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| 2. |
- Engström, Emma, PhD, 1982-
(författare)
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AI's Fast and Furtive Spread by Infusion into Technologies That Are Already in Use : A Critical Assessment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Artificial Intelligence and Its Discontents. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 63-82
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AI has often reached individuals covertly, rather than by their own choosing. Standard automatic version updates have enabled the infusion of AI in the form of deep learning into preexisting technologies such as mobile apps, websites, and software. All the most popular mobile apps, including YouTube, Facebook, and Snapchat, have been AI-infused. This has allowed deep learning algorithms to train on behavioral data from billions of individuals. Infusion contrasts conscious user adoption of standalone AI-technologies that depend on AI for their main functionality, including robot vacuums and smart home devices, for instance.This chapter examines the relationship between infusion and AI’s ethical challenges. AI is a different type of technology than earlier innovations; it has well-known shortcomings that include unpredictability, inadequate transparency, unequal treatment, a lack of common sense, and a risk for user manipulation. Because of infusion, it seems that people who want to (continue to) use popular online platforms often do not have a real choice when it comes to AI-exposure, but this may come with a threat to social values such as equality, respect, and autonomy. It seems that an urgent AI-related problem right now is not that some general AI is manipulating us—but that a supplier of narrow AI may be able to.
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| 3. |
- Engström, Emma, PhD, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Deep learning diffusion by infusion into preexisting technologies – Implications for users and society at large
- 2020
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Ingår i: Technology in society. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-791X .- 1879-3274. ; 63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the form of Deep Learning (DL) technology has diffused in the consumer domain in a unique way as compared to previous general-purpose technologies. DL has often spread by infusion, i.e., by being added to preexisting technologies that are already in use. We find that DL-algorithms for recommendations or ranking have been infused into all the 15 most popular mobile applications (apps) in the U.S. (as of May 2019). DL-infusion enables fast and vast diffusion. For example, when a DL-system was infused into YouTube, it almost immediately reached a third of the world's population. We argue that existing theories of innovation diffusion and adoption have limited relevance for DL-infusion, because it is a process that is driven by enterprises rather than individuals. We also discuss its social and ethical implications. First, consumers have a limited ability to detect and evaluate an infused technology. DL-infusion may thus help to explain why AI's presence in society has not been challenged by many. Second, the DL-providers are likely to face conflicts of interest, since consumer and supplier goals are not always aligned. Third, infusion is likely to be a particularly important diffusion process for DL-technologies as compared to other innovations, because they need large data sets to function well, which can be drawn from preexisting users. Related, it seems that larger technology companies comparatively benefit more from DL-infusion, because they already have many users. This suggests that the value drawn from DL is likely to follow a Matthew Effect of accumulated advantage online: many preexisting users provide a lot of behavioral data, which bring about better DL-driven features, which attract even more users, etc. Such a self-reinforcing process could limit the possibilities for new companies to compete. This way, the notion of DL-infusion may put light on the power shift that comes with the presence of AI in society.
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| 4. |
- Engström, Emma, PhD, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Projecting environmental impacts with varying population, affluence and technology using IPAT – Climate change and land use scenarios
- 2024
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Ingår i: Vienna Yearbook of Population Research. - : Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Verlag. - 1728-4414 .- 1728-5305. ; 22, s. 1-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We theoretically explore the interrelations between population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T) for various environmental impacts (I ) using IPAT-type modelling. To illustrate the differences across environmental dimensions, climate and land use impacts are modelled. We use middle-of-the-road projections for population and per capita income and different forecasting methods for technology, including extrapolations of historical trends, models based on stochastic IPAT (STIRPAT) and predictions in the literature. The different approaches are compared within the IPAT framework. We also explore the consequences of alternative trajectories for P, A and T, and we discuss the implications of these trajectories for reaching global goals based on our modelling. The findings are analysed in light of three theories in environmental sociology, each of which places a different emphasis on the different components of IPAT. We argue that the large amount of technological mitigation assumed in many forecasts makes affluence and population relatively irrelevant for climate change. However, we also consider it likely that both factors will be determinants of land use impact in the 21st century.
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| 5. |
- Kullgren, Anders, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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The potential of vehicle and road infrastructure interventions in fatal bicyclist accidents on Swedish roads—What can in-depth studies tell us?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 20:sup1, s. S7-S12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of fatal crashes with bicyclists on Swedish roads in rural and urban areas and to investigate the potential of bicycle helmets and different vehicle and road infrastructure interventions to prevent them. The study has a comprehensive approach to provide road authorities and vehicle manufacturers with recommendations for future priorities. Methods: The Swedish Transport Administration’s (STA) in-depth database of fatal crashes was used for case-by-case analysis of fatal cycling accidents (2006–2016) on rural (n = 82) and urban (n = 102) roads. The database consists of information from the police, medical journals, autopsy reports, accident analyses performed by STA, and witness statements. The potential of helmet use and various vehicle and road infrastructure safety interventions was determined retrospectively for each case by analyzing the chain of events leading to the fatality. The potential of vehicle safety countermeasures was analyzed based on prognoses on their implementation rates in the Swedish vehicle fleet. Results: The most common accident scenario on rural roads was that the bicyclist was struck while cycling along the side of the road. On urban roads, the majority of accidents occurred in intersections. Most accidents involved a passenger car, but heavy trucks were also common, especially in urban areas. Most accidents occurred in daylight conditions (73%). Almost half (46%) of nonhelmeted bicyclists would have survived with a helmet. It was assessed that nearly 60% of the fatal accidents could be addressed by advanced vehicle safety technologies, especially autonomous emergency braking with the ability to detect bicyclists. With regard to interventions in the road infrastructure, separated paths for bicyclists and bicycle crossings with speed calming measures were found to have the greatest safety potential. Results indicated that 91% of fatally injured bicyclists could potentially be saved with known techniques. However, it will take a long time for such technologies to be widespread. Conclusions: The majority of fatally injured bicyclists studied could potentially be saved with known techniques. A speedy implementation of important vehicle safety systems is recommended. A fast introduction of effective interventions in the road infrastructure is also necessary, preferably with a plan for prioritization.
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| 6. |
- Naqavi, Fatemeh, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Green Vehicles’ Responses to an Expiring Congestion Toll Exemption : Findings from a Natural Experiment in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Findings. - : Network Design Lab - Transport Findings. - 2652-8800.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stockholm established time-varying congestion pricing in 2007, and adopted a toll exemption as a temporary incentive for green vehicles (GVs) that ended in 2012. We examine the behavioral effects of phasing out the exemption by studying the change in cordon crossing events for GV morning commuters between May 2012 and May 2013, with a random sample of conventional vehicles (CVs) as control. The results suggest i) a significant drop in the total number of crossings; ii) a slight shift towards later journeys in the morning; and iii) a reduction in the ratio of peak-toll period crossings to other ones.
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| 7. |
- Stigson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Consumer testing of bicycle helmets
- 2017
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; 2017-September, s. 173-181
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current bicycle helmet standards do not include angular acceleration, for certification even though it is known that it is the dominant cause of brain injury. The objective of this study was to develop an improved test method, including oblique impacts, to evaluate helmets sold on the European market. Four physical tests were conducted, shock absorption with straight perpendicular impact and three oblique impact tests. Computer simulations were made to evaluate injury risk. In total, 17 conventional helmets and one airbag helmet were included. All helmets except five showed a linear acceleration lower than 180 g, which corresponds to a low risk of skull fracture. The airbag helmet performed three times better than the conventional helmets (48 g vs. an average of 175 g). The simulations indicated that the strain in the grey matter of the brain during oblique impacts varied between helmets from 6% to 44%, where 26% corresponds to 50% risk for a concussion. The lowest strain was measured in the brain when the airbag helmet was tested. Helmets equipped with Multi-directional Impact Protection System (MIPS) performed better than the others. However, all helmets need to reduce rotational acceleration more effectively. A helmet that meets the current standards does not necessarily prevent concussion.
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| 8. |
- Söderlund, Kasia, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating high-reach AI : On transparencydirections in the Digital Services Act
- 2024
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Ingår i: Internet Policy Review. - Berlin : Internet Policy Review, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society. - 2197-6775. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By introducing the concept of high-reach AI, this paper focuses on AI systems whose widespread use may generate significant risks for both individuals and societies. While some of those risks have been recognised under the AI Act, we analyse the rules laid down by the Digital Services Act (DSA) for recommender systems used by dominant social media platforms as a prominent example of high-reach AI. Specifically, we examine transparency provisions aimed at addressing adverse effects of these AI technologies employed by social media very large online platforms (VLOPs). Drawing from AI transparency literature, we analyse DSA transparency measures through the conceptual lens of horizontal and vertical transparency. Our analysis indicates that while the DSA incorporates transparency provisions in both dimensions, the most progressive amendments emerge within the vertical transparency, for instance, by the introduction of the systemic risk assessment mechanism. However, we argue that the true impact of the new transparency provisions extends beyond their mere existence, emphasising the critical role of oversight entities in implementation and application of the DSA. Overall, this study highlights the paramount importance of vertical transparency in providing a comprehensive understanding of the aggregated risks associated with high-reach AI technologies, exemplified by social media recommender systems.
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| 9. |
- Ydenius, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Fatal car to moose collisions : Real-world in-depth data, crash tests and potential of different countermeasures
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings 25th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV). - : NHTSA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle collisions with large animals constitute a high risk of serious or fatal injuries, for example in northern America, Europe and Japan. In Sweden approximately 5,000 car collisions with moose occur annually. The change of velocity and acceleration is in general very low, but the car structure is not designed for collision with large animals at high speed. The objectives were to evaluate occupant response and vehicle structure in crash tests; to investigate the factors involved in real-world fatal crashes in Sweden; and to evaluate the potential of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) to increase moose car collision avoidance and survivability. Five crash tests were conducted with cars with different size and characteristics, such as glass and sun roof. A moose crash dummy was impacted at 70 km/h. The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) national database of fatal collisions was used to study fatalities (n=47) in collisions with moose during the period 2005-2016. The analysis focused on collisions where the primary cause of fatality was the collision with a moose. The crash tests showed that a moose collision could be survivable at 70 km/h with an acceptable distance to the header structure. None of the tested cars had an intrusion by the moose into the occupant compartment. The results of the in-depth data analysis showed that a critical factor for a fatal injury was whether the roof was partly or completely ripped off. Downward deformation of the front header structure was also critical together with Apillar deformation. In 24% of the accidents the moose was partly or completely trapped inside the occupant compartment. In 90% of the fatal collisions it was darkness or twilight. In more than 85% of the collisions, no evidence of braking could be detected prior to collision. All of the collisions occurred on rural roads and 83% of the fatalities occurred on roads with speed limits of 90 km/h or above. In eight accident scenes there were moose fences to prevent the moose to access the road. In those accidents, however, the fence was either damaged or had open sections. The analysis of road-side area showed that in many of the moose accidents the side view was enough to allow detection of the moose by an AEB sensor. A critical issue is the ability of the sensors to detect the moose in darkness. The study of the potential for AEB with moose detection was conducted under the assumption that night vision sensors are available, such as infrared sensors or light amplifying technique. With a threshold of 70 km/h for car-moose collision survivability, the results of the analysis showed that AEB had a potential to save (~40%) 18 out of 47 lives. It is suggested that road fencing is preferable on roads with speed limits above 90 km/h, and below 100 km/h, moose AEB has a potential to avoid fatal moose crashes.
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