| 1. |
- Arp, Hans Peter H., et al.
(författare)
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Native Oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in historically contaminated soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France : their soil-porewater partitioning behavior, bioaccumulation in Enchytraeus crypticus, and bioavailability
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:19, s. 11187-11195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil quality standards are based on partitioning and toxicity data for laboratory-spiked reference soils, instead of real world, historically contaminated soils, which would be more representative. Here 21 diverse historically contaminated soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France were obtained, and the soil-porewater partitioning along with the bioaccumulation in exposed worms (Enchytraeus crypticus) of native polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were quantified. The native PACs investigated were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and, for the first time to be included in such a study, oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen containing heterocyclic PACs (N-PACs). The passive sampler polyoxymethylene (POM) was used to measure the equilibrium freely dissolved porewater concentration, C-pw, of all PACs. The obtained organic carbon normalized partitioning coefficients, K-TOC, show that sorption of these native PACs is much stronger than observed in laboratory-spiked soils (typically by factors 10 to 100), which has been reported previously for PAHs but here for the first time for oxy-PAHs and N-PACs. A recently developed K-TOC model for historically contaminated sediments predicted the 597 unique, native K-TOC values in this study within a factor 30 for 100% of the data and a factor 3 for 58% of the data, without calibration. This model assumes that TOC in pyrogenic-impacted areas sorbs similarly to coal tar, rather than octanol as typically assumed. Black carbon (BC) inclusive partitioning models exhibited substantially poorer performance. Regarding bioaccumulation, C-pw combined with liposome-water partition coefficients corresponded better with measured worm lipid concentrations, C-lipid (within a factor 10 for 85% of all PACs and soils), than C-pw combined with octanol-water partition coefficients (within a factor 10 for 76% of all PACs and soils). E. crypticus mortality and reproducibility were also quantified. No enhanced mortality was observed in the 21 historically contaminated soils despite expectations from PAH spiked reference soils. Worm reproducibility weakly correlated to C-lipid of PACs, though the contributing influence of metal concentrations and soil texture could not be taken into account. The good agreement of POM-derived C-pw with independent soil and lipid partitioning models further supports that soil risk assessments would improve by accounting for bioavailability. Strategies for including bioavailability in soil risk assessment are presented.
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| 2. |
- Back, Pär-Erik, 1961, et al.
(författare)
-
Markmiljöns skyddsvärde – En härledning med utgångspunkt i miljöetik och lagstiftning
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vid riskbedömning av förorenade områden ska riskerna som föroreningen utgör bedömas för olika skyddsobjekt, främst människor, markmiljö, grund- och ytvatten. I fördjupade riskbedömningar kan det även vara aktuellt att bestämma lämpliga skyddsnivåer för skyddsobjekten. Till vilken nivå vi väljer att skydda ett objekt beror i hög grad på objektets skyddsvärde. Vad detta skyddsvärde består av och hur stort det anses vara beror i sin tur på vem det är som gör värderingen och vilket miljöetiskt synsätt som tillämpas. När skyddsobjektet markmiljö ska värderas uppstår ofta många frågor och oenigheten mellan olika aktörer kan ibland vara stor.Syftet med publikationen är att tydliggöra vad som avses med begreppet markmiljöns skyddsvärde och beskriva vad det består av. Olika miljöetiska synsätt kan leda till att vår markmiljö värderas olika högt beroende på vem som utför värderingen. I syfte att skapa en gemensam grund för denna typ av värderingar har vi här valt att utgå från den miljöetik som ligger till grund för vår miljölagstiftning. Målet med publikationen är att presentera en härledning av markmiljöns skyddsvärde och ge en grund för hur man kan resonera kring flera av de besvärliga frågor som ställs beträffande skyddet av markmiljön.Rapporten innehåller också en allmän diskussion av skyddsvärdet men beskriver inte konkret hur markmiljön bör värderas vid ett enskilt objekt. Publikationen är med andra ord ingen vägledning i den bemärkelsen att den är direkt tillämpbar för värdering i verkliga projekt. Vår förhoppning är istället att publikationen kommer att utgöra en viktig grund för arbetet med att ta fram framtida vägledningsmaterial för ekologisk riskbedömning samt riskvärdering.
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| 3. |
- Campos-Pereira, Hugo, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of pH, surface charge and soil properties on the solid-solution partitioning of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a wide range of temperate soils
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 321
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pH-dependent soil-water partitioning of six perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) of environmental concern (PFOA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, PFOS and FOSA), was investigated for 11 temperate mineral soils and related to soil properties such as organic carbon content (0.2-3%), concentrations of Fe and Al (hydr)oxides, and texture. PFAS sorption was positively related to the perfluorocarbon chain length of the molecule, and inversely related to solution pH for all substances. The negative slope between log Kd and pH became steeper with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length of the PFAS (r2 = 0.75, p <= 0.05). Organic carbon (OC) alone was a poor predictor of the partitioning for all PFASs, except for FOSA (r2 = 0.71), and the OC-normalized PFAS partitioning, as derived from organic soil materials, underestimated PFAS sorption to the soils. Multiple linear regression suggested sorption contributions (p <= 0.05) from OC for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and FOSA, and Fe/Al (hydr) oxides for PFOS, FOSA, and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA). FOSA was the only substance under study for which there was a statistically significant correlation between its binding and soil texture (silt + clay). To predict PFAS sorption, the surface net charge of the soil organic matter fraction of all soils was calculated using the Stockholm Humic Model. When calibrated against charge-dependent PFAS sorption to a peat (Oe) material, the derived model significantly underestimated the measured Kd values for 10 out of 11 soils. To conclude, additional
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Christel, et al.
(författare)
-
Transport av kemiska bekämpningsmedel samt fastläggnings- och nedbrytningskarakterisering i en vertikal transekt genom mark- och grundvattenzonen i Vemmenhögs tillrinningsområde, södra Sverige
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektets mål har varit att undersöka förekomst, fastläggning, transport och nedbrytning av kemiska bekämpningsmedel (KB) i djupare grundvatten i ett litet avrinningsområde i Vemmenhög i Skåne. Inom ramen för studien har grundvatten provtagits på varierande djup (5,5-35 m) och analyserats med avseende på 150 olika KB vid fem olika tillfällen utan att några detekterats (undantaget ett enstaka fynd av AMPA). Dessa djupare grundvatten daterades till mellan 40 och >60 år. I grunt grundvatten från området finns fynd av KB och med hjälp av statistisk analys av spridningsdata och data över fynd visades att den enskilt största faktorn som avgör om KB återfinns i grundvattnet eller ej är dosen vid besprutningstillfället. En högre dos ökar sannolikheten för fynd i grundvattnet. En matematisk modellering har genomförts för att förklara förekomst av 6 olika KB i grunt grundvatten. För modelleringen användes bl.a. experimentellt bestämda parametrar för nedbrytning och fastläggning. Modelleringen möjliggjorde att fynd av lågsorberande KB kunde kopplas till spridningen av dessa substanser, medan fynd av de relativt starkt sorberande substanserna inte kunde förklaras.
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| 5. |
- Drenning, Paul, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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A method for evaluating the effects of gentle remediation options (GRO) on soil health: Demonstration at a DDX-contaminated tree nursery in Sweden
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 948
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Healthy soils provide valuable ecosystem services (ES), but soil contamination can inhibit essential soil functions (SF) and pose risks to human health and the environment. A key advantage of using gentle remediation options (GRO) is the potential for multifunctionality: to both manage risks and improve soil functionality. In this study, an accessible, scientific method for soil health assessment directed towards practitioners and decision-makers in contaminated land management was developed and demonstrated for a field experiment at a DDX-contaminated tree nursery site in Sweden to evaluate the relative effects of GRO on soil health (i.e., the ‘current capacity’ to provide ES). For the set of relevant soil quality indicators (SQI) selected using a simplified logical sieve, GRO treatment was observed to have highly significant effects on many SQI according to statistical analysis due to the strong influence of biochar amendment on the sandy soil and positive effects of nitrogen-fixing leguminous plants. The SQI were grouped within five SF and the relative effects on soil health were evaluated compared to a reference state (experimental control) by calculating quantitative treated-SF indices. Multiple GRO treatments are shown to have statistically significant positive effects on many SF, including pollutant attenuation and degradation, water cycling and storage, nutrient cycling and provisioning, and soil structure and maintenance. The SF were in turn linked to soil-based ES to calculate treated-ES indices and an overall soil health index (SHI), which can provide simplified yet valuable information to decision-makers regarding the effectiveness of GRO. The experimental GRO treatment of the legume mix with biochar amendment and grass mix with biochar amendment are shown to result in statistically significant improvements to soil health, with overall SHI values of 141 % and 128 %, respectively, compared to the reference state of the grass mix without biochar (set to 100 %).
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| 6. |
- Drenning, Paul, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Development of simplified probabilistic models for predicting phytoextraction timeframes of soil contaminants: demonstration at the DDX-contaminated Kolleberga tree nursery in Sweden
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 31:28, s. 40925-40940
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytoextraction, utilizing plants to remove soil contaminants, is a promising approach for environmental remediation but its application is often limited due to the long time requirements. This study aims to develop simplified and user-friendly probabilistic models to estimate the time required for phytoextraction of contaminants while considering uncertainties. More specifically we: i) developed probabilistic models for time estimation, ii) applied these models using site-specific data from a field experiment testing pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo cv. Howden) for phytoextraction of DDT and its metabolites (ΣDDX), iii) compared timeframes derived from site-specific data with literature-derived estimates, and iv) investigated model sensitivity and uncertainties through various modelling scenarios. The models indicate that phytoextraction with pumpkin to reduce the initial total concentration of ΣDDX in the soil (10 mg/kg dw) to acceptable levels (1 mg/kg dw) at the test site is infeasible within a reasonable timeframe, with time estimates ranging from 48–123 years based on literature data or 3 570–9 120 years with site-specific data using the linear or first-order exponential model, respectively. Our results suggest that phytoextraction may only be feasible at lower initial ΣDDX concentrations (< 5 mg/kg dw) for soil polishing and that alternative phytomanagement strategies should be considered for this test site to manage the bioavailable fraction of DDX in the soil. The simplified modes presented can be useful tools in the communication with site owners and stakeholders about time approximations for planning phytoextraction interventions, thereby improving the decision basis for phytomanagement of contaminated sites.
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| 7. |
- Elert, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Föroreningsspridning : Tillämpning och utvärdering av metoder Huvudrapport
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- isken för att föroreningar sprids från förorenade områden och påverkar grundvatten och ytvatten i omgivningen är i många efterbehandlingsprojekt styrande för vilka åtgärder som krävs. Föroreningar som lämnas kvar kan, om de mobiliseras, utgöra ett framtida hot mot omgivningen. Bra metoder för att bedöma risken för mobilisering och spridning av föroreningar är därför nödvändiga. Detta projekt har haft som syfte att testa och utvärdera olika metoder för bedömning av lakning och föroreningsspridning genom att applicera dem på två förorenade områden, ett f.d. gjuteri och ytbehandling i Töllstorp, Gnosjö kommun och en f.d. impregneringsanläggning i Grimstorp, Nässjö kommun. Ett flertal olika metoder har använts, experimentella metoder, enkla modeller (riktvärdesmodeller) samt mer komplicerade modeller (geokemiska modeller och transportmodeller). Syftet har varit att utvärdera metodernas användbarhet i praktiska situationer med tonvikt på att bedöma metodernas komplexitet, databehov, samt förmåga att ge resultat med tillräcklig säkerhet och noggrannhet. I projektet har en omfattande jämförelse gjorts mellan olika typer av fältdata och laboratoriedata från de studerade områdena. Detta har gett möjlighet att testa antaganden och modeller som ofta används vid riskbedömningar av förorenade områden och har därmed gett inblick i hur ändamålsenliga dessa är. De lysimeterförsök som utförts gav möjlighet till att jämföra halter i markvatten med halter som erhålls i lakvätskan vid lakförsök. Generellt sett var överensstämmelsen god för oorganiska ämnen och i de flesta fall överskattar lakförsöken halterna i markvatten. Utvärdering av tester på organiska föroreningar visar att skaktester riskerar att kraftigt överskatta lakbarheten av tyngre PAH-föreningar, men kan fungera väl för de lätta. Perkolationstester med återcirkulation bedöms ge en betydligt bättre uppskattning av lakbarheten. Olika typer av utvärderingsmodeller har testats och har i många fall gett samstämmiga resultat, men i andra fall visat på alternativa tolkningar, vilket visar på vikten av att använda flera olika metoder för utvärdering och tolkning av resultat. Multivariat statistisk analys har visat sig vara ett effektivt instrument för att finna mönster i data och samband mellan parametrar. Metoden kan vara ett värdefullt verktyg för att utvärdera stora datamängder, såsom ofta är fallet i efterbehandlingsprojekt, men har än så länge dålig prediktiv förmåga. För att stärka tilliten till laktester och även för att prediktera effekten av framtida förändringar inom ett förorenat markområde krävs en förståelse för de processer som påverkar ämnenas lakning och fastläggning i marken. Olika kemiska modeller kan rätt kalibrerade förutsäga hur stor utlakningen blir om förhållandena ändras. Den spridningsmodell som används för framtagning av riktvärden i mark med hjälp av platsspecifika data har visat sig ge rimliga uppskattningar av halterna i markens porvatten, men riskerar att överskatta halterna i grundvatten. En spridningsmodell som bygger på advektion-dispersion av lösta ämnen kan med data från laboratorieundersökningarna ge en god uppskattning av spridningen av kadmium, nickel och zink, men tenderar att underskatta spridningen av koppar och bly. Vi tolkar det som att beskrivningen av spridningen med löst organiskt material och små partiklar måste förbättras i dessa modeller. Projektet har utmynnat i ett stort dataunderlag som även fortsättningsvis kan komma till användning för fördjupade studier. Vi vill dock betona att data insamlats endast från två förorenade områden och att vissa av de slutsatser som kan dras från materialet inte nödvändigtvis är allmänt tillämpliga.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
-
A column method for determination of leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aged contaminated soil
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 54:6, s. 707-715
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study a column leaching method for investigation of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) leaching from soil was developed. The method set-up is based on a recycled flow of sterile water through a soil column with a sedimentation chamber mounted on top of the column, in connection with on-line filtration. The combination of a sedimentation chamber and an on-line filtration enables the measurement of leaching concentrations from contaminated materials consisting of very fine particle fractions. In addition, by using on-line solid phase extraction, minute amounts of leaching HOCs may be captured and quantified with high accuracy and reproducibility. The method was applied successfully on a contaminated aged soil sample and the leaching behavior of seven PAHs, with three to six aromatic rings, was monitored for more than 1600 h under saturated conditions. The tested PAHs were fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(ghi)peryiene. The method proved to be reliable and capable of providing data on leachable amounts of the PAHs under field-like conditions and over a longer period of time. The results indicated low availability of the studied contaminants since only a minor fraction (0.3%) of the initial amount of PAHs in the soil was removed during the experiment (liquid/solid-ratio of 700 l/kg). Thus PAHs in aged contaminated soil are not to be expected to be released to any great extent only by leaching with water. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Leaching and Passive Sampling To Measure the Mobility and Distribution between Porewater, DOC, and Colloids of Native Oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in Historically Contaminated Soil
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 50:21, s. 11797-11805
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different methods to quantify soil porewater concentrations of contaminants will provide different types of information. Passive sampling measurements give freely dissolved porewater concentrations (C-pw,C-free), while leaching tests provide information on the mobile concentration (C-pw,C-leach), including contaminants associated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particles/colloids in the porewater. This study presents a novel combination of these two measurements, to study the sorption and mobility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) to DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) in 10 historically contaminated soils. The PACs investigated were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs, and nitrogen containing heterocyclic PACs. Observed C-pw,C-leach was up to 5 orders of magnitude higher than C-pw,C-free; implying large biases when C-pw,C-leach is used to assess bioavailability or soil partitioning. Sorption of PACs to DOC and POC was important for the mobility of compounds with log K-OW > 4. Average DOC/water-partitioning coefficients (K-DOC) correlated well with KOW (log K-DOC = 0.89 x log K-OW +1.03 (r(2) = 0.89)). This relationship is likely more accurate for historically contaminated soils than previously published data, which suffer from artifacts caused by problems in measuring C-pw,C-free correctly or not using historically contaminated soils. POC/water-partitioning coefficients (K-POC) were orders of magnitude larger than corresponding K-DOC, suggesting sorption to mobile particles/colloids is the dominant mechanism for PAC mobility.
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| 11. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
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Desorption kinetics studies on PAH-contaminated soil under varying temperatures
- 2005
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 61:10, s. 1529-1538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from aged contaminated soil. The release of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene at 7, 15, 18 and 23 °C was studied using a column leaching method with a hydraulic retention time of 0.5 h. As the temperature declined from 23 to 7 °C the concentrations decreased by a factor of 11–12 for all the studied compounds except for anthracene, which only decreased by a factor 7. Rate constants at maximum release rate at the four studied temperatures were assessed. From temperature dependence studies, apparent activation energies of desorption, , were calculated. -values appeared to be in the range of 105–137 kJ mol−1 for the studied PAHs and increased with the LeBas molar volume of the compounds. The increase of with increased molecular size indicates stronger sorption with increased hydrophobicity of the compounds.
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| 12. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
-
FöroreningsspridningTillämpning och utvärdering av metoder : Delrapport 2Lakning av förorenad jord resultat och utvärdering av metoder
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I projektet ”Föroreningsspridning - tillämpning och utvärdering av metoder” har olika metoder för bedömning av lakning och föroreningsspridning studerats på två förorenade områden. De områden som studerats är ett f.d. gjuteri och ytbehandling i Töllstorp, Gnosjö kommun och en f.d. impregneringsanläggning i Grimstorp, Nässjö kommun. Ett flertal olika metoder har använts, experimentella metoder, enkla riskbedömningsmodeller (riktvärdesmodeller) samt mer komplicerade modeller (geokemiska modeller och transportmodeller). Syftet har varit att utvärdera metodernas användbarhet i praktiska situationer med tonvikt på att bedöma metodernas komplexitet, databehov samt förmåga att ge resultat med tillräcklig säkerhet och noggrannhet I delrapport 2 ” Lakning av förorenad jord – resultat och utvärdering av metoder” utvärderas och jämförs olika metoder för att uppskatta utlakning av oorganiska och organiska ämnen från förorenad jord. I delrapporten ges detaljerad information om laktesternas genomförande och de resultat som erhållits. Fyra olika metoder för lakning av oorganiska ämnen har tillämpats på jordprover från de två förorenade områdena: skaktest med tvåstegslakning, perkolationstest, perkolationstest med återcirkulation samt ett pH-statiskt laktest. På jordprover från Grimstorp har utlakning av organiska ämnen (polycykliska aromatiska kolväten, PAH) studerats med två olika metoder: en skakmetod och ett perkolationstest med återcirkulation. I delrapporten redovisas en uppskattning av lakmetodernas repeterbarhet då de tillämpas på förorenade jordmaterial. Dessutom påvisas skillnader i lakbara halter som de olika metoderna kan ge upphov till. Undersökningar har även gjorts av hur lakbarheten av oorganiska ämnen skiljer sig då lakning sker med avjoniserat vatten respektive svag CaCl2-lösning. För utlakning av PAH har enbart utlakning med CaCl2 använts. Ett vidare syfte med studien har varit att ta fram ett dataunderlag till huvudprojektet. I huvudprojektet jämfördes laboratorieresultaten med fältdata (uppmätta halter i mark- och grundvatten på de förorenade områdena) och underlaget användes vid den kemiska modelleringen samt för att ta fram data för mobilisering och fastläggning av föroreningar genom uppskattning av fördelningsfaktorer (Kd-värden).
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| 13. |
- Enell, Anja
(författare)
-
Leaching of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using a Column Method
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic pollutants of great environmental concern, due to their toxicity, carcinogenicity and long persistence in the environment. To determine the potential risk associated with PAHs released from contaminated soil or waste materials, knowledge is required on the leachable concentrations of PAHs and the amounts available for release. The objectives of the work reported in this thesis were to develop a method to determine the leaching of PAHs from contaminated soils and other solid materials, and to study how differences in leaching conditions, such as temperature and flow rates, affect the release of PAHs. In addition, modelling was used to integrate data, hypotheses and experience gained from the experimental work. The leaching method applied consists of a glass column, containing the sample, through which sterile water is pumped, followed by on-line filtration and solid-phase extraction. The leaching behaviour of PAHs was studied for different materials: aged contaminated soil, green liquor sludge and different combustion residues. The method developed succeeded in providing reproducible results and proved to be useful for the evaluation of PAH (bio)availability in contaminated materials in two respects: i) leachable aqueous concentrations of contaminants could be determined as well as ii) the available fractions of total sequestered amounts. From the column leaching experiments on contaminated soil it was concluded that the release of PAHs originated from at least two different fractions; a very small fraction (only a few percent) of the total content of PAHs was initially released (during the first 120 days), followed by extended tailing of very low leachable concentrations (up to 4 orders of magnitude lower than solubility concentrations). Experiments conducted at different hydraulic retention times showed that the leached concentrations were close to distribution equilibrium concentrations. The applied average contact time was short (approx. 0.5 h), which indicates that the compounds were released with fast desorption kinetics. Modelling suggested that the desorption of PAHs followed a linear isotherm up to a cut-off value, at which the distribution equilibrium concentration appeared to be independent of the sorbed amount. Leaching experiments conducted at different temperatures (7, 15, 18 and 23 ?C) indicated that the concentrations of PAHs in soil-water, at a contaminated site in Sweden, will probably be about one order of magnitude lower than leachable concentrations obtained from laboratory experiments performed at room temperature. Estimated values of the activation energy for the desorption of PAHs from the initially released fraction were in the range of 50 to 80 kJ mol-1, indicating that these PAHs were associated to amorphous soil organic matter rather than to a dense organic matrix. This finding is in agreement with that of fast desorption kinetics. However, empirically obtained mass transfer coefficients for the PAHs studied increased with the molar volume of the compounds, which seems counterintuitive to the above findings. Considerably lower concentrations of PAHs were obtained in the leachates from the residual materials studied (well below the guideline values for drinking water). The application of the column leaching method to these materials showed that leaching experiments, together with total amounts of PAHs, can provide valuable information about the materials? stability and their potential for PAH leaching; knowledge that is very important when a material is considered for reuse, either as a filling material for construction, or as a nutrient source for forest soils.
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| 14. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ash: Determination of total and leachable concentrations
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 152:2, s. 285-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Before wood ash can be used as a soil fertilizer, concentrations of environmentally hazardous compounds must be investigated. In this study, total and leachable concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four ash samples and one green liquor sludge. The ash sample with the highest carbon content also contained high levels of PAHs; three of the ash samples had total concentrations exceeding the limit permitted by the Swedish Forest Agency for recycling to forest soils. The leachable concentrations were higher for the nonstabilized samples; this was probably due to colloid-facilitated transport of the contaminants in these samples. However, the leachable concentrations were overall relatively low in all the samples studied. The amounts of PAHs introduced to forest soils by additions of stabilized, recyclable ash products will be determined primarily by the rate of weathering of the ash particles and the total concentration of contaminants.
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| 15. |
- Enell, Anja, et al.
(författare)
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Risk management and regeneration of brownfields using bioenergy crops
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Soils and Sediments. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-0108 .- 1614-7480. ; 16:3, s. 987-1000
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The potential of phytoremediation, as a cost-effective in situ alternative to conventional technologies for remediation of contaminated brownfields, has often been pointed out. Yet, phyto-technologies have failed to find widespread adoption in practice. To gain social and commercial acceptance of these technologies, there is a clear requirement of field studies that provide information on success and failures. The aim of this study was to investigate benefits and potential risks with phyto-stabilisation on brownfields using bioenergy-crops. Materials and methods: Two field trials with willow (Salix Klara and Salix Inger) were set up aiming for phyto-stabilisation on metal-contaminated sites. By the use of a tiered risk assessment approach, the cultivation’s effect on ecological risks in different environmental compartments, such as soil, porewater and up-take to biota (including potential risks for wild grazers), was investigated before the cultivation was started and during following three growth seasons. Growth assessments were also made to evaluate the biomass’ potential revenue. Results and discussion: The risks to the soil fauna proved to be unchanged or declining. The uptake in the plants was, as aimed for, low to moderate, and the growth rate depended on the soil texture rather than the contamination level of the sites. The low uptake indicated a negligible risk for wild grazers. The field trials were accomplished using no, or low, amounts of amendments, minimum soil interventions, no, or very simple, weeding control and conducted at sites with low annual temperature. Despite harsh conditions, the biomass production was high enough to potentially provide revenue. Conclusions: This study shows that cultivation of brownfields using phytostabilising willow clones can reduce the ecological risks, improve the soil quality of the site and provide revenue if the biomass is sold for e.g. bioenergy production. By choosing phytostabilisation willow clones, potential risks associated with phytoextraction of metals, such as biomass combustion and food chain transfer of metals, were eliminated. Consequently, using bioenergy crops for phytostabilisation on brownfields can contribute to preserve and improve ecosystem services, create economic regeneration of these areas and at the same time be a sustainable risk management option.
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| 16. |
- Josefsson, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of polyoxymethylene (POM) - water partition coefficients for oxy-PAHs and PAHs
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 119, s. 1268-1274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring pollutants of which little is known. They can be co-emitted with PAHs or formed from PAHs in the environment. The environmental fate and risk of oxy-PAHs are difficult to assess due to a lack of methods to quantify their pore water concentrations. One sampler that can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants is polyoxymethylene (POM). In this study, POM - water partition coefficients (K-POM) were determined for 11 oxy-PAHs. K-POM values of 8 PAHs with similar hydrophobicities as the oxy-PAHs were determined for comparison. Results showed that log K-POM values ranged from 2.64 to 4.82 for the PAHs (2-4 rings), similar to previously determined values. LogK(pom) values for investigated oxy-PAHs ranged from 0.96 to 5.36. The addition of carbonylic oxygen on a parent PAH generally lowered K-POM by 0.5 to 1.0 log units, which is attributable to the presence of carbonylic oxygens increasing water solubility. The K-POM values presented here will facilitate simultaneous assessments of freely dissolved water concentrations of oxy-PAHs and PAHs in environmental media.
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| 17. |
- Papageorgiou, Asterios, et al.
(författare)
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Biochar produced from wood waste for soil remediation in Sweden : Carbon sequestration and other environmental impacts
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 776
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of biochar to stabilize soil contaminants is emerging as a technique for remediation of contaminated soils. In this study, an environmental assessment of systems where biochar produced from wood waste with energy recovery is used for remediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metal(loid)s was performed. Two soil remediation options with biochar (on- and off-site) are considered and compared to landfilling. The assessment combined material and energy flow analysis (MEFA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and substance flow analysis (SFA). The MEFA indicated that on-site remediation can save fuel and backfill material compared to off-site remediation and landfilling. However, the net energy production by pyrolysis of wood waste for biochar production is 38% lower than incineration. The LCA showed that both on-site and off-site remediation with biochar performed better than landfilling in 10 of the 12 environmental impact categories, with on-site remediation performing best. Remediation with biochar provided substantial reductions in climate change impact in the studied context, owing to biochar carbon sequestration being up to 4.5 times larger than direct greenhouse gas emissions from the systems. The two biochar systems showed increased impacts only in ionizing radiation and fossils because of increased electricity consumption for biochar production. They also resulted in increased biomass demand to maintain energy production. The SFA indicated that leaching of PAH from the remediated soil was lower than from landfilled soil. For metal(loid)s, no straightforward conclusion could be made, as biochar had different effects on their leaching and for some elements the results were sensitive to water infiltration assumptions. Hence, the reuse of biocharremediated soils requires further evaluation, with site-specific information. Overall, in Sweden's current context, the biochar remediation technique is an environmentally promising alternative to landfilling worth investigating further.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Persson, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Use of a column leaching test to study the mobility of chlorinated HOCs from a contaminated soil and the distribution of compounds between soluble and colloid phases
- 2008
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 71:6, s. 1035-1042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An equilibrium and recirculation column test for hydrophobic organic chemicals (ER-H test) was used to study the leaching behaviour of chlorophenols (CPs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) from contaminated soil. A 50% increase in the pore water velocity was shown to have little or no effect on the mobility of CPs, PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs. The standard deviations of truly dissolved compounds, CPs, were between 19% and 65% between the tests. However, the repeatability of the ER-H test decreased with increases in the hydrophobicity of the studied compounds; the standard deviations for PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs ranged from 53% to 110%, 57% to 77% and 110% to 130%, respectively. The influence of colloids on the release of these compounds was also examined. Up to 30% of the CPs in the soil were leached, of which 1–3% were associated with colloids. The PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs were found to be preferably associated with the particulate fraction of the leachate, and less than 0.2% of these compounds were mobilised.
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| 20. |
- Rijk, Ingrid, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Biochar and peat amendments affect nitrogen retention, microbial capacity and nitrogen cycling microbial communities in a metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated urban soil
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil contaminants may restrict soil functions. A promising soil remediation method is amendment with biochar, which has the potential to both adsorb contaminants and improve soil health. However, effects of biochar amendment on soil-plant nitrogen (N) dynamics and N cycling microbial guilds in contaminated soils are still poorly understood. Here, a metal- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil was amended with either biochar (0, 3, 6 % w/w) and/or peat (0, 1.5, 3 % w/w) in a full-factorial design and sown with perennial ryegrass in an outdoor field trial. After three months, N and the stable isotopic ratio δ15N was measured in soil, roots and leaves, along with microbial responses. Aboveground grass biomass decreased by 30 % and leaf N content by 20 % with biochar, while peat alone had no effect. Peat in particular, but also biochar, stimulated the abundance of microorganisms (measured as 16S rRNA gene copy number) and basal respiration. Microbial substrate utilization (MicroResp™) was altered differentially, as peat increased respiration of all carbon sources, while for biochar, respiration of carboxylic acids increased, sugars decreased, and was unaffected for amino acids. Biochar increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea, while peat stimulated ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter-type nitrite oxidizers and comB-type complete ammonia oxidizers. Biochar and peat also increased nitrous oxide reducing communities (nosZI and nosZII), while peat alone or combined with biochar also increased abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers. However, biochar and peat lowered leaf δ15N by 2-4 ‰, indicating that processes causing gaseous N losses, like denitrification and ammonia volatilization, were reduced compared to the untreated contaminated soil, probably an effect of biotic N immobilization. Overall, this study shows that in addition to contaminant stabilization, amendment with biochar and peat can increase N retention while improving microbial capacity to perform important soil functions.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Stiernström, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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AN ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF AGED BOTTOM ASH FOR USE IN CONSTRUCTION
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration (MISWI) bottom ash is mainly deposited in landfills, but natural resources and energy could be saved if these ash materials would be used in geotechnical constructions. To enable such usage, knowledge is needed on their potential environmental impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of leachates from aged MISWI bottom ash in an environmental relevant way, using a sequential batch leaching method at the Liquid/Solid-ratio interval 1 to 3, and to test the leachates in a (sub)chronic ecotoxicity test. Also, the leachates were characterized chemically and with the technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGTs). By comparing established ecotoxicity data for each element with chemically analysed and labile concentrations in the leachates, potentially problematic elements were identified by calculating Hazard Quotients (HQ). Overall, our results show that the ecotoxicity was in general low and decreased with increased leaching. A strong correspondence between calculated HQs and observed toxicity over the full L/S range was observed for K. However, K will likely not be problematic from a long-term environmental perspective when using the ash, since it is a naturally occurring essential macro element which is not classified as ecotoxic in the chemical legislation. Although Cu was measured in total concentrations close to where a toxic response is expected, even at L/S 3, the DGT-analysis showed that less than 50 % was present in a labile fraction, indicating that Cu is complexed by organic ligands which reduce its bioavailability.
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| 23. |
- Stiernström, Sara, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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INFLUENCE OF LEACHING CONDITIONS FOR ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ASH
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Waste Framework Directive (WFD; 2008/98/EC) states that classification of hazardous ecotoxicological properties of wastes (i.e.criteria H-14), should be based on the Community legislation on chemicals (i.e.CLP Regulation 1272/2008). However, harmonizing the waste and chemical classification may involve drastic changes related to choice of leaching tests as compared to e.g. the current European standard for ecotoxic characterization of waste (CEN 14735). The primary aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the influence of leaching conditions, i.e. pH (inherent pH (~10), and 7), liquid to solid (L/S) ratio (10 and 1000L/kg) and particle size (< 4 mm, < 1 mm, and < 0.125 mm), for subsequent chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing in relation to classification of municipal waste incineration bottom ash. The hazard potential, based on either comparisons between element levels in leachate and literature toxicity data or ecotoxicological testing of the leachates, was overall significantly higher at low particle size (<0.125 mm) as compared to particle fractions < 1 mm and < 4 mm, at pH 10 as compared to pH 7, and at L/S 10 as compared to L/S 1000. These results show that the choice of leaching conditions is crucial for H-14 classification of ash and must be carefully considered in deciding on future guidance procedures in Europe.
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| 24. |
- Volchko, Yevheniya, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing costs and benefits of improved soil quality management in remediation projects : A study of an urban site contaminated with PAH and metals
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contaminants in the soil may threaten soil functions (SFs) and, in turn, hinder the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). A framework for ecological risk assessments (ERAs) within the APPLICERA - APPLICable site-specific Environmental Risk Assessment research project promotes assessments that consider other soil quality parameters than only contaminant concentrations. The developed framework is: (i) able to differentiate the effects of contamination on SFs from the effects of other soil qualities essential for soil biota; and (ii) provides a robust basis for improved soil quality management in remediation projects. This study evaluates the socio-economic consequences of remediation alternatives stemming from a Tier 1 ERA that focusses on total contaminant concentrations and soil quality standards and a detailed, site-specific Tier 3 Triad approach that is based on the APPLICERA framework. The present study demonstrates how Tier 1 and Tier 3 ERAs differ in terms of the socio-economic consequences of their remediation actions, as well as presents a novel method for the semi-quantitative assessment of on-site ES. Although the presented Tier 3 ERA is more expensive and time-consuming than the more traditional Tier 1 ERA approach, it has the potential to lower the costs of remediation actions, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, reduce other environmental impacts, and minimise socio-economic losses. Furthermore, the remediation actions stemming from the Tier 3 ERA were predicted to exert far less negative ES effects than the actions proposed based on the results of the Tier 1 ERA.
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