| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Sara-Linnea, et al.
(författare)
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Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles as Regulating Power Providers - Case Studies of Sweden and Germany
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 38:6, s. 2751-2762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) as providers of regulating power in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control. Previous studies have shown that PHEVs could generate substantial profits while providing ancillary services. This study investigates under what conditions PHEVs can generate revenues using actual market data, i.e. prices and activations of regulating power, from Sweden and Germany from four months in 2008. PHEV market participation is modelled for individual vehicles in a fleet subject to a simulated movement pattern. Costs for infrastructure and vehicle-to-grid equipment are not included in the analysis. The simulation results indicate that maximum average profits generated on the German markets are in the range 30–80 h per vehicle and month whereas the Swedish regulating power markets give no profit.In addition, an analysis is performed to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of PHEVs as regulating power providers. Based on the simulation results and the SWOT analysis, characteristics for an ideal regulating power market for PHEVs are presented.
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| 3. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial analysis of water quality and income in Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between water quality and income within the European Union, considering spatial interdependences across countries. To this end, we apply a spatial econometrics framework using panel data, at the national level, for twenty EU countries across seventeen years, 1998 to 2014. Furthermore, we account for the role of human and livestock population size, institutional quality and economic openness for water quality. Results show that a significant EKC relationship is seen with an inverted N-shaped relationship between income and water quality. Water quality is decreasing in income for low income levels, increasing in income when GDP per capita for medium income levels, and deteriorating for high income levels. Eight out of twenty countries have income levels associated with a declining water quality. Spatial spillovers between countries are significant. Higher livestock density levels are associated with lower levels of water quality, while institutional quality and openness to trade are positively associated with water quality
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| 4. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of water quality for local environmental policy implementation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Routledge. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 63:6, s. 1001-1021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to examine the role of surface water quality for the decisions by Swedish municipalities to adopt environmental targets and action plans, as well as allocating these decisions to a responsible authority. To this end, we assess how environmental, socioeconomic, and political factors, as well as the availability of environmental expertise, affect these municipal decisions. Questionnaire data from the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, in combination with environmental monitoring data and official statistics, are used for the econometric analysis. Results show that: (i) municipalities with bad water quality, greater coastal length, and higher income are more inclined to adopt local policies; (ii) collaboration with interest groups increases the likelihood of adopting local policies; and (iii) municipalities with high Center Party representation tend to set responsibility for environmental policy with the municipal council board.
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| 5. |
- Czajkowski, Mikołaj, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing the cost-effectiveness of nutrient reduction targets using different spatial scales
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 790
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate the potential gains in cost-effectiveness from changing the spatial scale at which nutrient reduction targets are set for the Baltic Sea, with particular focus on nutrient loadings from agriculture. The costs of achieving loading reductions are compared across five levels of spatial scale, namely the entire Baltic Sea; the marine basin level; the country level; the watershed level; and the grid square level. A novel highly-disaggregated model, which represents decreases in agricultural profits, changes in root zone N concentrations and transport to the Baltic Sea is used. The model includes 14 Baltic Sea marine basins, 14 countries, 117 watersheds and 19,023 10-by-10 km grid squares. The main result which emerges is that there is a large variation in the total cost of the program depending on the spatial scale of targeting: for example, for a 40% reduction in loads, the costs of a Baltic Sea-wide target is nearly three times lower than targets set at the smallest level of spatial scale (grid square). These results have important implications for both domestic and international policy design for achieving water quality improvements where non-point pollution is a key stressor of water quality.
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| 6. |
- Ek, Claes, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Which policy instrument do citizens and civil servants prefer? A choice experiment on Swedish marine policy
- 2022
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Ingår i: Q Open. - : Oxford University Press. - 2633-9048. ; 2:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the choice between alternative environmental policy instruments, economists tend to favor policies capable of attaining cost-efficiency, but other considerations may be more important to stakeholders. We perform a choice experiment modeled on Swedish water and marine policy to estimate preferences for different policy instruments among citizens and municipal civil servants. Both the modal citizen and the modal civil servant prefer direct regulation and subsidies to nutrient trading. Moreover, nutrient trading is unlikely to deliver sufficiently large cost savings for civil servants to prefer it to other instruments. These results are consistent with the apparent reluctance to adopt water quality trading in Europe.
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| 7. |
- Elofsson, Anna Katarina, 1983
(författare)
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Climate Policy for Aviation - Analyses of measures at multiple levels
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aviation sector is affected by local, national, multinational (EU) and/or global climate policies targeting domestic, intra-European and intercontinental flights in different and partly overlapping ways. The aim of this thesis is to strengthen further knowledge on climate policy for aviation at multiple governance levels and by doing so contribute to a more informed policy process. This work is done by analysing climate policy, by both qualitative document analysis and energy-economic modelling, concerning aviation. Our results show that actions to reduce aviation emissions are taken at all geographical levels of governance. On the local level, a surprisingly large share, more than a quarter, of the cities studied are taking policy initiatives to reduce aviation. Moreover, we have recognized that cities tend to choose the system boundary (consumption or territorial perspective) that results in the lowest reported emissions. The major perceived conflict of interest at the local level is economic growth vs reduced air travel. With limited authority within the local setting, such as in the case of aviation emissions, governing by ‘agenda setting’ can be an important channel for cities to express their concerns and support change at higher levels. On the national level, some countries have policies such as passenger taxes, biofuel blending mandates (from 2020 in Norway) and carbon taxes on jet fuel. National policies in a country within the European Economic Area (EEA) will overlap fully with CORSIA and/or the EU ETS, which adds challenges regarding additionality of the emissions said to be reduced due by the different policies. Further, there is a potential for national policies to be spread and thereby achieve cumulative emissions reduction.
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| 8. |
- Elofsson, Anna Katarina, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Local Governance of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Air Travel
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning. - 1523-908X .- 1522-7200. ; 20:5, s. 578-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global greenhouse gas emissions from air travel (GHG-A) are on the rise, and projections point towards a rapid growth in the coming decades. This study aims to examine how local government (cities), addresses GHG-A in their Sustainable Energy Action Plans (SEAP). To fulfil this aim, over 200 SEAPs were analysed focusing on three issues: (1) Treatment of GHG-A in local emissions inventories; (2) Policy initiatives within this domain; and (3) The cities’ perceptions of the conflicts of interests. Results showed that more than half of the cities acknowledge the challenge of GHG-A, around one third include GHG-A in their emissions inventories, and more than one quarter have initiated policy interventions. To categorise these interventions, we have added a mode ‘governing by agenda setting’ to an existing analytical framework, ‘Modes of governing’. With their authority limited to the local setting, this mode of governing is a common channel for cities to push changes at higher levels.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
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Climate change and regulation of nitrogen loads under moral hazard
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Review of Agricultural Economics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0165-1587 .- 1464-3618. ; 41:2, s. 327-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the European Union, it is agreed that watershed-based management of water quality problems is more efficient than centralised arrangements. In this study, a mechanism for allocating international funds to watershed authorities for nitrogen abatement in the presence of moral hazard is investigated. The results show that when there is a risk of climate change, the cost of moral hazard to the international funding agency can be high if there is a moderate likelihood of climate change and the watershed authority is guaranteed a high minimum compensation.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
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Cost-effectiveness of the Baltic Sea Action Plan
- 2010
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X. ; 34, s. 1043-1050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The governments around the Baltic Sea have agreed on a new set of targets for nutrient load reductions. The major motive for this is new and better knowledge about the link between nutrient loads and water transparency in different parts of the sea. The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) defines target for transparency in different marine basins, the load reductions necessary to meet transparency targets and a scheme for the distribution of the abatement burden between countries adjacent to the sea.Using a spatially disaggregated cost-effectiveness model, this paper analyzes the environmental effects of a cost-effective policy for meeting BSAP targets under joint costs of reducing nitrogen and phosphorus loads. The marginal cost of nutrient reductions to different parts of the Baltic Sea is derived and the potential cost savings from basin-wide nutrient load permit trade are investigated.The results show that cost-effective fulfillment of BSAP's load targets can imply that water transparency is improved beyond the target levels due to joint reductions of nitrogen and phosphorus. This suggests that costs could be saved through an adjustment of the basin-wise load reduction targets, while still meeting targets for water transparency. The analysis shows that well-functioning load permit trade can reduce the total annual cost of meeting the BSAP's basin targets by 16%, corresponding to 724 million (sic) per year. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent and uncertain carbon pools
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate policy instruments for interdependent carbon pools and how they can be applied in the EU climate policy to 2050. Cost-effective policy instruments for forest products which are adjusted for the impact on carbon pools are identified. A numerical, dynamic, chance-constrained model including the EU-27 countries shows that inclusion of only one forest carbon pool can reduce costs and increase emission reductions. Results also suggest that decentralized policy instruments for both carbon pools are less costly than uniform instruments at the EU level.
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| 15. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent carbon pools
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - : Elsevier. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 101, s. 86-101
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate cost-effective climate policy instruments for bioenergy and timber, adapted to the impacts on interdependent forest carbon pools, and applied in the EU climate policy to 2050. We develop a discrete time dynamic model including forest carbon pools in biomass, soil, and products, as well as fossil fuel consumption. The analytical results show that the optimal taxes on forest products depend on the growth in the respective carbon pool. The application to the EU 2050 climate policy for emission trading shows that total costs for target achievement can be reduced by 33 percent if all carbon pools are included, and the carbon tax on fossil fuel can be reduced by 50 percent. Optimal taxes on forest products differ among countries and over time depending on the potential for increased carbon sequestration over the planning period. (C) 2017 The Authors.
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| 16. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
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Delegation of Decision-Rights for Wetlands
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 50, s. 285-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different nutrient abatement activities jointly determine water quality. Policies are determined by governments at central and local level, implying that decisions can be affected by strategic considerations. In this article, decentralization of wetland policies is analyzed with regard to the environmental and economic consequences. A two-stage game is used to investigate strategic abatement decisions regarding nitrogen fertilizer reductions, waste water treatment plant phosphorus reductions and wetlands, assuming that wetland decision can be decentralized. It is shown that under particular circumstances, strategic consideration may imply that a central government undertakes more abatement than socially optimal, but in most cases the opposite is likely to occur. Decentralization of wetland decisions is advantageous to the central government but only benefits the local government if its wetland technology is considerably more efficient that the central government’s. This paper explains why local governments often hesitate to take on additional responsibilities for environmental management, and identifies conditions under which local governments make smaller losses or even gain from delegation. The results also contribute to understanding how strategically optimal matching grants are chosen when governments only take into account their own direct costs of abatement and the central government needs to satisfy the local government’s participation constraint
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| 17. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
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Distributional Assumptions in Chance Constrained Programming Models of Stochastic Water Pollution
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Modeling and Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1420-2026 .- 1573-2967. ; 15, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the water management literature both the normal and log-normal distribution are commonly used to model stochastic water pollution. The normality assumption is usually motivated by the central limit theorem, while the log-normality assumption is often motivated by the need to avoid the possibility of negative pollution loads. We utilize the truncated normal distribution as an alternative to these distributions. Using probabilistic constraints in a cost-minimization model for the Baltic Sea, we show that the distribution assumption bias is between 1% and 60%. Simulations show that a greater difference is to be expected for data with a higher degree of truncation. Using the normal distribution instead of the truncated normal distribution leads to an underestimation of the true cost. On the contrary, the difference in cost when using the normal versus the log-normal can be positive as well as negative.
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| 18. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Ecological compensation of stochastic wetland biodiversity : National or regional policy schemes?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to compare policy schemes for ecological compensation applied at national and regional levels, using exploited inland wetlands as an example. We study whether uncertainty, due to natural variability and measurement difficulties, motivates compensation that is carried out in the same region as that of the exploited site, or whether it rather motivates nationwide compensation schemes. For this purpose, we develop an empirical, chance-constrained programming model of cost-effective wetland management. The model is spatially differentiated and accounts for heterogeneity in wetland quality across wetland types and regions. Wetland quality is defined by three alternative biodiversity indices: species richness, population-weighted species richness, and red-listed species richness, estimated from voluntarily reported data on breeding bird species observations. Results show that regional schemes are more expensive, in particular if the policy maker dislikes uncertainty and wants to prioritize uncommon species. Contrary to expectations from the theoretical analysis, regional schemes would lead to a higher risk-adjusted level of biodiversity at the national level. However, regionalization also implies that targets cannot be achieved if a high safety margin is imposed. Trading ratios are robust to the choice of wetland quality index.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Got green milk? : A field experimental trial of consumer demand for a climate label
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A majority of consumers claim to prefer climate-labelled food over non-labelled alternatives. However, there is limited empirical evidence that such labels actually influence consumer behaviour when shopping.The purpose of this study is to investigate whether qualitative information aboutavoluntary climate labelling schemeaffects the demand for milk in the short run.In arandomized field experiment conducted in 17 retail stores in Sweden, the effects of a climate label on milk demand was measured. Results suggest that climate labelling increased demand for medium-fat climate labelled milk by approximately 7%.The response is significantly smaller than suggested by consumer surveys but larger than that observed in earlier studies of actual purchasing behaviour where quantitative information on climate impact was provided.
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| 21. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
-
International knowledge diffusion and its impact on the cost-effective clean-up of the Baltic Sea
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the implications of international knowledge diffusion for the costs of Baltic-wide policy to reduce nutrient emissions to the Baltic Sea. In particular, the impact on the distribution of abatement and costs over time and space is investigated, and the relative importance of knowledge spillovers between countries and nutrient spillovers between marine basins is examined. Using a spatial and dynamic cost-effectiveness model over the Baltic Sea drainage basin, it is shown that theoretically, the presence of knowledge spillovers could imply that abatement can be cost-effective even if the cost is comparatively high and the impact on water quality is zero. The empirical simulations show that a more likely outcome is that higher knowledge dispersal leads to a further concentration of abatement to countries with large, low-cost abatement opportunities.
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| 22. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal management of invasive species with different reproduction and survival strategies
- 2012
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Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : Wiley. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 25:4, s. 599-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a numerical model is developed for analyzing the role of species life history and age structure for the optimal management of a commercial resident species that is exposed to an invasive species. It is shown that reproduction and mortality characteristics of both species ands age structure of the invader at the time of invasion are important for the costs of invasions when the invader and resident species compete for scarce resources. Commercially harvested species with low juvenile survival and high reproduction are found to be economically more robust against invasions. Species with these life-history traits are also the most damaging as invaders. Properties of the harvesting cost function and the discount rate are shown to be of importance for the development of the invader population over time. Hence, it is possible to identify specific combinations of life-history characteristics and economic conditions under which invasions cause particularly large economic damage.
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| 23. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal management of two ecologically interacting deer speciesreality matters, beliefs don't
- 2017
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Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 30:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze the optimal management of two ecologically interdependent, competing species, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). To this end, we develop a numerical stage-structured model, accounting for species-specific life history characteristics, gender, and stage-specific hunting values. Two contrasting management regimes are considered: optimal joint management of the two species and management where the decision maker is ignorant about interspecific competition. Results from our case study show that the presence of interspecific competition reduces roe deer population size and harvest by 30% and 47%, respectively, and reduces the net present value by 9%. High interspecific competition could lead to the exclusion of the roe deer from the area. In contrast, ignorance about the level and consequences of interspecific competition has no impact on harvest decisions and revenues. The explanation is the higher hunting benefits for fallow deer. Summary for Managers Wildlife managers need bioeconomic models for decisions on ecologically interdependent species. This study investigates optimal joint management of roe and fallow deer when the fallow deer exerts a negative impact on roe deer due to interspecific competition. Results show that interspecific competition reduces the net present value of hunting at the study site by 9%. Regulations will not increase the net present value of hunting in a situation where the manager is ignorant of interspecific competition.
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| 24. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
-
Optimal strategies for inland and coastal water monitoring
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Environmental Challenges in the Baltic Region. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319560076 - 9783319560069 ; , s. 77-104
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the recognition of the eutrophication problem, Baltic-wide environmental targets for nutrient pollution reductions have not been met. Possible factors include inefficiency of environmental policy, and a lack of coordination between environmental policy and policies in other fields like agriculture and energy. The former requires improvements in the design of environmental policy while the latter calls for better coordination of different policies. This chapter reviews studies evaluating nutrient policies in the region, with a focus on economic and cross-disciplinary studies that carry out ex post evaluations of policy instruments. It also investigates optimal monitoring and abatement strategies where both upstream and downstream water quality pose a potential problem, looking at how monitoring and abatement costs, and the regulators’ degree of risk aversion, affect the choice of monitoring strategy.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating invasive species with different life history
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioeconomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-6996 .- 1573-6989. ; 17:2, s. 113-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invasive species often cause economic damage due to their impact on economically valuable resident species. We study optimal regulation in terms of simultaneous control and adaptation when the purpose is to manage an invasive species which competes for scarce resources with a resident species. The optimal policy includes both subsidies for control of an invasive species with zero commercial value, and harvesting taxes on the resident species which are adjusted in the presence of an invasion. A numerical age-structured optimization model is used to analyze the role of species’ life history, i.e. the degree of evolutionary specialization in survival or reproduction, for the choice of strategy and the associated economic instruments. Results show that, irrespective of life history, both policies are implemented in efficient solutions, but subsidies for controlling the invader are used to a larger extent when it is possible to target specific age classes of the invader. If a resident species is harvested non-selectively, the optimal subsidy for control of the invader is lower, and if the invader is specialized in survival the control subsidy mirrors the resident species harvest cycle. © 2014, The Author(s).
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| 28. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
-
Shoot, fence or feed? Managing agricultural crop damages by twoecologically interdependent deer species
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wildlife such as large grazers are associated with positive hunting values, but also with negative effects in terms of browsing damage to agricultural and forest crops. Hunters’ and land owners’ decisions on wildlife management and land use therefore affects the total gains from the management of the resources. Several tools are available to these decision-makers, such as population control, crop choice, diversion feeding and fencing. The issue is further complicated by the presence of multiple deer species that differ with respect to hunting values and crop damages, while also being ecologically interdependent, i.e. through interspecific competition for food. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economically optimal management of land use and wildlife, in a situation with two ecologically interdependent deer species causing browsing damage to agricultural crops. Using a numerical optimization model, the Nash equilibrium for two separate agents is compared with the socially optimal outcome. Conditions are identified for diversion feeding and fencing being included in the solutions. Results suggest that fencing is included in the socially optimal solution for fencing investment costs being up to 3.5 times reference values obtained from business calculations. For diversion feeding to be included, the diversion effect needs to be 500 to 600 times the reference value, which was calculated based on species energy intake. The Nash equilibrium implies minor deviations from the socially optimal solution as long as fencing is reasonably cheap. If fencing is expensive, and therefore not applicable, the Nash equilibrium scenario implies an 8 percent reduction in the joint net present value, together with a 38 percent reduction in yield, and a doubling of fallow deer harvests and population.
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| 29. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Should forests be used as uncertain carbon sinks or uncertain fossil fuel substitutes in the EU Roadmap to 2050?
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigates the contribution of forest carbon sequestration to a cost-efficient EU climate policy from 2010 to 2050 under conditions of uncertainty. We note that there is a trade-off between sequestration and alternative uses of forests such as bioenergy and timber production. A dynamic and probabilistic cost-minimization model is developed, which includes fossil fuel use within the EU Emissions Trading System and forest management in the EU-27 countries. The results suggest that if policy makers wish to meet emissions targets with 80% certainty, this goal will be eight times more expensive than when they were unconcerned with uncertainty. Policy makers’ risk attitudes affect forest management strategy primarily through the inclusion of wood products, where potential carbon emissions reductions are high but also highly uncertain. Excluding wood products from a climate strategy can be expensive if policy maker are insensitive to uncertainty.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Så bör viltskadorna ersättas
- 2015
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Ingår i: Svenska dagbladet. - 1101-2412.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 33. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
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The Costs of Meeting the Environmental Objectives for the Baltic Sea: A Review of the Literature
- 2010
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Ingår i: AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 39, s. 49-58
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental targets of the recently agreed Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets are likely associated with a considerable cost, which motivates a search for low-cost policies. The following review shows there is a substantial literature on cost-efficient nutrient reduction strategies, including suggestions regarding low-cost abatement, but actual policies at international and national scale tend to be considerably more expensive due to lack of instruments that ensure a cost-efficient allocation of abatement across countries and sectors. Economic research on the costs of reducing hazardous substances and oil spill damages in the Baltic Sea is not available, but lessons from the international literature suggest that resources could be used more efficiently if appropriate analysis is undertaken. Common to these pollution problems is the need to ensure that all countries in the region are provided with positive incentives to implement international agreements.
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| 34. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of climate information on milk demand : Evidence from a field experiment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Food Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-9192 .- 1873-5657. ; 58, s. 14-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that carbon labelling of food, on voluntary or non-voluntary basis, could reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the influence of such labels on consumer purchases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether voluntary carbon labelling affects the demand for milk. A randomized field experiment was conducted in 17 retail stores in Sweden, where a sign provided consumers with qualitative information about the carbon impact of climate-certified milk. The results suggest that the sign increased the demand for the climate-certified milk by approximately 6-8%, and the result is robust to alternative model specifications. The effect is entirely driven by large stores, such as supermarkets. We find no statistically significant impact on total milk sales, and the dataset is too small to verify the consequences for other milk brands. The effect on the demand for the labelled milk is short-lived.
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| 35. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of lynx and wolf on roe deer hunting benefits in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Economics and Policy Studies. - : Springer Nature. - 1432-847X .- 1867-383X. ; 23, s. 683-719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large carnivores provide ecosystem and cultural benefits but also impose costs on hunters due to the competition for game. The aim of this paper was to identify the marginal impact of lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolf (Canis lupus) on the harvest of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden and the value of this impact. We applied a production function approach, using a bioeconomic model where the annual number of roe deer harvested was assumed to be determined by hunting effort, abundance of predators, availability of other game, and winter severity. The impact of the predators on the roe deer harvests was estimated econometrically, and carnivore marginal impacts were derived. The results showed that if the roe deer resource was harvested under open access, the marginal cost in terms of hunting values foregone varied between different counties, and ranged between 18,000 and 58,000 EUR for an additional lynx family, and 79,000 and 336,000 EUR for an additional wolf individual. Larger marginal costs of the wolf, in terms of the impact on roe deer hunting, were found in counties where the hunting effort was high and the abundance of moose (Alces alces) was low. If instead, hunters could exert private property rights to the resource, the average marginal cost was about 20% lower than it would have been if there was open access, and the difference in wolf impact between counties with high and low moose density was smaller. Together, results suggest that the current plan for expanding the wolf population in south Sweden can be associated with a substantial cost.
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| 36. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of lynx and wolf on roe deer huntingvalue in Sweden 2002-2012
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large carnivores provide ecosystem and cultural benefits but also impose costs on livestock owners, due to predation, and on hunters, due to the competition for game. The benefits as well as the costs that accrue to livestock owners have been studied, but this is not the case for the costs that accrue to hunters. The aim of this paper was to identify the impact of lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolf (Canis lupus) on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) hunting value. We applied a production function approach, using a bioeconomic model where the number of roe deer harvested was assumed to be jointly determined by hunting effort, abundance of predators, availability of other game, and climatic conditions. The impact of the predators on the roe deer harvests was estimated econometrically, and carnivore impacts for a constant and adjusted, steady state hunting effort were derived. The results showed that the marginal cost in terms of hunting values foregone varied between the counties and ranged between 18,000 and 58,000 EUR for lynx and 79,000 and 336,000 EUR for wolf. Larger costs were found in counties where the hunting effort was high, mainly located in south Sweden. The regional variation in costs has implications for decisions on policies affecting the regional distribution of wolf and lynx.
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| 37. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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The revealed preferences of Baltic Sea governments : Goals, policy instruments, and implementation of nutrient abatement measures
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 118:1-2, s. 188-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen and phosphorus loads are considered a major reason for the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Until now, most of the abatement has been made at point sources while the implementation of policies for nonpoint sources has not led to equally large reductions in emissions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of how nutrient abatement measures are implemented by countries in the agricultural sector of the Baltic Sea region. We investigate how goal setting, policy instrument choice, and the level of implementation is determined by characteristics of the abatement measure as well as socio-economic characteristics of the country where it is implemented. Econometric analysis of a cross-sectional data set suggests that income, institutional capacity, and economies of scope in abatement and enforcement are important determinants of policies developed and their implementation. (C) 2017 The Authors.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Elofsson, Katarina
(författare)
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Åtgärder mot övergödning: Centralt och lokalt ansvar
- 2011
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Ingår i: Miljöforskning. - 1103-8527.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Många beslut har fattats om Östersjöns miljö. Många internationella utsläppsmål har satts för att motverka övergödningen. Men det räcker inte. Kan ett ökat lokalt ansvar för miljöbeslut göra det lättare att nå målen?
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| 40. |
- Gebru, Bahre, et al.
(författare)
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The role of forest status in households’ fuel choice in Uganda
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we investigate how households' choice of energy source is influenced by the status of the local forest resource. We assume that households choose between clean fuels (e.g., kerosene, LPG, solar, and electricity), dirty biobased fuels (e.g., firewood, animal dung, crop residues, and charcoal), and mixed fuels. We integrate socioeconomic data with high-resolution satellite data on forest conditions from the Uganda National Panel Survey. The findings from a random-effects multinomial logit model indicate that households in vegetated areas are 6–7% less likely to rely solely on dirty biobased fuels, and 6–8% more likely to use mixed fuels, compared to those in non-vegetated areas. A larger forest stock is more strongly associated with lower use of firewood than charcoal. A possible explanation for the findings is the presence of policies for forest conservation and enhanced forest property rights, which improve forest conditions and limit opportunities to collect firewood. Given households' dependence on forest-based fuels, such policies could need to be modified to secure households’ access to these fuels.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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A numerical model for cost effective mitigation of CO₂ in the EU with stochastic carbon sink
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a model for the analysis of the potential of carbon sinks in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) under conditions of stochastic carbon sequestration by forest land. A partial equilibrium model is developed which takes into account both the ETS and national commitments. Chance constraint programming is used to analyze the role of stochastic carbon sinks for national and EU-wide costs as well as carbon allowance price. The results show that the inclusion of the carbon sink option can reduce costs by as much as 2/3, but the cost saving is dampened when higher reliability of targets achievement is required. When carbon sinks are included, some countries with large carbon sequestration in relation to carbon emissions can achieve their national commitments without any costly reductions in energy use. However, cost estimates are sensitive to changes in assumed parameter values, in particular to changes in given business-as-usual levels of the use of fossil fuel
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| 43. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Credit stacking in nutrient trading markets for the Baltic Sea
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 79, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heavy loads of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus cause severe damage in many waters in the world. Nutrient trading markets where capped firms can buy and sell nutrient load credits have been established in several countries in order to achieve certain nutrient reduction targets at minimum costs for society. The availability of multifunctional nutrient abatement measures that simultaneously reduce loads of both nutrients, such as wetland construction, raises the issue of credit stacking, i.e. whether a firm constructing the wetland should earn credits for both nutrients. This article examines theoretically and empirically the implications of establishing alternative nutrient trading market designs (markets with and without credit stacking, a market for a bundled payment of nutrients, and separate markets for either nutrient) for total costs and achievement of stipulated nutrient reduction targets for the Baltic Sea. The results show that the total abatement cost of achieving reduction targets of both nutrients is always lowest if a market design with credit stacking is established, that markets without credit stacking result in higher abatement cost and nutrient abatement in excess of the reduction targets, and that none of the single nutrient market systems is able to generate the required abatement of both nutrients. The application to the Baltic Sea shows that the total abatement cost can be 20% higher when credit stacking is not allowed than when it is allowed.
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| 44. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Economic value of land use for carbon sequestration : An application to the EU climate policy
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper applies the replacement cost method for calculating the value of stochastic carbon sink in the EU climate policy for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions. Minimum costs with and without carbon sinks are then derived with a safety-first approach in a chance constrained framework for current system with an emission trading system and national allocation plans and a hypothetical system where all sectors trade. The theoretical results show that i) the value of carbon sink approaches zero for high enough risk discount, ii) relatively low abatement cost in the trading sector curbs supply of permits on the ETS market, and iii) large abatement costs in the trading sector create values from carbon sink for meeting national targets. The empirical application to the EU commitment of 20% reduction in carbon dioxides shows large variation in carbon sink value depending on risk discount and on institutional set up. Under no uncertainty, the value can correspond to approximately 0.45% of total GDP in EU under current policy system, but it is reduced to one third if all sectors are allowed to trade. The values are unevenly allocated among countries, but in different ways depending on EU policy; under current system countries make gains from reduced costs of meeting national targets, under a sector wide trading scheme buyers of permits gain from reductions in permit price and sellers make associated losses.
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| 45. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Economics of wildlife management-an overview
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64:2
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study makes an explorative overview on two main research topics in economics of wildlife management: determination of population sizes and policy design. The results point out a large and comprehensive research on each of these issues, in particular on the estimation of values and costs of wildlife, where this information is necessary for the determination of population size. A drawback is that most of the value and cost studies do not relate their estimates to wildlife population size, which limits their usability for efficient policy design. Most valuation studies estimate the recreational value of hunting, which can range between 13 and 545 USD/hunting day (in 2013 prices), and two thirds of the included studies have been applied to wildlife in the USA. A majority of the studies on the costs of wildlife management calculate losses from carnivore predation on livestock and ungulate damage to crops, while a few consider dispersal of diseases and the cost of traffic collisions. Unlike valuation studies, several of the cost estimates apply to wildlife in developing and emerging economies. With respect to policy design the literature, which is mainly theoretical, suggests economic incentives for conflict resolution, where those suffering from wildlife damages are compensated for their losses. However, there are some issues which remain to be addressed by economists: relating costs and benefits to wildlife populations; estimating values and costs of wildlife in developing countries; evaluating wildlife policies in practice; addressing implications of uncertainty in population size, costs, and benefits for policy design; and estimating transaction costs for implementation and enforcement of wildlife policies.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Forest carbon sequestration, pathogens and the costs of the EU's 2050 climate targets
- 2018
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI. - 1999-4907. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon sequestration is suggested as a low-cost option for climate change mitigation, the functioning of which can be threatened by pathogen infestation. This study calculates the effects of infectious pathogens on the cost of achieving the EU's 2050 climate targets by combining the so-called production function method with the replacement cost method. Pathogens are then assumed to affect carbon sink enhancement through the impact on productivity of forest land, and carbon sequestration is valued as the replacement for costly reductions in emissions from fossil fuels for reaching the EU's 2050 climate targets. To this end, we have constructed a numerical dynamic optimization model with a logistic forest growth function, a simple allometr+ic representation of the spread of pathogens in forests, and reductions in emissions from fossil fuels. The results show that the annual value of forest carbon sequestration ranges between approximately 6.4 and 14.9 billion Euros, depending on the impact and dispersal of pathogens. Relatively large values are obtained for countries with large emissions from fossil fuels, e.g., Germany, France, Spain and Italy, which also face costs of pathogen together with countries with large forest area, such as Romania. © 2018 by the authors.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Market power and double-dipping in nutrient trading markets
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Heavy loads of nutrients, i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus, cause severe damages in many waters in the world. This paper develops a model for nutrient trading markets for a sea damaged by both nitrogen and phosphorus and faces a dominant polluter of one or both nutrients. The existence of abatement measures with simultaneous impacts on both nutrients raises the need for double-dipping in both markets. It is shown that double-dipping decreases overall abatement costs for reaching predetermined targets, and reduces efficiency losses of market power, in particular when the same agent exercises market power in both markets. An empirical application to the intergovernmental agreement on reducing nutrient loads to the eutrophied Baltic Sea in North-East Europe demonstrates cost savings of approximately 25% from introduction of double-dipping, and that efficiency losses from market power of one dominant country, Poland, can be reduced by 10%.
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