, but knowledge is limited regarding social equity in perinatal survival. We analysed whether perinatal mortality risks differed between social groups in hospitals in the country's capital.METHODS:A case-control study was carried out on singleton births aged at least 22 weeks of gestation and born in district or tertiary referral hospitals in Kigali from July 2013 to May 2014. Perinatal deaths were recorded as they occurred, with the next two surviving neonates born in the same hospital selected as controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine social determinants of perinatal death after adjustments for potential confounders.RESULTS:We analysed 234 perinatal deaths and 468 controls. Rural residence was linked to an increased risk of perinatal death (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.43-7.61), but maternal education or household asset score levels were not. Having no health insurance (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 0.91-4.89) was associated with an increased risk of perinatal death, compared to having community health insurance.CONCLUSION:Living in a rural area and having no health insurance were associated with an increased risk of perinatal mortality rates in the Rwandan capital, but maternal education and household assets were not.
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| 22. |
- Musafili, Aimable, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends and social differentials in child mortality inRwanda 1990–2010 : results from three demographicand health surveys
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 69:9, s. 834-840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Rwanda has embarked on ambitious programmes to provide equitable health services and reduce mortality in childhood. Evidence from other countries indicates that advances in child survival often have come at the expense of increasing inequity. Our aims were to analyse trends and social differentials in mortality before the age of 5 years in Rwanda from 1990 to 2010. Methods We performed secondary analyses of data from three Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 2000, 2005 and 2010 in Rwanda. These surveys included 34 790 children born between 1990 and 2010 to women aged 15-49 years. The main outcome measures were neonatal mortality rates (NMR) and under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) over time, and in relation to mother's educational level, urban or rural residence and household wealth. Generalised linear mixed effects models and a mixed effects Cox model (frailty model) were used, with adjustments for confounders and cluster sampling method. Results Mortality rates in Rwanda peaked in 1994 at the time of the genocide (NMR 60/1000 live births, 95% CI 51 to 65; U5MR 238/1000 live births, 95% CI 226 to 251). The 1990s and the first half of the 2000s were characterised by a marked rural/urban divide and inequity in child survival between maternal groups with different levels of education. Towards the end of the study period (2005-2010) NMR had been reduced to 26/1000 (95% CI 23 to 29) and U5MR to 65/1000 (95% CI 61 to 70), with little or no difference between urban and rural areas, and household wealth groups, while children of women with no education still had significantly higher U5MR. Conclusions Recent reductions in child mortality in Rwanda have concurred with improved social equity in child survival. Current challenges include the prevention of newborn deaths.
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| 23. |
- Målqvist, Mats, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Facilitation of Local Stakeholder Groups on Equity in Neonatal Survival : Results from the NeoKIP Trial in Northern Vietnam.
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: To operationalize the post-MDG agenda, there is a need to evaluate the effects of health interventions on equity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on equity in neonatal survival of the NeoKIP trial (ISRCTN44599712), a population-based, cluster-randomized intervention trial with facilitated local stakeholder groups for improved neonatal survival in Quang Ninh province in northern Vietnam.METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all mothers experiencing neonatal mortality and a random sample of 6% of all mothers with a live birth in the study area during the study period (July 2008-June 2011). Multilevel regression analyses were performed, stratifying mothers according to household wealth, maternal education and mother's ethnicity in order to assess impact on equity in neonatal survival.FINDINGS: In the last year of study the risk of neonatal death was reduced by 69% among poor mothers in the intervention area as compared to poor mothers in the control area (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.66). This pattern was not evident among mothers from non-poor households. Mothers with higher education had a 50% lower risk of neonatal mortality if living in the intervention area during the same time period (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28-0.90), whereas no significant effect was detected among mothers with low education.INTERPRETATION: The NeoKIP intervention promoted equity in neonatal survival based on wealth but increased inequity based on maternal education.
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| 24. |
- Pérez, Wilton, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends and factors related to adolescent pregnancies : an incidence trend and conditional inference trees analysis of northern Nicaragua demographic surveillance data
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2393 .- 1471-2393. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify the 2001-2013 incidence trend, and characteristics associated with adolescent pregnancies reported by 20-24-year-old women.METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the Cuatro Santos Northern Nicaragua Health and Demographic Surveillance 2004-2014 data on women aged 15-19 and 20-24. To calculate adolescent birth and pregnancy rates, we used the first live birth at ages 10-14 and 15-19 years reported by women aged 15-19 and 20-24 years, respectively, along with estimates of annual incidence rates reported by women aged 20-24 years. We conducted conditional inference tree analyses using 52 variables to identify characteristics associated with adolescent pregnancies.RESULTS: The number of first live births reported by women aged 20-24 years was 361 during the study period. Adolescent pregnancies and live births decreased from 2004 to 2009 and thereafter increased up to 2014. The adolescent pregnancy incidence (persons-years) trend dropped from 2001 (75.1 per 1000) to 2007 (27.2 per 1000), followed by a steep upward trend from 2007 to 2008 (19.1 per 1000) that increased in 2013 (26.5 per 1000). Associated factors with adolescent pregnancy were living in low-education households, where most adults in the household were working, and high proportion of adolescent pregnancies in the local community. Wealth was not linked to teenage pregnancies.CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to prevent adolescent pregnancy are imperative and must bear into account the context that influences the culture of early motherhood and lead to socioeconomic and health gains in resource-poor settings.
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| 25. |
- Rahman, Anisur, et al.
(författare)
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Time trends and sociodemographic determinants of preterm births in pregnancy cohorts in Matlab, Bangladesh, 1990-2014
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 4:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionPreterm birth is the major cause of under-five mortality. Population-based data on determinants and proportions of children born preterm are limited, especially from low-income countries. This study aimed at assessing time trends and social, reproductive and environmental determinants of preterm births based on a population-based pregnancy cohort over 25 years in rural Bangladesh.Methods In this cohort study in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, we used data from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 1990 to 2014. Gestational age at birth was based on the reported last menstrual period and verified by ultrasound assessments. Preterm birth proportions were assessed within strata of social and reproductive characteristics, and time series analysis was performed with decomposition for trend and seasonality. We also determined the prevented fractions of preterm birth reduction associated with social and demographic changes during the follow-up period.ResultsAnalyses were based on 63 063 live births. Preterm birth decreased from 29% (95% CI 28.6 to 30.1) in 1990-1994 to 11% (95% CI 10.5 to 11.6) in 2010-2014. Low education, older age and multi-parity were associated with higher proportions of preterm births across the study period. Preterm births had a marked seasonal variation. A rapid increase in women's educational level and decrease in parity were associated with the decline in preterm births, and 27% of the reduction observed from 1990 to 2014 could be attributed to these educational and reproductive changes.Conclusion The reduction in preterm birth was to a large extent associated with the sociodemographic transition, especially changes in maternal education and parity. The persistent seasonal variation in the proportion of preterm birth may reflect the environmental stressors for pregnant women across the study period. Continued investments in girls' education and family planning programmes may contribute to further reduction of preterm births in Bangladesh.
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| 26. |
- Svefors, Pernilla, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effectiveness of prenatal food and micronutrient interventions on under-five mortality and stunting : Analysis of data from the MINIMat randomized trial, Bangladesh
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Nutrition interventions may have favourable as well as unfavourable effects. The Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat), with early prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation, reduced infant mortality and were reported to be very cost-effective. However, the multiple micronutrients (MMS) supplement was associated with an increased risk of stunted growth in infancy and early childhood. This unfavourable outcome was not included in the previous cost-effectiveness analysis. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the MINIMat interventions remain cost-effective in view of both favourable (decreased under-five-years mortality) and unfavourable (increased stunting) outcomes.METHOD: Pregnant women in rural Bangladesh, where food insecurity still is prevalent, were randomized to early (E) or usual (U) invitation to be given food supplementation and daily doses of 30 mg, or 60 mg iron with 400 μg of folic acid, or MMS with 15 micronutrients including 30 mg iron and 400 μg of folic acid. E reduced stunting at 4.5 years compared with U, MMS increased stunting at 4.5 years compared with Fe60, while the combination EMMS reduced infant mortality compared with UFe60. The outcome measure used was disability adjusted life years (DALYs), a measure of overall disease burden that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality (under five-year mortality) and years lived with disability (stunting). Incremental cost effectiveness ratios were calculated using cost data from already published studies.RESULTS: By incrementing UFe60 (standard practice) to EMMS, one DALY could be averted at a cost of US$24.CONCLUSION: When both favourable and unfavourable outcomes were included in the analysis, early prenatal food and multiple micronutrient interventions remained highly cost effective and seem to be meaningful from a public health perspective.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Svefors, Pernilla, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Stunted at 10 Years. Linear Growth Trajectories and Stunting from Birth to Pre-Adolescence in a Rural Bangladeshi Cohort.
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Few studies in low-income settings analyse linear growth trajectories from foetal life to pre-adolescence. The aim of this study is to describe linear growth and stunting from birth to 10 years in rural Bangladesh and to analyse whether maternal and environmental determinants at conception are associated with linear growth throughout childhood and stunting at 10 years.METHODS AND FINDINGS: Pregnant women participating in the MINIMat trial were identified in early pregnancy and a birth cohort (n = 1054) was followed with 19 growth measurements from birth to 10 years. Analyses of baseline predictors and mean height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) over time were modelled using GLMM. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the associations between baseline predictors and stunting (HAZ<-2) at 10 years. HAZ decreased to 2 years, followed by an increase up to 10 years, while the average height-for-age difference in cm (HAD) to the WHO reference median continued to increase up to 10 years. Prevalence of stunting was highest at 2 years (50%) decreasing to 29% at 10 years. Maternal height, maternal educational level and season of conception were all independent predictors of HAZ from birth to pre-adolescence (p<0.001) and stunting at 10 years. The highest probability to be stunted at 10 years was for children born by short mothers (<147.5 cm) (ORadj 2.93, 95% CI: 2.06-4.20), mothers with no education (ORadj 1.74, 95% CI 1.17-2.81) or those conceived in the pre-monsoon season (ORadj 1.94, 95% CI 1.37-2.77).CONCLUSIONS: Height growth trajectories and prevalence of stunting in pre-adolescence showed strong intergenerational associations, social differentials, and environmental influence from foetal life. Targeting women before and during pregnancy is needed for the prevention of impaired child growth.
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| 29. |
- Svefors, Pernilla, 1985-
(författare)
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Stunted growth in children from fetal life to adolescence : Risk factors, consequences and entry points for prevention - Cohort studies in rural Bangladesh
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stunted growth affects one in four children under the age of five years and comes with great costs for the child and society. With an increased understanding of the long-term consequences of chronic undernutrition the reduction of stunted growth has become an important priority on the global health agenda. WHO has adopted a resolution to reduce stunting by 40% by the year 2025 and to reduce stunting is one of the targets under the Sustainable Development Goals.The aim of this thesis was to study linear growth trajectories, risk factors and consequences of stunting and recovery of stunting from fetal life to adolescence in a rural Bangladeshi setting and to assess the cost-effectiveness of a prenatal nutrition intervention for under-five survival and stunting.A birth cohort of children of women participating in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions trial (MINIMat), a randomized prenatal food and multiple micronutrient (MMS) trial, was followed from birth to adolescence. Information about socioeconomic and nutritional characteristics of the mother and father was collected, and frequent anthropometry assessments of the child were done at birth, in infancy, and during childhood and adolescence. At puberty, pubertal stages according to Tanner, age at menarche and start of the pubertal growth spurt in boys were assessed. Calculations were made regarding the cost-effectiveness of prenatal food and micronutrient intervention related to the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost by death and stunting.At birth, the children were on average short compared the WHO growth reference and more than half of the children were Small-for-Gestational-Age. Linear growth faltered dramatically up to 2 years, after which height-for-age Z-score increased up to adolescence. The prevalence of stunting was highest at 2 years (50%) and thereafter decreasing to 25% in adolescence. Birth size, maternal anthropometry and parental education were the most influential factors for linear growth up to and stunting at 2 years. Conditions after birth, such as feeding practices and morbidity, were less important. At 10 years, children born to short mothers (<147.5 cm), mothers with no education, or those conceived in the pre-monsoon season had an increased probability to be stunted. The median age at menarche was 13.0 years. Children that were stunted in infancy and childhood had later pubertal development as compared to non-stunted children. Children that recovered from stunting had a similar timing of puberty as their peers who had never been stunted. Supplementation with combined early prenatal food and multiple micronutrients was highly cost-effective in averting DALYs from under-five deaths and stunting.The results from this thesis support the conclusion that a lifecycle approach is needed for the prevention of stunting. The gaps between current knowledge, policy and practice needs to be closed, with more emphasis given to prenatal interventions.
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| 30. |
- Svefors, Pernilla, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Stunting, recovery from stunting and puberty development in the MINIMat cohort, Bangladesh
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 109:1, s. 122-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: This paper aimed to analyse the association between small for size at birth, stunting, recovery from stunting and pubertal development in a rural Bangladeshi cohort.Methods: The participants were 994 girls and 987 boys whose mothers participated in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab trial. The birth cohort was followed from birth to puberty 2001-2017. Pubertal development according to Tanner was self-assessed. Age at menarche was determined and in boys, consecutive height measurements were used to ascertain whether pubertal growth spurt had started. The exposures and outcomes were modelled by Cox's proportional hazards analyses and logistic regression.Results: There was no difference in age at menarche between girls that were small or appropriate for gestational age at birth. Boys born small for gestational age entered their pubertal growth spurt later than those with appropriate weight. Children who were stunted had later pubertal development, age at menarche and onset of growth spurt than non-stunted children. Children who recovered from infant or early childhood stunting had similar pubertal development as non-stunted children.Conclusion: Infant and childhood stunting was associated with a later pubertal development. Recovery from stunting was not associated with earlier puberty in comparison with non-stunted children.
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| 31. |
- Svefors, Pernilla, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The relative importance of pre- and postnatal determinants of stunting. : Data mining approaches to the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) cohort, Bangladesh
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background The WHO has set a goal to reduce the prevalence of stunted child growth by 40% by the year 2025. To reach this goal, it is imperative to establish the relative importance of risk factors for stunting to deliver the appropriate interventions. Currently, most interventions take place in late infancy and early childhood. This study aimed to identify the most critical pre- and postnatal determinants of linear growth 0–24 months and the risk factors for stunting at two years, and to identify subgroups with different growth trajectories and levels of stunting at two years.Method and Findings Conditional inference-tree-based methods were applied to the extensive Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) trial database with 309 variables of 2,723 children: their parents and living conditions, including socioeconomic, nutritional and other biological characteristics of the parents; maternal exposure to violence; household food security; breast- and complementary-feeding; and measurement of morbidity of the mothers during pregnancy and repeatedly of their children up to 24 months of age. Child anthropometry was measured monthly from birth to 12 months, thereafter quarterly to 24 months. Birth length and weight were the most critical factors for linear growth 0–24 months and stunting at two years, followed by maternal anthropometry and parental education. Conditions after birth, such as feeding practices and morbidity, were less strongly associated with linear growth trajectories and stunting at two years.Interpretation The results of this study, together with findings from recent reviews, motivate a change in policy and practice, emphasizing the benefit of interventions before conception and during pregnancy to reach a substantial reduction in stunting.
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| 32. |
- Wahlberg, Anna, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Baseline data from a planned RCT on attitudes to female genital cutting after migration : when are interventions justified?
- 2017
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To present the primary outcomes from a baseline study on attitudes towards female genital cutting (FGC) after migration. Design: Baseline data from a planned cluster randomised, controlled trial. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect questionnaire data in 2015. Based on our hypothesis that established Somalis could be used as facilitators of change among those newly arrived, data were stratified into years of residency in Sweden. Setting: Sweden. Participants: 372 Somali men and women, 206 newly arrived (0–4 years), 166 established (>4 years). Primary outcome measures: Whether FGC is acceptable, preferred for daughter and should continue, specified on anatomical extent. Results: The support for anatomical change of girls and women’s genitals ranged from 0% to 2% among established and from 4% to 8% among newly arrived. Among those supporting no anatomical change, 75%–83% among established and 53%–67% among newly arrived opposed all forms of FGC, with the remaining supporting pricking of the skin with no removal of tissue. Among newly arrived, 37% stated that pricking was acceptable, 39% said they wanted their daughter to be pricked and 26% reported they wanted pricking to continue being practised. Those who had lived in Sweden ≤ 2 years had highest odds of supporting FGC; thereafter, the opposition towards FGC increased over time after migration. Conclusion: A majority of Somali immigrants, including those newly arrived, opposed all forms of FGC with increased opposition over time after migration. The majority of proponents of FGC supported pricking. We argue that it would have been unethical to proceed with the intervention as it, with this baseline, would have been difficult to detect a change in attitudes given that a majority opposed all forms of FGC together with the evidence that a strong attitude change is already happening. Therefore, we decided not to implement the planned intervention. Trial registration number NCT02335697; Pre-results.
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| 33. |
- Wahlberg, Anna, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants : a cross-sectional study in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Reproductive Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1742-4755. ; :14:92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pricking, classified as female genital cutting (FGC) type IV by the World Health Organization, is an under-researched area gaining momentum among diaspora communities. Our aim was to explore factors associated with being supportive of pricking among Somalis in Sweden. Methods: In a cross-sectional design, attitudes and knowledge regarding FGC, and measures of socioeconomic status, acculturation, and social capital, were assessed by a 49-item questionnaire in four municipalities in Sweden. Data were collected in 2015 from 648 Somali men and women, ≥ 18 years old, of which 113 supported the continuation of pricking. Logistic regression was used for the analysis. Results: Those more likely to support the continuation of pricking were older, originally from rural areas, and newly arrived in Sweden. Further, those who reported that they thought pricking was: acceptable, according to their religion (aOR: 10.59, 95% CI: 5.44–20.62); not a violation of children’s rights (aOR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.46–5.61); and did not cause long-term health complications (aOR: 5.52, 95% CI: 2.25–13.52) had higher odds of supporting pricking. Religion was strongly associated with the support of pricking among both genders. However, for men, children’s rights and the definition of pricking as FGC or not were important aspects in how they viewed pricking, while, for women, health complications and respectability were important. Conclusions: Values known to be associated with FGC in general are also related to pricking. Hence, there seems to be a change in what types of FGC are supported rather than in their perceived values.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Wahlberg, Anna, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Shifting perceptions of female genital cutting in a Swedish migration context
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLoS. - 1932-6203. ; 14:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper was to investigate correlations between Somali Swedish own attitudes towards female genital cutting (FGC) and their perceptions about other Swedish Somalis attitudes. METHODS: In 2015, a cross-sectional study was conducted in four Swedish municipalities with 648 Somali men and women. To assess the level of agreement between the participants' approval of FGC and their perceptions about approval among other Swedish Somalis, Bangdiwala's B-statistic and Welch's t-test were used. RESULTS: We found a substantial agreement between an individual's own approval of FGC and their perceived approval of FGC among most other Swedish Somali men (B-statistic = 0.85) and women (B-statistic = 0.76). However, we also found a tendency for participants to report that other Swedish Somalis-and especially other Swedish Somali women-approved of FGC, while they themselves did not. Perceived percentage of Somali girls being circumcised in Sweden was significantly higher among Swedish Somalis who said they wanted tissue to be removed on their own daughter (mean 23%, 95% CI: 18.3-27.9) compared to those who said they opposed removal of tissue on their own daughter (mean 8%, 95% CI: 6.4-9.1). The majority of Swedish Somali men (92%) stated a preference to marry someone without FGC or with pricking, which was also the view of most of the Swedish Somali women (90%). CONCLUSIONS: Swedish Somalis motivation to continue or discontinue with the practice of FGC may be influenced by perceptions of what other Swedish Somalis prefer. How FGC is being portrayed, in for example media reports, could therefore have an impact on attitudes towards FGC.
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