| 1. |
- Buffam, Ishi, et al.
(författare)
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Priorities and barriers for urban ecosystem service provision: A comparison of stakeholder perspectives from three cities
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-9634. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) can provide many needed ecosystem services (ES) to help address challenges like biodiversity loss and climate change while contributing to the health and wellbeing of urban inhabitants. In order to optimize UGI for a given city, a first step is to assess the local ES needs and the potential barriers to ES provision. However, it is not known how consistent these needs and barriers are among cities in different settings. To help address this knowledge gap, the aim of this study was to assess ES priorities and existing barriers to ES provision for three cities varying in socioeconomic, cultural and climatic setting: Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Cincinnati (USA) and Malmö (Sweden). In case studies of each of the three cities, we carried out workshops with key stakeholders and collected their assessments of both current provision of ES from UGI and future priorities. The workshops were followed by expert stakeholder interviews aimed at highlighting existing barriers to ES provision. In spite of the different urban contexts, expressed ES priorities were similar among the cities, with the highest cross-cutting priorities being climate change adaptation, stormwater runoff management and water quality, mental and physical health, biodiversity, and provision of local food. Stakeholder-expressed barriers to ES provision were also broadly similar among cities, falling into three main categories: structural pressures, gaps in governance, and lack of ecological awareness and vision. Our results suggest that certain key ES priorities and barriers may apply broadly to cities regardless of climatic or socio-cultural context. These generic needs can help direct the focus of future studies, and imply a clear benefit to international, even cross-continental study and knowledge-exchange among practitioners and researchers working with UGI.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Dahl, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Ekosystemtjänsternas bidrag till god urban livsmiljö
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ekosystemtjänster uppmärksammas alltmer som ett viktigt inslag för en hållbar utveckling av städer och samhällen. Dessa handlar inte bara om ett miljö- och biodiversitetsperspektiv, utan också om hur ekosystemen bidrar till människans livsmiljö och stadens attraktivitet, samt de praktiska och rekreativa nyttor som befintlig och anlagd natur kan skapa i den byggda miljön.Denna rapport har tillkommit på Naturvårdsverkets initiativ, vilka också delvis har finansierat den. Arbetet har sammanfallit med ett opinionsbildande projekt, projektlett av Tankesmedjan Movium ochfinansierat av Vinnova, kallat Påverkansplattform för urbana ekosystemtjänster. Båda dessa aktiviteterhar efterfrågat kartläggning av nuläget och redovisningar av lärande exempel, varför vi har valt att arbeta integrerat med aktiviteterna. I rapporten har vi försökt att kombinera generella reflektioner med konkreta exempel. Vi har också valt att hämta lärdomar från såväl praktik som akademi och har bjudit in några av de ledande forskarna från Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet att utifrån sin forskningshorisont kommentera sådant som vi tycker oss kunna konstatera i praktiken. Det kan i något fall bli motsägelsefullt, men så är också frågan kring ekosystemtjänster i urban miljö komplext beskaffad. Som alla komplext beskaffade frågor hyser den därmed inneboende målkonflikter, åtminstone på ett generellt och övergripande plan.I rapporten konstaterar vi att det är viktigt och grundläggande att ekosystemtjänster behandlas som en tillgång för livsmiljöer i staden, och därmed också för arbetet med att planera, gestalta, anlägga och förvalta dessa miljöer. Utgångspunkten för ett sådant arbete behöver vara platsernas förutsättningar och de förväntningar som vi har på dessa miljöer. Möjligen kan det uppfattas som lite motsägelsefullt för en rapport med namnet ”Ekosystemtjänsteras bidrag till en god urban livsmiljö”, men vi är övertygande om att utgångspunkten för arbetet med ekosystemtjänster bör inte vara ekosystemtjänsterna själva, snarare en ökad platsspecifik kunskap och en ökad tydlighet kring samhällets uttalade målsättningar. Varför inleder vi med ett sådant påstående? Jo, för att påminna om att ekosystemtjänsterna utgår från oss människor och tjänsterna svarar mot våra behov. Det är alltså en slags konsumtion av tjänster som vi pratar om och som i all hållbar konsumtion handlar det om att balansera mellan tillgång och efterfrågan. Vi menar alltså att det inte alltid handlar om att maximera uttaget av en viss ekosystemtjänst, utan det handlar snarare om vilket behov som vi har identifierat på en viss plats eller i ett visst sammanhang samt hur ekosystemtjänsterna kan levererar på den platsen utifrån identifierade behov. Det är måhända en hårfin perspektivförskjutning, men vi menar att tar vi inte med oss detta synsätt in i diskussionen om ekosystemtjänster så befarar vi att vi får ett oönskat överutnyttjande av naturens ”gratistjänster”.Det pågår mycket lovvärt arbete i landet för att hitta system och verktyg som strävar efter att finna helhetssyn och mångfunktionalitet i ekosystemtjänsterna. Det finns dock en risk att verktyg blir väl generella när man försöker att fånga upp alla aspekter av hur man kan arbeta med ekosystemtjänsterna. Då riskerar implementeringsglappen också att bli för stora när generella verktyg ska appliceras på en specifik plats. Att istället lära av hur andra har gjort och ta del av varandras erfarenheter kan då vara ett värdefullt komplement och Naturvårdsverket har därför bett Tankesmedjan Movium att ta fram denna exempelsamling. Vår förhoppning är att denna rapport ska hjälpa stadsbyggnadsprocessens olika aktörer och skeden att förstå nyttan med urban natur och att ta in ekosystemtjänsterna i befintliga arbetssätt och processer.
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| 4. |
- Dimitrova Mårtensson, Linda-Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the use of edible and evergreen perennials in living wall systems in the Scandinavian climate
- 2016
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667 .- 1610-8167. ; 15, s. 84-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have performed a field experiment to investigate the survival and vitality of perennial plants in a living wall installed in an industrial area in Malmo, southern Sweden. The main aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of growing edible and evergreen perennial plants in living wall systems in the Scandinavian climate. We conclude that the edible perennial plants Allium schoenoprasum, Calamintha nepeta, and Fragaria vesca are feasible in living wall systems in the Scandinavian climate. Thymus vulgaris is sensitive to the Scandinavian climate, and performed equally poorly in Rockwool panels and in soil-filled containers (controls). We also conclude that the evergreen perennial plant species Chamaecyparis pisifera, Euonymus fortuneii, Euphorbia polychroma, Vinca minor, and Waldsteinia ternata can be grown in green walls, and that the edible evergreen plant Vaccinium vitis-idea is highly suitable for living walls in this climatic region. A. schoenoprasum, C. pisifera, E. fortuneii, I. crenata, L. sylvatica, V. minor, and V. vitis-idea showed 100% survival rates, however, the visual quality of e.g. I. crenata and L. sylvatica was not acceptable for ornamental purposes. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Edwards, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Quality-assured solutions for green roof gardens on concrete deck with zero tolerance for leaks
- 2016
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Ingår i: WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. - : WIT Press. ; 204, s. 363-372
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eco-neighborhoods with gardens on concrete decks are for several reasons increasingly being prescribed today in major Swedish cities. However, there is a lack of knowledge, experience, standards and guidelines as well as collaboration between parties and stakeholders when installing such systems. It is incredibly important to avoid any leakage during the lifetime of a green roof garden but this cannot be completely guaranteed with today’s installation practice and project management. At Sustainable City 2014 in Siena, we presented a paper about a new project aiming at bringing together researchers, government and industry to collaborative development of new and attractive solutions for green roof gardens with consideration to the environment and high requirements for durability, materials, construction and energy efficiency. This paper is a continuation of the paper presented in Siena and reports on the most recent results from the collaborative project which will finalize in November 2016. After that, the project will be further evaluated in a proposed continuation project for another couple of years.
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| 7. |
- Edwards, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Quality-assured solutions for green roof gardens on concrete decks with zero tolerance for leaks
- 2014
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Ingår i: Wit Transactions on Ecology and The Environment. - : WITPress. - 1746-448X .- 1743-3541. ; 191, s. 635-645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eco neighborhoods with green infrastructure solutions are increasingly being prescribed today in Swedish cities for reducing and attenuating storm water runoff, increasing biodiversity, having a temperature moderating effect and for energy saving. Thus, contractors are simply required to build with green gardens on concrete decks, such as green roofs, green terraces, green courtyards and green complete neighborhoods. A lot of knowledge and experience is in fact lacking today, and consequences may therefore be devastating. If green system solutions are to be seen as an obvious choice in future settlements, and not as a problem, there must be clear guidelines and specifications that ensure a sustainable outcome. This is missing today. This paper reports a project aiming at bringing together researchers, government and industry to the collaborative development of new and attractive solutions for green roof gardens with consideration to the environment and high requirements for durability, materials, construction and energy efficiency. These solutions must also be adaptable to similar types of facilities, specific needs and environments. One such area concerns public land such as parks, streets and squares on concrete decks. Certification and tailored guidelines for different types of systems are being developed. The initiating part of this project clearly indicates that there is a need for better understanding, more research and long term monitoring/follow up of green roofs. Furthermore, a holistic approach is introduced to ensure that one good green roof function will not have severe negative effects on other functions.
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| 8. |
- Emilsson, Gustav, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying bacteria using DNA binding maps
- 2013
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Ingår i: 17th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2013; Freiburg; Germany; 27 October 2013 through 31 October 2013. - 9781632666246 ; 1, s. 473-475
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have developed an assay, based on nanofluidic channels and fluorescence microscopy, for optical mapping of DNA based on competitive binding between two molecules - one fluorescent and one sequence selective. From the experimental data we can extract binding constants for the two competing DNA binders, which may be subsequently used to calculate a theoretical reference map of any DNA with known sequence. The goal is to create a method for fast identification of bacteria from single DNA molecules without the need for additional cultivation or amplification. We here demonstrate a proof-of-principle experiment on phage DNA and furthermore show that the method can be used to distinguish between two strains of E. coli DNA and to map pieces of DNA onto the full genome.
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| 9. |
- Emilsson, Tobias
(författare)
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ADAPTATION OF GARDENING TO THE NEWS URBAN CHALLENGES : Green roofs as part of the future sustainable city
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- More than half of the world’s population is currently living in urban areas, a figure that is expected to increase over the coming years. Urbanisation have had large effects on the physical environment with increasing temperatures, reduced air quality and increased stormwater amplitudes but also in the human experienced environment. Some of these negative effects of urbanisation can be mitigated by increasing the amount of urban vegetation. Currently, there is a drive towards creating more dense urban areas to reduce the need for transport and in the long run the carbon footprint. This has put increased pressure on non formalised green areas but also on current greenspace. Green roofs can be one way to include vegetated areas and vegetation function in dense urban areas by utilising otherwise unused roof surface
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Emilsson, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of using conventional and controlled release fertiliser on nutrient runoff from various vegetated roof systems
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecological Engineering: the Journal of Ecotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6992. ; 29:3, s. 260-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extensive vegetated roofs are becoming popular as a way to improve the environmental quality of cities. As more vegetated roofs are installed, there is a need for knowledge pertaining to maintenance and impact vegetated roofs have on stormwater quality Our study investigated nutrient runoff, substrate nutrient storage and plant uptake following fertilisation of vegetation mats, shoot-established vegetation systems and unvegetated substrate using three levels of fertiliser applied as either controlled release fertiliser (CRF), or as a combination of CRF and conventional fertiliser. Conventional fertilisers caused high nutrient concentrations in the runoff water. Concentrations decreased during the duration of the experiment but at the end of the experiment they were still higher than after fertilisation with CRF. Conventional fertiliser also increased the total nutrient runoff. Vegetation system type influenced nutrient runoff and fertilisation of old vegetation mats reduced the risk for nutrient leaching compared to fertilisation of newly established surfaces. This can be attributed to temporary storage in substrate and increased uptake by vegetation. The temporary storage of nutrients following fertilisation indicated that there might be a risk for prolonged leaching. Thus, addition of conventional fertilisers or nutrient-rich material during production can reduce stormwater quality. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Emilsson, Tobias
(författare)
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Green roof systems: A study of public attitudes and preferences in southern Spain
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 128, s. 106-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates people's preconceptions of green roofs and their visual preference for different green roof design alternatives in relation to behavioral, social and demographical variables. The investigation was performed as a visual preference study using digital images created to represent eight different alternatives: gravel roof, extensive green roof with Sedums not in flower, extensive green roof with sedums in bloom, semi-intensive green roof with sedums and ornamental grasses, semi-intensive green roof with shrubs, intensive green roof planted with a lawn, intensive green roof with succulent and trees and intensive green roof with shrubs and trees. Using a Likert-type scale, 450 respondents were asked to indicate their preference for each digital image. Results indicated that respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and childhood environmental background influenced their preferences toward different green roof types. Results also showed that green roofs with a more careful design, greater variety of vegetation structure, and more variety of colors were preferred over alternatives. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Emilsson, Tobias
(författare)
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Gröna takhandboken: växtbädd och vegetation
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport är en handbok för projektering av växtbädd och vegetation (överbyggnad) på bjälklag som har tagits fram som delaktivitet inom ”Kvalitetssäkrade systemlösningar för gröna anläggningar/tak på betongbjälklag med nolltolerans mot läckage”. Vinnovaprojektet tillhör utlysningen och programmet Hållbara Attraktiva Städer. Projektet har även tagit fram följande publikationer: Grönatakhandboken - Vägledning Grönatakhandboken - Betong, Isolering och Tätskikt Rapport - Arbetsprocessen Syftet med handboken är att bidra till anläggningar med hög kvalitet, hållbarhet över tid och nolltolerans mot läckage. Vi har lagt fokus på val av vegetationssystem då de till stor del är styrande för dimensionering av underliggande lager och bärande konstruktion och är en viktig nyckel för att uppfylla eftersträvad funktion.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Emilsson, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Omvandling av slåttermaterial från vägkanter till biogas : Utvärdering av energipotential och teknik
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta forskningsprojekt syftar till att undersöka hur vägkantsslåtter med uppsamling kan fungera i relation till energiutvinning och främjande av biologisk mångfald längs vägkanterna. Forskningen inriktar sig på att utvärdera energipotentialen i det samlade materialet, speciellt som biogassubstrat, och att optimera insamling, förbehandling och omvandling av materialet till biogas och biogödsel.Trafikverket hanterar stora ytor längs vägar och järnvägar, vilka har blivit värdefulla för biologisk mångfald men som också kan ha en potential för biomasseutvinning. Att samla och använda denna biomassa för energiproduktion kan vara ett steg mot ett fossilfritt samhälle. Tidigare forskning visar att vägkanter har potential för biologisk mångfald, men skötseln måste anpassas för att bevara värden och restaurera områden med potential.Projektets huvudmål inkluderar utvärdering av vägkantsslåtterteknik, kvantifiering av energiinnehåll i samlad biomassa, analys av klimatpåverkan, och undersökning av biogasanläggningens kvalitetskrav på vägkantsbiomassa. Projektet genomfördes med en specifik slåtterteknik som använder rotorslåtter, som är mer skonsam mot växterna jämfört med slaghack, och skonsam uppsugning av växtmaterialet för att minska risken för att insekter och frön sugs upp. Slåtteraggregatet på redskapsbäraren hade en arbetsbredd på 1,5 m.Totalt levererades 156 ton vägkantsgräs, med ett torrsubstansinnehåll på ca 25 %, till Gasum i Jordberga. Av dessa levererades 104 ton direkt, medan 52 ton först mellanlagrades vid olika platser. Materialets bedömdes som tillräckligt rent av Gasum Jordberga, med avseende på skräp och innehållet av tungmetaller. Analys av energiåtgången visar på en stor potential till minskning av fossila koldioxidutsläpp genom detta nya slåtterförfarande. Det finns en stor energipotential i materialet och ur klimatgassynpunkt visar beräkningarna att det är ca 4,3 gånger bättre att använda biomassan för produktion av fordonsgas och biogödsel, än att bara slå av den, när skörden varierar från 0,5 till 1,75 ton ts per ha vägkant. Vidare får vi en klimatgasreduktion på 0,3 till 1,2 ton CO2-e per ha, vid dessa skördar, vilket indikerar att uppsamling av materialet ej bör ske vid för låga skördemängder per ha. Totala kostnaderna för skörden under hela år 2022 blev 350 000 kr, vilket innebär 2,25 kr per kg levererad biomassa, eller 621 kr per skördad kmSlåtter med uppsamling har enligt litteraturen hög potential till att skapa biologisk mångfald i fråga om kärlväxtmångfald i trafikmiljöer om slåttern utförs kontinuerligt en till två gånger per år. Det finns i nuläget få långtidsstudier och även få studier som undersöker hur insekter påverkas av slåtter. Slåtteraggregat som användes i detta projekt har i andra studier visat sig vara mer skonsam än slaghack. Inventeringarna som gjordes i detta projekt visade inga tydliga effekter på biologisk mångfald efter två säsongers slåtterarbete.
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| 17. |
- Emilsson, Tobias
(författare)
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Urban life and climate change
- 2021
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Ingår i: The impacts of climate change : a comprehensive study of physical, biophysical, social, and political issues. - 9780128223734 ; , s. 453-462
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Urban environments are becoming increasingly important for a majority of the earth's population as urban areas continue to increase in size and population. This chapter describes the general impact of urbanization on the local environment and how the increase in amount of impervious hard surfaced areas, dark colored building materials, and unvegetated areas, can lead to both increasing urban temperatures in the form of urban heat islands as well as increasing surface runoff of urban storm water. Urbanization and climate change is from many aspects working in the same direction reinforcing the effects of one another both in relation to temperatures and stormwater runoff. It is possible to slow down the rate of urbanization but the main focus has been on and mitigation strategies for both the negative effects on climate change and urbanization. Possible mitigation strategies including plans for increasing the area of vegetated surfaces to combat primarily urban temperatures and stormwater runoff are discussed in relation to both physical effects and possible community effects.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Emilsson, Tobias
(författare)
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Water use and drought responses of eight native herbaceous perennials for living wall systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667 .- 1610-8167. ; 54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertical greenery provides a number of ecosystem services, yet its potential remains underexploited in urban areas. Further, existing designs use a narrow range of species chosen for ornamental rather than environmental traits. Knowledge of species options is limited, but its importance is mounting as stormwater irrigation technologies evolve and vertical greenery’s potential as an evapotranspiration mechanism grows. To identify additional species that can maintain high water evapotranspiration in wellwatered conditions and low evapotranspiration in drought regimes, we selected eight native, herbaceous perennials from similar habitats, placed them in vertical, “green wall trays” under greenhouse conditions, and compared their growth responses to water shortages ranging from one to six weeks. Two species, Knautia arvensis and Geranium sanguineum, presented both of the desired water-use traits. More generally, species with a degree of succulence of root, shoot, or leaves dealt best with drought conditions. Armeria maritima, Campanula persicifolia and Saxifraga granulata survived the best under extended drought. The performance of Dianthus deltoides, Hypericum perforatum and Leucanthenum vulgare was inadequate for both water use and drought survival. The study confirms that the trait relevant for absolute volume of water transpiration is plant biomass. Further, irrespective of species’ drought strategy, degree of succulence is shown to have the greatest impact on a plant’s ability to survive drought.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Gao, Tian, et al.
(författare)
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The role of forest stand structure as biodiversity indicator
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 330, s. 82-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biodiversity conservation is a key objective for sustainable forest management, but the multi-dimensional and multi-scale character of biodiversity renders full assessment difficult at large scale. Therefore, indicators are often used to monitor biodiversity. Important cost-benefit synergies can be achieved if indicators are derived from existing data. In this study, a model for classifying forest stand structures was developed and tested as an indicator of overall plant species diversity at stand level. The model combines four stand structure parameters: canopy coverage, age of canopy trees, tree species composition and canopy stratification. Using data from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden and General Linear Mixed Model, plant species diversity (Shannon diversity index, SHDI) and composition (Sorensen-Dice index, SDI) were tested between 26 different stand structure types and nine soil classes. The results showed that mature stands with a stratified canopy had the highest plant species diversity across the soil classes, particularly if they comprised mixed coniferous and broadleaved species with a semi-open canopy. In contrast, young (<30 years) single-layered stands had consistently low species diversity. Of the four stand structure parameters in the model, age of canopy trees was most influential for SHDI value, followed by canopy stratification, tree species composition and canopy coverage. According to the SDI values, different stand structure types represented different species composition regardless of soil class and species diversity (SHDI value). However, most SDI values were higher than 0.5, indicating that fewer than 50% of the species changed between stand structure types. The stand parameters included in the model can probably be extracted from national forest inventories in many countries and understood without specialist taxonomic knowledge, making the model applicable in practice to support forest management decision-making on enhancing forest biodiversity at stand level. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Haaland, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Gröna tak för biologisk mångfald
- 2018
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Ingår i: Movium Fakta. - 2001-2357.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Gröna tak kan utgöra livsmiljö för många växter och djur om man anlägger taken med detta syfte. I detta Movium Fakta presenteras erfarenheter och resultat från BiodiverCity samt andra relaterade projekt med målsättningen att bidra till ökad kunskap om den potential ett grönt tak kan ha för att främja den biologiska mångfalden.
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| 25. |
- Kristoffersson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Hållbara smarta parker
- 2022
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Ingår i: Gröna fakta. - 0284-9798.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Hållbara smarta parker är ett pågående projekt som också innehåller delprojekt med specifika inriktningar. Det överordnade målet är att jobba smartare med minskad miljöbelastning och mer behovsorienterat med stöd av olika digitala lösningar. Delprojekten avrapporteras i början på nästa år, men redan nu kan vi bidra med erfarenheter från de pågående projekten.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Levinsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating the relationship between various measuring methods for determination of establishment success of urban trees
- 2017
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. - : Elsevier. - 1618-8667 .- 1610-8167. ; 28, s. 21-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Establishment is a key concept in urban forestry but it is currently inconsistently defined and measured. Thus, several different methods are being used to determine establishment success but their consequences and applications are rarely discussed. With this paper we would like to stimulate an increased discussion regarding these concepts both in relation to a theoretical definition but also to their practical use. The problem was approached through an experiment using sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees and the most common methods used for determination of establishment success. The trees were studied during the first three years after transplant and the association between the different measuring methods was examined. A Principal Component Analysis showed that terminal and lateral shoot length were strongly correlated, and that midday- and pre-dawn shoot water potential, and stomatal conductance were strongly correlated. We developed an index for nightly recovery of water status, which showed that terminal shoot growth was not related to nightly recovery until the third year after transplanting. Our results suggest that successful tree establishment is determined differently depending on which method is used for determination but that the differences might decrease with time. The lack of a firm definition of the term establishment may complicate communication, both within the scientific community and in practice.
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| 28. |
- Levinsson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Using stomatal conductance capacity during water stress as a tool for tree species selection for urban stormwater control systems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. - 1618-8667 .- 1610-8167. ; 91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving our understanding of how different tree species function in urban stormwater management systems is important, as tree pits may provide a temporary reservoir for stormwater and as trees have the potential to actively reduce stormwater runoff by transpiration. While urban tree planting pits are increasingly used for shortterm water storage during stormwater runoff events, this storage can have negative effects on both tree vitality and water removal capacity, since stress from waterlogging result in stomatal closure. However, sensitivity to water stress varies by species. It is therefore important to determine which tree species can maintain long-term vitality and continued transpiration even under water stress, and thus are suitable for such locations. Here, we studied how nine different tree species, varying in expected tolerance to water stress, were affected by short-term and seasonal waterlogging, in a greenhouse experiment. The seedlings (Magnolia x loebneri, Tilia tomentosa, and Sorbus torminalis - low water logging tolerance; Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Rhamnus cathartica, and Fraxinus ornus - medium water logging tolerance; Quercus palustris, Acer saccharinum, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica - high water logging tolerance) were exposed to two days, five days and seasonal waterlogging. The treatments reflected best practice (optimal), suboptimal and total lack of tree pit drainage, using Swedish standards. Stomatal conductance and leaf water potential were determined regularly over a period of 71 days, and morphological adjustments were registered. Four of the species were affected already after two days of waterlogging, with reduced stomatal conductance either during the waterlogging or immediately after, and only the most waterlogging tolerant species were unaffected by the five-day treatment. However, all plants survived waterlogging for almost 30 days before the estimated permanent wilting was reached in some plants. We suggest that tree species selection for stormwater management systems should consider the species' capacity to maintain high stomatal conductance during waterlogging, as there were clear differences between species. The effectiveness of the selected species could have an important impact on the stormwater management capacity of cities, as well as on other aspects of ecosystem service delivery from urban trees.
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| 29. |
- Mitchell, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus variation along a green roof chronosequence: Implications for green roof ecosystem development
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecological Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8574 .- 1872-6992. ; 164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the developmental dynamics of ecosystems have been studied in many natural systems, it is unclear if these patterns are to be expected in engineered ecosystems where components have not co-developed over time. Green roofs often begin with a nutrient rich substrate that is paired with slow-growing plants adapted to nutrient poor conditions - perhaps resulting in different developmental dynamics than natural ecosystems. We evaluated changes over time in green roof nutrient content and vegetation communities using a chronosequence in southern Sweden of similarly designed but different aged green roofs spanning between 2 and 22 years. Substrate depth, substrate nitrogen (N), and total N pool sizes varied positively with roof age. These dynamics suggest an accumulation of 2.9 +/- 1.1 g N/m2/yr with no indication of leveling off after 22 years. Plant N content (%) positively varied with roof age but plant biomass, plant nutrient pools, and plant diversity did not vary with age. These dynamics indicate a novel developmental scenario where the ecosystem begins with near-stable plant biomass but still accumulates N in the substrate at rates on par with many secondary successional systems. The apparent accumulation of N could not be accounted for by N deposition rates for the region, suggesting substantial N-fixation. The novel developmental dynamics outlined in this study point to the need for a new or expanded ecosystem developmental paradigm that better suits green roofs and perhaps other emerging engineered ecosystems.
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| 30. |
- Nilsson, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Competitive binding-based optical DNA mapping for fast identification of bacteria - multi-ligand transfer matrix theory and experimental applications on Escherichia coli.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nucleic Acids Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1362-4962 .- 0305-1048. ; 42:15, s. 118-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate a single DNA molecule optical mapping assay able to resolve a specific Escherichia coli strain from other strains. The assay is based on competitive binding of the fluorescent dye YOYO-1 and the AT-specific antibiotic netropsin. The optical map is visualized by stretching the DNA molecules in nanofluidic channels. We optimize the experimental conditions to obtain reproducible barcodes containing as much information as possible. We implement a multi-ligand transfer matrix method for calculating theoretical barcodes from known DNA sequences. Our method extends previous theoretical approaches for competitive binding of two types of ligands to many types of ligands and introduces a recursive approach that allows long barcodes to be calculated with standard computer floating point formats. The identification of a specific E. coli strain (CCUG 10979) is based on mapping of 50-160 kilobasepair experimental DNA fragments onto the theoretical genome using the developed theory. Our identification protocol introduces two theoretical constructs: a P-value for a best experiment-theory match and an information score threshold. The developed methods provide a novel optical mapping toolbox for identification of bacterial species and strains. The protocol does not require cultivation of bacteria or DNA amplification, which allows for ultra-fast identification of bacterial pathogens.
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| 31. |
- Nyberg, Lena, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid identification of intact bacterial resistance plasmids via optical mapping of single DNA molecules
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance - currently one of the greatest threats to human health according to WHO - is to a large extent enabled by plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer of resistance genes. Rapid identification and characterization of plasmids is thus important both for individual clinical outcomes and for epidemiological monitoring of antibiotic resistance. Toward this aim, we have developed an optical DNA mapping procedure where individual intact plasmids are elongated within nanofluidic channels and visualized through fluorescence microscopy, yielding barcodes that reflect the underlying sequence. The assay rapidly identifies plasmids through statistical comparisons with barcodes based on publicly available sequence repositories and also enables detection of structural variations. Since the assay yields holistic sequence information for individual intact plasmids, it is an ideal complement to next generation sequencing efforts which involve reassembly of sequence reads from fragmented DNA molecules. The assay should be applicable in microbiology labs around the world in applications ranging from fundamental plasmid biology to clinical epidemiology and diagnostics.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Sjöman, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Alnus subcordata for urban environments through assessment of drought and flooding tolerance
- 2021
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Ingår i: Dendrobiology. - : Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe. - 1641-1307. ; 85, s. 39-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The urban environment is stressful and trees experience multiple stresses, including drought, flooding, and extreme heat, all of which are likely to increase under future climate warming and increasing urbanisation. In the selection of tree species to maximise ecosystem services, tolerance to site characteristics such as flooding and severe drought is of critical importance. This study evaluated the suitability of a rare species, Mims subcordata C.A. Mey (Caucasian alder) from the Hyrcanian forests of southern Azerbai-jan, for its functionality as an urban tree. A total of 48 pot-grown, two-year-old saplings of A. subcordata were tested in a greenhouse experiment using a complete randomised block design. Each block contained four replicates of three treatments (waterlogging, drought, control), with 16 plants per treatment. Height differences between treatments were measured, and water status was estimated by determination of midday leaf water potential (psi(L)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)). To estimate drought tolerance reaction in the treatments, leaf water potential at turgor loss (psi(P0)) was used together with broken-stick modelling of water status over time. A. subcordata plants showed no height increase, while plants in both the waterlogged and control treatments increased in height during the nine-week experiment. Over 63 days of flooding, plant water status was slightly more negative in the waterlogging treatment, but did not deviate essentially from the control. In the drought treatment, plant water status rapidly deviated from the control. There was a significant difference in psi(P0) between treatments, with drought-treated plants showing the lowest value (-2.31 MPa). This study demonstrated that A. subcordata has limited tolerance to drought and seems to rely more on water loss-avoiding strategies. However, the species may be usable at periodically waterlogged sites, due to its high tolerance to flooding. It could therefore be recommended for wet urban environments and stormwater management facilities, for which reliable guidance on suitable trees is currently lacking.
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| 34. |
- Sörensen, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating Flood Risk Reduction by Urban Blue-Green Infrastructure Using Insurance Data
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. - 0733-9496. ; 145:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of many important features of blue-green infrastructure is the ability to lower flood risks by detention of stormwater. This ability of flood risk reduction has for the first time been evaluated with empirical data in this study. In 2014, Malmö, Sweden, was hit with extreme precipitation corresponding to a return period of 50–200 years that led to severe pluvial flooding. This and other large events presented the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the 15-year-old stormwater system retrofit in the Augustenborg area (30 ha). Blue- green infrastructure is widely promoted for climate change adaptation, making this unique case important in the discussion of the capabilities of the related technical solutions. The long-term trends showed less flood damage in Augustenborg than in similar neighborhoods that have conventional sewer systems (combined or separate), indicating a direct effect of the retrofit with stormwater control measures. Even though a few properties were flooded in Augustenborg, it was shown that the retrofitted stormwater system performed successfully during the extreme event in 2014.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Wiström, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental evaluation of waterlogging and drought tolerance of essential Prunus species in central Europe
- 2023
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fruit-bearing and flowering minority tree species, such as many species from the Prunus genus, are essential for multiple ecosystem services in the landscape. Although common, but never dominating, these minority species are often overlooked compared to commercial timber trees in relation to climate change. Induced stress on trees through climate change in central Europe will not only be caused by drought but also by extreme precipitation and pluvial flooding. This study experimentally address this by testing both waterlogging and drought tolerance in three key species of Prunus for central Europe that naturally span a wide variation of habitat conditions. The selected species Prunus mahaleb, Prunus avium and Prunus padus were subjected to both drought and waterlogging in a greenhouse experiment. Plant functionality in the form of midday leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and turgor loss point together with different aspects of biomass allocation and growth was tested. All included species lost their stomatal conductance and leaf water potential within a few days in the waterlogging treatment. Only P. padus had the capacity to recover with new leaves after the waterlogging ended, suggesting that avoidance strategies though leaf shedding can be a complementary mechanism to withstand waterlogging. P. padus kept its stomatal conductance and water potential for the longest time in the drought treatment followed by P. mahaleb and P.avium. This longevity in the drought treatment for P. padus could be explained by both tolerance strategies through lower turgor loss point, but also avoidance strategies with fast changes in growth and higher allocation of biomass to the roots. There is a clear risk that ecosystem service from Prunus species in the landscape can be negatively affected not only by drought but also by increased events of waterlogging. This highlights the need for including minority species and also other climate stressors in addition to drought in the planning and management of multifunctional landscapes.
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