| 1. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
An Empirical Model for Forest Landscape Planning and its Financial Consequences for Landowners
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 36:7-8, s. 626-638
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite well-formulated goals for environmental protection in the forestry sector, the biodiversitycrisis remains. Protected habitats are often small, isolated and lack continuity. We studied forestplanning at a landscape scale as a method to increase habitat connectivity, and improveconservation values whilst maintaining high levels of forest production. We assessed the financialimpacts of landscape planning for the landowners, and present a fee-fund system to solveunequal burdens among them. As case studies, we used three landscapes along a latitudinalgradient in Sweden. The results demonstrate some variation between the landscapes in terms ofthe total cost for set asides and large differences in terms of the financial impact per landowner.Our conclusion is that forest landscape planning may be a way forward to improve conservationefforts, but given the variation in financial impacts, we propose to combine landscape planningwith economic tools for compensation.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Planning on a wider scale : Swedish forest owners' preferences for landscape policy attributes
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 104, s. 170-181
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A tax-fund system has been proposed to advance Swedish forest conservation. We present a choice experiment with Swedish private forest owners on preferences for attributes of a tax-fund system. Focusing on three aspects: (i) freedom to choose set-asides, (ii) equity issues, and (iii) frequency of nature inventories, we find two groups of forest owners. The first is opposed to interventions that could curtail liberty and oppose frequent nature inventories, while a smaller group would derive positive utility from jointly deciding on the location of set-asides with society. Both groups have a preference for changing the current tax-base to soil productivity or timber volume. The tax-base chosen together with the modalities of re-distributing the funds will determine the program's efficiency. The paper concludes that a tax-fund system could indeed be a way forward but would need to be designed in a participatory manner to reconcile forest owners, forest industry representatives, and conservationists.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bostedt, Göran, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Planning on a Wider Scale – Swedish Forest Owners’ Preferences for Landscape Policy Attributes
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A tax-fund system has been proposed to advance Swedish forest conservation. We present a choice experiment with Swedish private forest owners on preferences for attributes of a taxfund system. Focusing on three aspects: (i) freedom to choose set-asides, (ii) equity issues, and (iii) frequency of nature inventories, we find two groups of forest owners. The first is opposed to interventions that could curtail liberty and oppose frequent nature inventories, while a smaller group would derive positive utility from joint decision-making. A tax-fund system would need to be designed in a participatory manner to reconcile forest owners, forest industry, and conservationists.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Ekvall, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Ash recycling : a method to improve forest production or to restore acidified surface waters?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 45, s. 42-50
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This cost-benefit analysis compared different strategies for ash recycling in southern Swedish forests, with a special emphasis on the potential to use ash recycling as a measure to ameliorate acidification of soils and surface waters caused by acid deposition. Benefit transfer was used to estimate use values for sport fishing and non-use values in terms of existence values. The results show that the optimal share of acidified forest land that should be treated with ash depends on how optimistic one is about the effect of using ash to restore lakes and streams from acidification. More optimistic assumptions imply that the ash to larger extent should be used to ameliorate acidification. Using the most realistic assumption, given the experiences of forest liming, shows that acidified forest land should not be treated with ash with the aim of restoring lakes and streams from acidification. From a socioeconomic point of view, ash simply does more good as fertilizer on forested organic soils.(C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 7. |
- Ekvall, Hans
(författare)
-
Cost-effectiveness of measures to improve biodiversity in Swedish forests
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis is to analyse the cost-effectiveness of measures, which improve biodiversity among life forms dependent on coarse woody debris (CWD). The amount of CWD in forest land has decreased due to modern forest management. The wood of the trees is an important source of income for the forest owner and there is an undeniable conflict between increasing the amount of CWD and the economics of silviculture. To gain acceptance among forest owners of an increased retention of trees as potential CWD substrate, it is important that CWD-increasing measures are performed in a cost-effective manner, which means that the cost to attain a specific level of CWD is as low as possible. Calculations were performed of CWD formed and opportunity costs of forest stands from three regions in Sweden. Norway spruce was the prime study object but analysis of mixed stands of Norway spruce, Scots pine and birch or aspen were carried out as well. The cost-efficiency of seven conservation measures, which aim to increase CWD in managed forests, was analysed. In all regions the same pattern was obtained regarding ranking order of five measures; retention of snags was the most cost-effective measure, followed by creating high stumps, manual scarification and retention of living trees, and finally prolongation of rotation as the least cost-effective measure. Setting aside a stand as a reserve, and retention of wind-thrown trees showed an increasing cost with increasing land productivity. Estimating the cost-efficiency factor for different CWD-increasing measures in mixed stands revealed that birch and aspen were more cost-effective than Norway spruce and Scots pine. In a multiple stand context the least-cost allocation of conservation measures depends on the desired increase in CWD. Analysing the choice of cost-effective CWD-increasing measures on a Norway spruce dominated estate in central Sweden showed that huge improvements in the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity-oriented forestry are possible.
|
|
| 8. |
- Ekvall, Hans, et al.
(författare)
-
Least-Cost Allocation of Measures to Increase the Amount of Coarse Woody Debris in Forest Estates
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - : Now Publishers. - 1104-6899 .- 1618-1530. ; 19:3, s. 267-285
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coarse woody debris (CWD) is crucial for maintaining biodiversity in forests but conservation measures to increase CWD must be performed cost efficiently. We estimate least-cost combinations of CWD-increasing measures in a spruce-dominated Swedish forest estate. Specifically, we investigate how using combinations of the measures tree retention, creating high stumps, manual scarification, prolonged rotations, and retention of dying trees impacts the amount of CWD and net present value at the estate level. We found that by combining CWD-increasing measures in an optimal way the amount of CWD on the estate could be increased 322% with a decrease in present value of only 10%. The optimal combination of conservation measures depends on the desired increase in CWD. The analysis thus shows that huge improvements in cost-efficiency of biodiversity-oriented forestry are possible.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Gudmundsson, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Revertant mosaicism repairs skin lesions in a patient with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome by second-site mutations in connexin 26
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Human Molecular Genetics. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0964-6906 .- 1460-2083. ; 26:6, s. 1070-1077
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Revertant mosaicism(RM) is a naturally occurring phenomenon where the pathogenic effect of a germline mutation is corrected by a second somatic event. Development of healthy-looking skin due to RM has been observed in patients with various inherited skin disorders, but not in connexin-related disease. We aimed to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of suspected RM in the skin of a patient with keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome. The patient was diagnosed with KID syndrome due to characteristic skin lesions, hearing deficiency and keratitis. Investigation of GJB2 encoding connexin (Cx) 26 revealed heterozygosity for the recurrent de novo germline mutation, c. 148G>A, p. Asp50Asn. At age 20, the patient developed spots of healthy-looking skin that grew in size and number within widespread erythrokeratodermic lesions. Ultradeep sequencing of two healthy-looking skin biopsies identified five somatic nonsynonymous mutations, independently present in cis with the p. Asp50Asn mutation. Functional studies of Cx26 in HeLa cells revealed co-expression of Cx26-Asp50Asn and wild-type Cx26 in gap junction channel plaques. However, Cx26-Asp50Asn with the second-site mutations identified in the patient displayed no formation of gap junction channel plaques. We argue that the second-site mutations independently inhibit Cx26-Asp50Asn expression in gap junction channels, reverting the dominant negative effect of the p. Asp50Asn mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first time RM has been reported to result in the development of healthy-looking skin in a patient with KID syndrome.
|
|
| 12. |
- Gudmundsson, Sanna, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
TAF1, associated with intellectual disability in humans, is essential for embryogenesis and regulates neurodevelopmental processes in zebrafish
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1 (TAF1) protein is a key unit of the transcription factor II D complex that serves a vital function during transcription initiation. Variants of TAF1 have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, but TAF1's molecular functions remain elusive. In this study, we present a five-generation family affected with X-linked intellectual disability that co-segregated with a TAF1 c. 3568C>T, p.(Arg1190Cys) variant. All affected males presented with intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, while heterozygous females were asymptomatic and had completely skewed X-chromosome inactivation. We investigated the role of TAF1 and its association to neurodevelopment by creating the first complete knockout model of the TAF1 orthologue in zebrafish. A crucial function of human TAF1 during embryogenesis can be inferred from the model, demonstrating that intact taf1 is essential for embryonic development. Transcriptome analysis of taf1 zebrafish knockout revealed enrichment for genes associated with neurodevelopmental processes. In conclusion, we propose that functional TAF1 is essential for embryonic development and specifically neurodevelopmental processes.
|
|
| 13. |
- Jonsson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures to increase substrate availability for red-listed wood-living organisms in Norway spruce forests
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 127:4, s. 443-467
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is important that measures to maintain biodiversity are taken in a way that is cost-effective for the landowner. We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures that aim at increasing the substrate availability for red-listed (species that are threatened, near threatened or where species probably are threatened but data is deficient) saproxylic (wood-inhabiting) organisms. We modelled stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in three regions of Sweden by using computer simulations and a database with substrate requirements of saproxylic beetles and cryptogams on the Swedish Red-List. Conclusions concerning cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures depend on the extinction thresholds of the species they are intended to conserve; measures that generate only small amounts of coarse woody debris (CWD) may provide too little substrate to be useful for species with high extinction thresholds. In northern Sweden, forestland is relatively inexpensive, so a cost-effective strategy to increase the amount of spruce CWD was to set aside more forests as reserves. In central and southern Sweden, more emphasis should instead be given to increasing the amount of CWD in the managed forest. The regulations by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) could be made more cost-effective by prescribing creation of more high stumps and retention of larger amounts of naturally dying trees. Large-sized CWD, CWD from slow-growing trees, and CWD in late decay stages are substrate types that were particularly rare in managed forest in relation to unmanaged forests. Manual soil scarification and retention of living trees are measures that can increase the proportion of these underrepresented CWD types.
|
|
| 14. |
- Jonsson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures to increase substrate availability for wood-dwelling species : A comparison between boreal tree species
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 25:1, s. 46-60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analysed the cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures that increase substrate availability for saproxylic (wood-dwelling) species. Mixed stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh and Betula pendula Roth) or aspen (Populus tremula L.) in three regions of Sweden were modelled. Inverted cost-effectiveness was calculated by dividing the economic cost associated with a silvicultural measure by the increase in coarse woody debris (CWD) and an index reflecting substrate availability for red-listed saproxylic beetles and cryptogams, compared with a reference scenario maximizing economic profit. Tree species had a large impact on the cost-effectiveness of green tree retention: Scots pine was the most costly tree species to retain and aspen and birch the most cost-effective. Tree species also had an impact, albeit smaller, on the cost-effectiveness of the creation of high stumps. It was most cost-effective to create high stumps from birch and aspen in southern Sweden, whereas in northern Sweden it was more cost-effective to create high stumps from pine and spruce. Therefore, when increasing the amount of coarse woody debris (CWD), deciduous trees should be targeted in southern Sweden more than in the north. However, it is important that CWD is created from all tree species, because different tree species support different assemblages of saproxylic species. As regards measures that are not associated with particular tree species, retention of snags at final harvest is a cost-effective measure in all regions, whereas increasing the rotation period is costly.
|
|
| 15. |
- Michanek, Gabriel, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
-
Landscape Planning - Paving the Way for Effective Conservation of Forest Biodiversity and a Diverse Forestry?
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI. - 1999-4907. ; 9:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globally, intensive forestry has led to habitat degradation and fragmentation of the forest landscape. Taking Sweden as an example, this development is contradictory to international commitments, EU obligations, and to the fulfillment of the Parliament’s environmental quality objective “Living Forests[CD1] ”, which according to Naturvårdsverket (The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) will not be achieved in 2020 as stipulated. One important reason for the implementation deficit is the fragmented forestry management. In a forest landscape, felling and other measures are conducted at different times on separate forest stands (often relatively small units) by different operators. Consequently, the authorities take case by case decisions on felling restrictions for conservation purposes. In contrast, conservation biology research indicates a need for a broad geographical and strategical approach in order to, in good time, select the most appropriate habitats for conservation and to provide for a functioning connectivity between different habitats. In line with the EU Commission, we argue that landscape forestry planning could be a useful instrument to achieve ecological functionality in a large area. Landscape planning may also contribute to the fulfilment of Sweden’s climate and energy policy, by indicating forest areas with insignificant conservation values, where intensive forestry may be performed for biomass production etc. Forest owners should be involved in the planning and would, under certain circumstances, be entitled to compensation. As state resources for providing compensation are scarce, an alternative could be to introduce a tax-fund system within the forestry sector. Such a system may open for voluntary agreements between forest owners for the protection of habitats within a large area.
|
|
| 16. |
- Michanek, Gabriel, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
-
Landskapsplanering av skog – för biologisk mångfald och ett varierat skogsbruk
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research program has investigated questions about landscape planning of forests to promote biodiversity and varied forestry. An overall conclusion is that landscape planning promotes the achievement of the Swedish Parliament’s environmental objective “Living forests”. The programme studied three Swedish forest landscapes. 16 species, listed in the EU nature conservation directives, were used as indicators. Landscape data were collected from landowner forestry planning and from available GIS layers. The Zonation program identified the areas that best matched the species requirements and the areas were then sorted by priority. Subsequently, different forest management options were identified for the respective areas, taking into account habitat connectivity. The example shows how a planning basis can be produced. In order to resolve deficiencies in current forest management, landscape planning should be integrated into the legal system. Judicial landscape planning can serve as a preventive model, which the European Commission has recommended in order to overcome conflicts between species protection and forestry as well as to improve predictability. The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) in the United States shows how issues of adaptability, knowledge base and participation in such planning can be addressed. The NFMA may in several aspects serve as a guide in a Swedish legislative work with landscape planning. Legally binding plans, with restrictions on land use, will entitle forest owners the right to compensation, under certain preconditions. It is possible to support a landscape plan through a fund where forest owners pay a certain fee, and where the funds are used to compensate forest owners who take greater responsibility for conservation. The greater the area of the plan and the fund, the easier it can be to create such horizontal justice. A simulation of the financial effects of a fee-fund system in three forest landscape areas shows that a fee-fund system generally has relatively good opportunities to function as a self-financed policy alternative. However, self-financing is not an end in itself, but a matter of vertical justice. A survey of private forest owners revealed a group (about 70%) who is totally against all restrictions on their current freedom, and to recurring key biotope inventories. The second group (approx. 30%) is more positive towards increased government intervention, especially if decisions are taken in consultation with the forest owners. This group is also positive for recurring key biotope inventories. The survey indicates the importance of forest owners’ participation in the landscape planning.
|
|
| 17. |
- Michanek, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
-
Landskapsplanering av skog : för biologisk mångfald och ett varierat skogsbruk
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forskningsprogrammet har utrett frågor om landskapsplanering av skog för att främja biologisk mångfald och ett varierat skogsbruk. En övergripande slutsats är att landskapsplanering kan bidra till att bättre än idag uppnå målet ”Levande skogar”. De viktigaste slutsatserna och lärdomarna från detta forskningsprogram är dessa (avsnittsnummer inom parentes):• En landskapsplanering bör koppla till ett tydligt mål. Ett mål skulle kunna vara att skapa förutsättningar för livskraftiga populationer av de arter som vi förbundit oss att bevara enligt Art- och habitatdirektivet, och Fågeldirektivet (4.1).• En landskapsplan bör inte bara fokusera på vilka värden som finns i landskapet, utan också på vilka värden som borde finnas för att nå uppsatta mål. Landskapsplanen bör därför innehålla skötselalternativ som bevara, restaurera, skötsel för att öka naturvärden, skötsel för skogsproduktion, och eventuellt också intensivskogsbruk. För att klara de mest krävande arterna bör man skapa konnektivitet mellan naturvärdesbestånd (3.4, 3.7.1, 3.8.1).• Genom att använda ett GIS-baserat datorprogram, t.ex. Zonation, kan man på ett objektivt och transparent sätt få fram en landskapsplan som kan fungera som underlag för diskussion mellan berörda parter (4.2.5).• En landskapsplanering behöver inte innebära mer avsättningar än i dagens skogsbruk, men eftersom konnektiviteten ökar blir naturvårdsnyttan större, och naturvårdsarbetet blir mer proaktivt. Hur mycket avsättningar som behövs beror på en mängd faktorer som t.ex. befintliga naturvärden, bonitet och fragmenteringsgrad (4.2.6).• Den största nackdelen med landskapsplanering är att olika markägare påverkas olika mycket. Landskapsplanering bör därför kombineras med ekonomiska styrmedel (4.10). Se även nedan.• En landskapsplanering av skog kan främja en skogsförvaltning som proaktivt och strategiskt bevarar livsmiljöer i skogslandskapet, ett förhållningsätt som EU-kommissionen rekommenderar vid genomförandet av art- och habitatdirektivet och fågeldirektivet. Planeringen kan tillgodose en ”kontinuerlig ekologisk funktionalitet” i landskapet. Därmed motverkas konflikter med artskyddsförordningen i enskilda fall och landskapsplanen skapar bättre förutsebarhet för skogsägare än idag (5.2.1).• Landskapsplanering av skog har skett i USA sedan 1976, genom National Forest Management Act (NFMA, §1604) och ankytande lagstiftning. Även om planeringen endast omfattar federalt ägda ”National Forests”, är konkurrensen om skogen mellan olika allmänna intressen i huvudsak densamma som i Sverige. Planeringen i USA anses i många fall ha proaktivt skyddat livsmiljöer och därmed har konflikter med artskyddet i Endangered Species Act kunnat undvikas (3.1). Lagstiftningen och erfarenheterna av planeringen i USA kan ge vägledning för ett eventuellt svenskt lagstiftningsarbete om landskapsplanering av skog. Den amerikanska lagstiftningen har regler om bl.a. intresseavvägning, kunskapsunderlag, adaptivitet och deltagande.• Om landskapsplaneringen av skog ska kunna beakta och prioritera intressen utifrån de specifika förutsättningarna i landskapet, bör lagstiftningen som utgångspunkt ge planmyndigheten betydande frihet i bedömningen. Vissa intressen behöver dock ges laglig prioritet, såsom efterlevnad av miljökvalitetsnormer (5.5). Detsamma gäller artskyddsreglerna, där dock planen kan fylla en proaktiv funktion som motverkar konflikter med skogsbruket och samtidigt bidrar till genomförandet av EU-rättens krav på skydd för arter och livsmiljöer (se ovan).• Landskapsplanering av skog bör utgå från ett underlag som har hög vetenskaplig kvalitet och som möjliggör deltagande och påverkan från skogsägare och andra intressenter (5.8). Så som lagstiftningen ser ut idag kommer det i många fall sannolikt att krävas en strategisk miljöbedömning inför planarbetet. (5.7). Vidare bör en landskapsplanering av skog (såsom i USA) vara adaptiv, eftersom naturen ständigt förändras (t.ex. på grund av klimatförändringen) på sätt som inte kan förutses och eftersom kunskapsläget i sig förändras (5.6). • Det är en politisk fråga om Sverige ska underlätta för ett intensivt skogsbruk som undantas från vissa krav i skogsvårdslagen (såsom naturvårdshänsynen i 30 §). I forskningsprogrammet tar vi inte ställningen till denna fråga i sig. Om en sådan politisk vilja finns är det centralt att intensivt skogsbruk endast tillåts på skogsmarker som saknar betydelse från naturvårdssynpunkt, om även miljömålen för skogen ska kunna nås. Landskapsplanen är ett ändamålsenligt instrument för att identifiera sådana områden (5.9).• Planeringen av skog kan ske genom en landskapsplan enbart eller genom en landskapsplan som kombineras med en lokal skogsbruksplan. En anknytande fråga är hur respektive plan ska styra enskilda skogsägare respektive myndigheter. När det gäller enskilda är den frågan intimt förknippad med rätten till intrångsersättning enligt 2 kap. 15 § regeringsformen. I rapporten diskuteras olika alternativ (5.10) och vilka konsekvenserna blir, inte minst ur ersättningshänseende. Ersättningsbedömningen är delvis komplicerad och kontroversiell (5.4).• En generös tillämpning av ersättningsrätten, där markägare t.ex. ges ersättning för att följa lagkrav om artskydd, skapar ett ökat tryck på den allmänna naturvårdsbudgeten och kan därmed försvårar möjligheten att nå miljömål och att genomföra EU-rättens krav om artskydd (5.4.2). Landskapsplanen kan, tillsammans med ett skattefondsystem (se nedan), bidra till en mer optimerad naturvård och en jämnare fördelning av kostnaderna för att bevara biologisk mångfald.• En landskapsplan måste hantera frågan om horisontell och vertikal rättvisa. Ett sätt är att inrätta en fond. I ett sådant system betalar skogsägare en viss avgift, och de medel som genereras genom avgiften används för att kompensera skogsägare som g• Ju större område planen och fonden berör desto lättare kan det bli det att skapa horisontell rättvisa. Anledningen är dels heterogeniteten i den rumsliga fördelningen av skyddsvärda områden, dels fasta administrativa kostnader, vilket ger problem om fonden avser små geografiska områden. Dessa problem kan utjämnas genom att använda större administrativa områden för fonden. I förlängningen kan ”landskapet” definieras som nationen och avgifts-fondssystemet skulle då involvera alla skogsägare i landet (6.6).• En avgift för att finansiera en sådan fond kan utformas så att den i sig har en positiv effekt på biologisk mångfald. Exempelvis skulle en avgift på avverkad volym ge incitament att fördröja avverkningen, vilket skulle förlänga rotationsåldern, vilket i sin tur är gynnsamt för biologisk mångfald (6.7).• En simulering av de finansiella effekterna av ett avgifts-fondsystem genomfördes i tre lika stora skogsområden, ett i Norrbotten, ett i Östergötland och ett i Kronoberg. De visar att ett avgifts-fond system i regel har relativt goda möjligheter att fungera som ett självfinansierat policyalternativ i den meningen att ”vinnande” fastigheter kan genom en avgift finansiera förlusten för ”förlorande” fastigheter (6.10.6).• Ett självfinansierat avgifts-fondsystem är dock inget självändamål. Frågan om hur den finansiella bördan av landskapsplanering skall fördelas mellan skogsägarkollektivet och det övriga samhället är en fråga om vertikal rättvisa. Att stödja fonden via allmänna skattemedel kan anses förbättra denna vertikal rättvisa, och kan motiveras av det faktum att hela samhället åtnjuter det sociala värdet av den biologiska mångfalden i skyddade områden (6.6).• En enkätundersökning riktad till privatskogsägare visade att respondenterna kunde delas in i två distinkta grupper. Den första gruppen är helt och hållet emot alla restriktioner av sin nuvarande frihet att bestämma placeringen av avsättningar, och till återkommande nyckelbiotopsinventeringar. Denna grupp utgjorde ca. 70 % av respondenterna (5.4).• Den andra gruppen som identifierades av enkätundersökningen skulle inte få en minskad välfärd av ökad samhällelig styrning av avsättningar, baserade på biologiskt värde av avsatta områden. De skulle dessutom få en positiv välfärd om dessa beslut tas i samråd med skogsägarna. Denna grupp, som utgjorde ca. 30 % av respondenterna är även positiva till återkommande nyckelbiotopsinventeringar (5.4). För att skapa legitimitet bör landskapsplanering möjliggöra deltagande och påverkan för berörda parter och utgå från ett underlag med hög vetenskaplig kvalitet.
|
|
| 18. |
- Ranius, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost efficiency of measures to increase the amount of coarse woody debris in managed Norway spruce forests
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 206:1-3, s. 119-133
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changing silvicultural methods to improve habitat quality for forest organisms has become one of the main means to preserve forest biodiversity in Fennoscandia. In boreal forests, coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important substrate for red-listed species. In this study, we analyse cost-efficiency of five management measures taken in Swedish forestry, which aim at increasing CWD in managed forests: retention of living trees at harvest, artificial creation of high stumps, manual scarification at clear-cuts to avoid destruction of CWD, prolongation of the rotation period, and retention of naturally dying trees. For Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in different parts of Sweden, we calculated the present value and predicted the amount of CWD that will be present if the same management method is used over a long time. To retain reasonable amounts of naturally dying trees was always inexpensive, and in central and northern Sweden it was more economical to retain them than to harvest them. Creation of high stumps was a cost-efficient method to increase the amount of CWD. Prolonging the rotation period was the most expensive way to increase CWD. We conclude that adopting several different measures to increase CWD in managed forests, as prescribed by certification standards today, is a good concept, but to be cost-efficient the focus should be on different measures for different parts of Sweden.
|
|
| 19. |
- Westman, Maria, 1963-
(författare)
-
Skriftpraktiker i gymnasieskolan : Bygg- och omvårdnadselever skriver
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the dissertation is to demonstrate and explain the place and function writing has in all subjects in two vocational classes in a Swedish upper secondary school. The material has been collected through ethnographic field studies in construction and health care classes over one school year. The material consists of literacy events, where pupils write, and the context of situation and text are noted.In theoretical terms the study takes a discourse analysis perspective, where writing is seen from within different frames. Writing is analysed based on an ideological view of literacy inspired by New Literacy Studies using the context of situation and text with the aim of describing different literacy practices in both classes.The material was classified into three different situation types, two school-initiated and one non-school-initiated. The first school-initiated situation type is orally-governed, the second writing-governed, while it is less clear how the non-school-initiated type is inspired.In the writing situations we investigate the writing activities that are used, while texts are analysed based on text acitivites. Writing and text activities are used together to explain the writing competences that are used in the writing situations.The conclusions are that writing gets little space and attention in both classes. The health care class writes in more situations and also writes longer texts than the construction class. Literacy practices differ between the classes. The health care class demonstrates one school-governed writing practice, while the construction class moves between two different school-governed practices. The literacy practices in the construction class are similar to the writing usage that can be found at a building site. Writing is used in both classes mainly to structure and store knowledge.The non-school-governed material also shows differences between the classes. Here too more writing takes place in the health care class. The function of the non-school-governed writing is to communicate and inform through writing.
|
|
| 20. |
- Zabel, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Policies for forest landscape management : a conceptual approach with an empirical application for Swedish conditions
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are major factors leading to forest biodiversity decline. This paper discusses landscape planning as strategy to improve connectivity in a landscape with a heterogeneous distribution of ecologically valuable areas across land owners. A tax-fund system is proposed, that following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, tries to spread the burden of conservation equally across land owners while optimizing the environmental outcome. Design options of such a tax-fund system are discussed along the lines of a simple theoretical model. Financial effects of a tax-fund system are computed for a small model landscape set in Sweden. Two design questions stand out as particularly important. The first is whether the policy is intended to be self-sustained among the land owners or if the budget can be supplemented by general tax money. The second is whether the land owners or the relevant authority select the stands for conservation set-aside.
|
|
| 21. |
- Zabel, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
Policies for Forest Landscape Management : a Conceptual Approach with an Empirical Application for Swedish Conditions
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 86, s. 13-21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are major factors leading to forest biodiversity decline. This paper discusses landscape planning as strategy to improve connectivity in a landscape with a heterogeneous distribution of ecologically valuable areas across land owners. A tax-fund system is proposed, that following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility, tries to spread the burden of conservation equally across land owners while optimizing the environmental outcome. Design options of such a tax-fund system are discussed along the lines of a simple theoretical model. Financial effects of a tax-fund system are computed for a small model landscape set in Sweden. Two design questions stand out as particularly important. The first is whether the policy is intended to be self-sustained among the land owners or if the budget can be supplemented by general tax money. The second is whether the land owners or the relevant authority select the stands for conservation set-aside.
|
|
