| 1. |
- Davidsson, Kent, 1967, et al.
(author)
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Countermeasures against alkali-related problems during combustion of biomass in a circulating fluidized bed boiler
- 2008
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In: Chemical Engineering Science. ; 63, s. 5314-5329
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to study different ways to mitigate alkali-related problems during combustionof biomass in circulating fluidized beds. Wood chips and wood pellets were fired together withstraw pellets, while the tendency to agglomerate and form deposits was monitored. In addition to areference case, a number of countermeasures were applied in related tests. Those were addition of elementalsulphur, ammonium sulphate and kaolin to a bed of silica sand, as well as use of olivine sand andblast-furnace slag as alternative bed materials. The agglomeration temperature, composition and structureof bed-ash samples were examined. The flue-gas composition, including gaseous alkali chlorides, wasmeasured in the hot flue gases and in the stack. Particles in the flue gas were collected and analysed forsize distribution and composition. Deposits were collected on a probe in hot flue gases and their amountand composition were analysed. Addition of kaolin was found to be the best method to counteract theagglomeration problem. The deposition problem is effectively counteracted with addition of ammoniumsulphate, while kaolin is too expensive to be used commercially against deposits, and sulphur is lesseffective than ammonium sulphate.
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| 2. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, 1975
(author)
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Co-combustion of Biomass and Waste Fuels in a Fluidised Bed Boiler - Fuel Synergism
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The objective of this work was to study co-combustion of biomass and waste fuels in a circulating fluidised bed boiler and to detect synergy effects with respect to flue gas composition and ash formation during boiler operation. It was also the aim to perform supplementary thermodynamic equilibrium calculations in order to support the experimental results. The base fuel used was either wood or bark pellets and the additional fuels included municipal sewage sludge, sludge from the pulp and paper industry and demolition wood. In some of the tests, additives were supplied to the boiler to enhance any effects from substances of special interest. Examples of such additives are zinc oxide, PVC, ammonium sulphate, kaolin and zeolites.The 12 MWth circulating fluidised bed boiler situated at Chalmers University of Technology was central to the investigation. All combustion tests were performed in this boiler and it provided operating data, flue gas composition and samples of fuel, ash and deposits under required combustion conditions. Great effort was put into the analyses of ashes and deposits and in excess of conventional techniques, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS), scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-ray (SEM EDX) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied to several of the samples to create a more complete scan of the constituents. The thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed using the computer program FactSage and the module EQUILIB. The thermodynamic data was collected from the database FACT.The focus of the investigation was directed towards three main areas: sulphur capture performance by lime addition to the bed, distribution of heavy metals in ashes and flue gas, and formation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces in the convective pass and the use of municipal sewage sludge as a preventive additive.The relatively high content of phosphorus in municipal sewage sludge interferes with the sulphur capture by lime and decreases the sulphur capture performance. Phosphorus reacts with calcium, which otherwise is available for reaction with sulphur, and forms compounds such as calcium phosphates. The formation was supported by equilibrium calculations and proved by analysing the ashes with TOF-SIMS. The decreased lime efficiency must be taken into account when sulphur capture strategies are decided for the reduction of SO2 emissions from co-combustion of municipal sewage sludge. Further, the use of bark pellets as base fuel during co-combustion with sulphur containing wastes reduces the sulphur emissions due to their relatively high content of calcium and potassium in connection with its low content of sulphur.The supply of heavy metals to the combustion increases dramatically when wood is replaced by municipal sewage sludge under otherwise constant conditions. The heavy metals are to a large extent recovered in the ash and captured by the flue gas cleaning system. Even the most volatile species, such as mercury, are captured and enriched in the fine fly ash. The effective metal capture is partly due to the sludge ash and partly to the bag filter. The amount of ash in the boiler increases with the sludge and the fine fly ash fraction constitutes a high particle surface area which enhances the capture of volatile metals. Further, the ash contains large amounts of several elements known to retain trace elements such as aluminium, calcium, carbon and silicon. Especially the presence of zeolites in the sludge is likely to contribute to the capture of mercury. Further, the enrichment ratios of metals in the filter ash indicate the necessity of including bag-filters in the flue gas cleaning system in order to achieve sufficient removal of toxic heavy metals.Zinc, and its effect on deposit formation, was given special attention since the metal is commonly present in demolition wood. The result showed that combustion of demolition wood contaminated with zinc alone generates only a modest amount of deposits. Demolition wood contaminated with both zinc and chlorine gives rise to more severe deposit formation. The main reason for this is the formation of alkali chlorides but also zinc chlorides in the flue gas. The formation of zinc chlorides is, under reducing conditions, thermodynamically favoured between 450 and 850°C. Under oxidising conditions, the formation is initiated at 400°C and gradually increased with the temperature.Municipal sewage sludge is not only a waste that must be disposed of, it can also be regarded as an additive to prevent deposit formation during combustion of high alkali biomass. The sludge reduces the concentration of KCl in the flue gas, impedes the deposit formation and eliminates the content of chlorine in the deposits. The occurrence is clear of though the fuel is contaminated with chlorine. The effect is partly due to sulphation of potassium and partly to potassium sequestration by the sludge ash.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Composition of agglomerates in fluidized bed reactors for thermochemical conversion of biomass and waste fuels Experimental data in comparison with predictions by a thermodynamic equilibrium model
- 2013
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In: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361. ; 111, s. 696-708
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Controlled combustion tests of biomass were performed in the 12 MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler located on the campus of Chalmers University of Technology. The aim was twofold: to investigate the composition of agglomerated material and also to highlight the reasons for sintering and agglomeration during thermochemical conversion of biomass and wastes in fluidized bed reactors using quartz sand as bed material. Bed ash from three different tests regarding fuel or fuel mixtures (wood with straw, bark, and bark with refused derived fuel) was analysed to determine the ash elements using: (a) inductive coupled plasma (ICP) equipped with optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and (b) scanning electron microscopy equipped with an electron dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM-EDX). Chemical equilibrium calculations were also performed to support the interpretation of the experimental findings. It was found that the combination of (i) well controlled full-scale tests in a fluidized bed boiler, (ii) the use of line-scans by the EDX spectrometer of the SEM on bed samples and (iii) thermodynamic equilibrium modelling is a powerful tool in understanding the phenomena of bed agglomeration using quartz sand.
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| 5. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Influence of phosphorus on sulphur capture during co-firing
- 2006
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In: Fuel. ; 85, s. 1671-1678
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Interference from phosphorus on sulphur capture during co-firing of sludge with wood has been investigated in a circulating fluidised bed boiler.Chemical equilibrium analyses were performed on the combustion system to complement the experimental results. It was found that the relativelyhigh content of phosphorus in municipal sewage sludge interferes with the sulphur capture by occupying calcium, which otherwise would beavailable for reaction with sulphur. This fact must be taken into account when sulphur capture strategies are decided for reduction of sulphurdioxide emissions from sewage sludge as an additional fuel.q 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Elled, Anna-Lena, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Sewage sludge as a deposit inhibitor when co-fired with high potassium fuels
- 2010
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In: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 34:11, s. 1546-1554
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this work is to survey the fate of potassium in the gas phase of a fluidised bed boiler and gain deeper understanding of the involved mechanisms during co-firing of municipal sewage sludge with biomass containing high amounts of potassium and chlorine. The results show that formation of alkali chlorides in the flue gas and corrosive deposits on heat transfer surfaces can be controlled by addition of municipal sewage sludge even though the fuel is highly contaminated with chlorine. The beneficial effects are partly due to the content of sulphur in the sludge, partly to the properties of the sludge ash. The sludge ash consists of both crystalline and amorphous phases. It contains silica, aluminium, calcium, iron and phosphorus which all are involved in the capture of potassium. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Pettersson, Anita, 1965, et al.
(author)
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The impact of zeolites during co-combustion of municipal sewage sludge with alkali and chlorine rich fuels
- 2009
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In: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion in Xi:an, China May 18-20, 2009. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9787302201465 ; 2, s. 903-909, s. 902-909
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Municipal sewage sludge has proven to eliminate alkali metals and chlorine related problems during combustion of straw and refuse derived fuels (RDF). However, the mechanisms involved have not been clarified. The aim of this work was to gain more knowledge about the behaviour of sewage sludge and detergent zeolites in combustion and about their effects on alkali metal chemistry. Co-combustion tests with combinations of municipal sewage sludge, wood and straw were carried out in a 12 MW fluidised bed (FB) boiler. In addition, a detergent zeolite, Doucil A24, was used as additive during co-combustion of wood and straw. The chemical characteristics of fuels and fly ashes were studied using several methods, such as chemical fractionation and scanning electron microscopy with element analysis by energy dispersive fluorescence detection (SEM-EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the co-combustion tests involving sewage sludge no KCl was found in the flue gas prior to the convection pass. The zeolite addition was less effective but the KCl concentration was reduced to some degree in favour of HCl compared to the reference case. Both SEM-EDX and XRD confirmed the presence of potassium-aluminium-silicates in the fly ash fraction in all cases. In addition, the laboratory study showed that Doucil A24 had the ability to capture potassium and KCl at temperatures in the range of 700-900°C.
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