| 1. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on health care and self-management of osteoarthritis among patients who desire surgery: A qualitative interview study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0959-3985 .- 1532-5040.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Expressing a desire for surgery before participating in first-line osteoarthritis (OA) interventions (patient education and exercise therapy) has been shown to contribute to poorer outcomes from the interventions, but we lack knowledge on how these patients reflect on health care and self-management of OA.Objectives To explore and describe patients' perspectives of health care and self-management of OA among those expressing a desire for surgery before participating in first-line OA interventions.Methods Sixteen patients with hip or knee OA referred to participate in a standardized first-line OA intervention program in primary health care in Sweden were included in the study. We used individual semi-structured interviews to collect data, which were analyzed using inductive qualitative content analysis.Results One theme of meaning "A multifaceted picture of needs, expectations, and individual choices" and five categories were identified as perspectives from the participants regarding health care and self-management of OA: 1) lacking control and needing support; 2) standing alone in an unsupportive environment; 3) going with the flow; 4) having expectations; and 5) taking ownership.Conclusion Patients who express a desire for surgery before participating in first-line interventions for OA are not a homogeneous group. They describe a broad range of perspectives on how they reason and reflect on health care and self-management of OA based on their own needs, expectations, and choices. Findings from this study strengthen insights on the importance of exploring the patient's perspectives and individualizing OA interventions to achieve the lifestyle changes that first-line interventions strive to accomplish.
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| 2. |
- Arfan, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Biogas as a transport fuel—a system analysis of value chain development in a Swedish context
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biofuels policy instruments are important in the development and diffusion of biogas as a transport fuel in Sweden. Their effectiveness with links to geodemographic conditions has not been analysed systematically in studying biogas development in a less urbanised regions, with high potential and primitive gas infrastructure. One such region identified is Gävleborg in Sweden. By using value chain statistics, interviews with related actors, and studying biofuels policy instruments and implications for biogas development, it is found that the policy measures have not been as effective in the region as in the rest of Sweden due to different geodemographic characteristics of the region, which has resulted in impeded biogas development. In addition to factors found in previous studies, the less-developed biogas value chain in this region can be attributed particularly to undefined rules of the game, which is lack of consensus on trade-off of resources and services, unnecessary competition among several fuel alternatives, as well as the ambiguity of municipalities’ prioritization, and regional cultural differences. To strengthen the regional biogas sector, system actors need a strategy to eliminate blocking effects of identified local factors, and national policy instruments should provide mechanisms to process geographical conditions in regulatory, economic support, and market formation.
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| 3. |
- Arfan, Muhammad, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of hydrogen production from biowaste and biomass in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, an environmental and economic assessment of hydrogen production from biowaste and biomass is performed from a life cycle perspective, with a high degree of primary life cycle inventory data on materials, energy, and investment flows. Using SimaPro LCA software and CML-IA, 2001 impact assessment method, ten environmental impact categories are analyzed for environmental analysis. Economic analysis includes capital and operational expenditures and monetization cost of life cycle environmental impacts. The hydrogen production from biowaste has a high climate impact, photochemical oxidant, and freshwater eutrophication than biomass while it performs far better in ozone depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion-fossil, abiotic depletion, human toxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity. The sensitivity analysis of LCA results indicates that feedstock to biogas/pyrolysis-oil yields ratio and the type of energy source for the reforming process can significantly influence the results, particularly climate change, abiotic depletion, and human toxicity. The life cycle cost (LCC) of 1 kg hydrogen production has been accounted as 0.45–2.76 € with biowaste and 0.54–3.31 € with biomass over the plant's lifetime of 20 years. From the environmental impacts of climate change, photochemical oxidant, and freshwater eutrophication hydrogen production from biomass is a better option than biowaste while from other included impact categories and LCC perspectives it’s biowaste. This research contributes to bioresources to hydrogen literature with some new findings that can be generalized in Europe and even globally as it is in line with and endorse existing theoretical and simulation software-based studies.
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| 4. |
- Arfan, Muhammad
(författare)
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Utilization of local bioresources for transport fuels - System analysis for decision support
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents a comprehensive system analysis of the utilization of biowaste and forest industry residues to produce transportation fuels. It explores various aspects such as the constraints to the production system’s value chain development, the utilization of the geographical proximity of biofuel technology innovation system components, environmental impacts, and economic costs. The primary goal is to establish a knowledge base that can aid regional policymakers and decision-makers in formulating informed policies for the efficient management of local bioresources for transport fuel production. By addressing these aspects, the study seeks to contribute to the wider discourse on efficient local bioresource management and transition to a low-carbon economy. The focused bioresources in this thesis are municipal biowaste and forest industry residues (i.e., sawdust, black liquor, crude tall oil, and fiber waste of the pulp and paper industry). The study focuses on three systems: i) biowaste to biogas for transport, ii) biowaste and sawdust to hydrogen, and iii) forest industry residues to liquid biofuels for transport.The biofuel policy instruments in Sweden have proven to be effective in introducing alternative transport fuels, particularly in big cities or urban areas. The results of the biowaste to biogas value chain analysis show that development in the Gävleborg region is stagnated throughout the value chain compared to the national average. This stagnation is mainly attributed to local geodemographic factors. The identified obstacles to development include a lack of regional political agreement regarding the use of biogas as a viable transport fuel, insufficient connectivity and communication among the various regional actors and stakeholders, and a limited understanding among stakeholders of the potential and socio-economic impacts of biogas. The environmental and economic assessment of hydrogen production from biowaste and sawdust is performed from a life cycle perspective, using SimaPro LCA software and CML-IA, 2001 impact assessment method. Economic analysis includes capital and operational expenditures and monetization cost of life cycle environmental impacts. The results show that hydrogen production from biowaste has a higher global warming, photochemical oxidant, and freshwater eutrophication potential than sawdust. Biowaste conversion to hydrogen performs far better in ozone depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, abiotic depletion-fossil, abiotic depletion, human toxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity potential. The fossil energy inputs in biogas and pyrolysis oil reforming, emissions from the digestate treatment, storage, and utilization as bio-fertilizer are the main contributing processes to the overall environmental impacts of biowaste and sawdust conversion to hydrogen. The sensitivity analysis of the LCA results indicates that feedstock to biogas/pyrolysis oil yield ratio and the type of energy source for the reforming process can significantly influence the results, particularly climate change, abiotic depletion, and human toxicity. The life cycle cost (LCC) analysis reveals that the production of hydrogen from biowaste exhibits a lower cost compared to sawdust. This significant cost reduction in the biowaste case can be attributed to lower variable operating expenses (OPEX), primarily due to the price of the biowaste itself. Whereas, in the sawdust case, the feedstock contributes the highest percentage (54%) to the system's OPEX, indicating that variable OPEX is highly sensitive to sawdust prices. Additionally, the capital investment required for the biowaste case was 50% lower, which further contributes to the lower overall LCC compared to the sawdust case.The results of forest industry residues to liquid biofuel technology development and the utilization of system components in geographical proximity indicate that geographical proximity can significantly influence the system’s structural growth, trajectory, and development pace. An adapted version of the technological innovation system (TIS) framework was operationalized with the lens of geographical proximity utilization of the system components to the technology development and diffusion. The method of data acquisition involved document analysis and interviews with subsystem actors. The study found that the development of the system is hampered by competition between technologies and low utilization of geographical proximity of the system components, which was partly attributed to a lack of network among subsystem actors and with the national TIS structure. Bioresources in Gävleborg are present in substantial amounts, particularly biowaste from agriculture, the food industry, and households, as well as biomass from the forest industry, which have the potential to be utilized for transport fuel production. However, the evolution of their utilization to power transportation in Gävleborg has been delayed in comparison to several other regions in Sweden. In the case of the technology development of forest industry residue-based transport fuels, the utilization of geographical proximity of artefacts and institutions has played a crucial role. Significant strides have been accomplished in diverse technology domains. However, these advancements have faced obstacles, partially due to the rivalry among system actors aiming to secure a competitive edge in acquiring both knowledge and capital resources and the underutilization of the geographical proximity of actors and industry networks. Based on these research findings, recommendations are provided to support policy and strategy aiming to enhance the utilization of local bioresources for transportation fuels sustainably and cost-effectively with increased local benefits. For example, the study recommends addressing the identified local political, communication, and networking issues, along with integrating regional geodemographic conditions into national biofuel policies and measures. By addressing identified challenges, the Gävleborg region can overcome the stagnation in bioresource to transportation fuel technological systems development and leverage its significant potential.This thesis adds valuable insights to the sustainability transition literature about the environment, economy, and the geography of innovation processes. The findings highlight the need for policy interventions to foster collaboration, coordination, and knowledge sharing among stakeholders, as well as support for the development and commercialization of emerging technologies, including forest-based transport fuel technologies. The analysis of cost and environmental impacts of bioresource utilization for hydrogen production provides insights into the potential trade-offs and benefits of different feedstocks and impact categories. The study provides important input for policy and strategy development towards a more sustainable and cost-effective use of local bioresources for transport fuel production in Gävleborg. This study can also serve as a valuable reference for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders interested in the sustainable utilization of renewable resources for biofuel production, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in this critical area.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Blom, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Havsbaserad vindkraft - beskrivning av samhällsnytta : Uppdragsforskningsrapport
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the biggest challenges of our time is the climate crisis. If we humans are unable to cope with the climate crisis, we risk to not fulfilling many of the 17 global sustainability goals. The climate crisis is a consequence of carbon dioxide emissions, which are largely due to the combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels globally account for over 60 % of the fuel supply for electricity. In Sweden, the domestic electricity supply is almost fossil-free, but electricity is both exported and imported that marginally affects the use of fossil fuels. A change of energy supply in the industry and transport sectors points to an increasing need for electricity in the future. In order for Sweden to meet its climate commitments and achieve the goal of having no territorial emissions of carbon dioxide by 2045, more renewable electricity needs to be supplied. Wind power is one of the types of power needed in the transition to a fossil-free society. To build wind power on a large scale, an environ-mental assessment is required according to the Environmental Code. The permit application to the environmental court describes the impact on the local environment through an environmental impact assessment (miljökonsekvensbeskrivning) with associated investigations. However, offshore wind power must also be examined as a water activity, in which case the societal benefits must also be described.The purpose of this report has been to make a general compilation of existing knowledge about offshore wind power with regard to the societal benefits it constitutes or may constitute from a local, regional and national perspective. The report is based on a literature study based on scientific papers as well as reports, statistics and other facts from authorities and industry organisations. The results are reported in five different areas: energy systems; energy and environmental assessment; business; public activities and civil society. Svea Vind Offshore's offshore wind power projects Utposten 1, Utposten 2 and Greta's klackar 2 have been mentioned as examples. They can generate almost 5 TWh of electricity, which corresponds to the target for 2030 in the County Administrative Board's Gävleborg's energy and climate strategy. For comparison, electricity supply in the county was 4,617 GWh and electricity use 5,034 GWh in 2017 according to the same source.The study shows that more electricity supply capacity is needed and electricity supply from offshore wind power largely follows the need for electricity. Offshore wind power can assist in meeting the power demand and can also be part of a hydrogen expansion. The energy payback period for wind power is about 1 year (comparable to solar cells) and has a lower total environmental impact than the alternatives (comparable to hydropower).Green energy and power from offshore wind power can attract business start-ups. Reef effects and a ban on bottom trawling at an offshore wind farm are positive for the fishing environment. Offshore wind power can contribute to a stronger hospitality industry and related business and can provide both direct and indirect increase in jobs. Annual income arises at local, regional and national level during design, construction, operation and maintenance of wind farms. Establishment of wind power contributes to technical learning and often leads to improved infrastructure. Anchoring, dialogue and distribution of income from offshore wind power can lead to a positive development in the ci-rest society.
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| 7. |
- Brändström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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How circular is a value chain? Proposing a Material Efficiency Metric to evaluate business models
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 342
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of Circular Economy is a principle aiming to improve sustainable development by reducing resource use and impact on ecological systems. An increasing number of companies are applying this theory on design strategies and business models in order to close, slow and narrow material loops. To highlight the importance, guide practitioners, and evaluate the progress of circular economy, a high number of circularity metrics (C-metrics) have been developed. However, little attention has been given to creating a connection between quantification of circularity and environmental performance. Existing metrics also do not highlight the interplay between micro (product), meso (industrial symbiosis), and macro (regional) level circularity. Moreover, existing metrics do not capture all material loops and do not adopt a value chain perspective on material flows. To improve the connection between C-metrics and environmental performance, a framework connecting circular economy strategies and material flows was developed. Based on this framework, a material flow-based C-metric was designed aimed at converting mechanisms of closing, narrowing and slowing material loops into a single-point value. To evaluate its feasibility, the metric was tested on three circular business models that represent all three mechanisms in a value chain perspective. The results showed that the metric is feasible in more situations than existing metrics and that the circularity value is highly dependent on assumptions. In future studies, the metric should be tested and compared to Life Cycle Assessments on multiple system levels to ensure that it generates valid results. Furthermore, user input assumptions should be standardized to ensure metric reliability.
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| 8. |
- Carlos-Pinedo, Sandra
(författare)
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Renewable Energy and Nutrient Valorization from Anaerobic Digestion : Resource-Efficient Solutions
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis aimed at understanding process performance, methane yield, and key influencing factors within the context of solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD). SS-AD is used to treat organic material with high solids content, which can be challenging to address by alternative methods. The investigation involves modelling and simulation exploring mass and energy balances and the associated environmental implications. To achieve this, a waste management tool, ORganic WAste REsearch (ORWARE) was adapted and validated to suit the unique parameters of SS-AD operating under a plug-flow reactor configuration, representing a specific case study. The search of an optimal feedstock mix that enhances the digestion process and energy performance is highlighted. Findings suggest that feedstock selection significantly affects methane yield in SS-AD systems, and optimizing substrate mixtures can enhance process efficiency. Key considerations include biodegradability and lignocellulosic content. Operational parameters, such as temperature variations, impact the results from the model, while responsiveness of hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate remains limited. A further comparison between a liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD) vs SS-AD is made, despite similar methane yields, SS-AD outperforms due to higher energy turnover. Additionally, effective management of digestate nutrients is crucial for its biofertilizer use. Beyond the biogas system, the thesis explores interconnected relationships between SS-AD inputs and outputs and their subsequent use as resources for a hydroponic greenhouse production system. The examination of system interconnections and their broader implications emphasizes the importance of comprehensive assessments when integrating biogas systems beyond their conventional applications.
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| 9. |
- Carlos-Pinedo, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Study of the digestion process at a full-scale solid-state biogas plant by using ORWARE : Model modification and implementation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 107, s. 133-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The configuration of the reactor influences the digestion process and thus the product yields; other factors such as the rate of biogas production or biogas loss also affect the process specifically with high solid configuration. With these in mind, the ORganic WAste REsearch (ORWARE) anaerobic digestion sub-model was modified to be able to study solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) (using plug-flow reactor). The simulation results from the updated model agreed with the operational data with respect to methane yield, digestate yield and energy turnover. The model was found to be sensitive to changes in feedstock composition but to a lesser extent to changes in process temperature and retention time. By applying the model on several cases of liquid anaerobic digestion (L-AD), it was noticed that L-AD at mesophilic condition with 25 retention days seemed to be superior to other cases of L-AD with regard to energy turnover. However, even if similar methane production were observed for L-AD and SS-AD, the model suggested higher energy turnover for the case of SS-AD at thermophilic condition, being 10% more in average in comparison with cases of L-AD.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Danevad, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment of greenhouse tomatoes for the Swedish market
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 431
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The food supply chain is responsible for a large share of the anthropogenic contribution to global warming, as well as being a major contributor to several other impact categories such as acidification and eutrophication. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways of limiting the impact from food production and the food supply chain. Many crops are not adapted to growing in regions with cold climate, which creates the need to either import them or to use production methods such as greenhouses to artificially create good conditions for the crops. Sweden is currently reliant on imports for many different crops, including tomatoes where most of the consumption is covered by import from the Netherlands. This study uses life cycle assessment to analyze the potential environmental impact of Swedish tomato consumption, by comparing several year-round domestic production scenarios with scenarios representing import from the Netherlands. This is done by using a greenhouse simulation software to simulate a theoretical greenhouse placed in both countries, and then using the simulation results in combination with data from the database EcoInvent to perform a life cycle assessment. The results showed that Swedish domestic production has the potential to decrease the environmental impact of tomatoes consumed in Sweden, when compared to import from the Netherlands. There were a couple of combinations of production scenarios and impact categories where the Dutch production performed better, but the Swedish production scenarios performed better in general. The results also clearly showed that scenarios using LED lighting systems consistently had a lower impact than similar production scenarios using high-pressure sodium lighting systems. The choice of energy sources was identified as a crucial factor when it comes to the environmental impact of the studied systems.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ekvall, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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What life-cycle assessment does and does not do in assessments of waste management
- 2007
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 27:8, s. 989-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In assessments of the environmental impacts of waste management, life-cycle assessment (LCA) helps expanding the perspective beyond the waste management system. This is important, since the indirect environmental impacts caused by surrounding systems, such as energy and material production, often override the direct impacts of the waste management system itself. However, the applicability of LCA for waste management planning and policy-making is restricted by certain limitations, some of which are characteristics inherent to LCA methodology as such, and some of which are relevant specifically in the context of waste management. Several of them are relevant also for other types of systems analysis. We have identified and discussed such characteristics with regard to how they may restrict the applicability of LCA in the context of waste management. Efforts to improve LCA with regard to these aspects are also described. We also identify what other tools are available for investigating issues that cannot be adequately dealt with by traditional LCA models, and discuss whether LCA methodology should be expanded rather than complemented by other tools to increase its scope and applicability.
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| 16. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural Variation in the Effectiveness of Feedback on Students' Mistakes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the many things teachers do is to give feedback on their students' work. Feedback pointing out mistakes may be a key to learning, but it may also backfire. We hypothesized that feedback based on students' mistakes may have more positive effects in cultures where teachers have greater authority over students, which we assume to be cultures that are high on power distance and religiosity. To test this hypothesis we analyzed data from 49 countries taking part in the 2015 wave of the TIMSS assessment, in which students in the 4th and 8th grades were asked whether their teachers in mathematics and science told them how to do better when they had made a mistake. For each country we could then estimate the association between the reported use of mistake-based feedback and student achievement. Consistent with our hypothesis, the estimated effect of mistake-based feedback was positive only in certain countries, and these countries tended to be high on power distance and religiosity. These results highlight the importance of cultural values in educational practice.
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| 17. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Higher-achieving children are better at estimating the number of books at home: Evidence and implications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of books at home is commonly used as a proxy for socioeconomic status in educational studies. While both parents' and students' reports of the number of books at home are relatively strong predictors of student achievement, they often disagree with each other. When interpreting findings of analyses that measure socioeconomic status using books at home, it is important to understand how findings may be biased by the imperfect reliability of the data. For example, it was recently suggested that especially low-achieving students tend to underestimate the number of books at home, so that use of such data would lead researchers to overestimate the association between books at home and achievement. Here we take a closer look at how students' and parents' reports of the number of books at home relate to literacy among fourth grade students, by analyzing data from more than 250,000 students in 47 countries participating in 2011 PIRLS. Contrary to prior claims, we find more downward bias in estimates of books at home among high-achieving students than among low-achieving students, but unsystematic errors appear to be larger among low-achieving students. This holds within almost every country. It also holds between countries, that is, errors in estimates of books at home are larger in low-achieving countries. This has implications for studies of the association between books at home and achievement: the strength of the association will generally be underestimated, and this problem is exacerbated in low-achieving countries and among low-achieving students.
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| 18. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic Status as a Multidimensional Predictor of Student Achievement in 77 Societies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Education. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2504-284X. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We reassess the relation between students' socioeconomic status (SES) and their achievement by treating SES as multidimensional instead of unidimensional. We use data from almost 600,000 students in 77 countries participating in the 2018 PISA assessment of student achievement in math, science, and reading. The composite measure of SES that PISA uses can be broken down into six component variables that we here use as simultaneous predictors of achievement. This analysis yields several new insights. First, in the typical society, two predictors (books at home and parents' highest occupational status) clearly outperform the rest. Second, a new composite measure based only on these two components often reveals substantially larger achievement gaps than those reported by PISA. Third, the analysis revealed remarkable differences between societies in the relation between achievement and wealth possessions. In most societies, the independent effect of wealth possessions on student achievement was zero or even slightly negative-but in the least developed societies it was strongly positive. These findings have implications for how SES achievement gaps should be measured and interpreted.
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| 19. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Using TIMSS items to evaluate the effectiveness of different instructional practices
- 2019
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Ingår i: Instructional Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0020-4277 .- 1573-1952. ; 47:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Can instructional quality be measured using TIMSS items on how often certain instructional practices are used in the mathematics classroom? We focused on three instructional practices that have been the topics of longstanding debates in the educational literature: memorizing formulas, listening to the teacher, and relating mathematics to daily life. In a multi-level multiple regression analysis, we examined how class-level responses to these items predicted mathematics achievement. In Sweden, across four waves of TIMSS, relating to daily life was a negative predictor of achievement, whereas memorizing formulas and listening to the teacher were positive predictors. This was also the typical pattern of results across all countries participating in two waves of the international TIMSS. Our findings are in line with certain positions on the abovementioned debates. Although conclusions are limited by the correlational nature of the data, we argue that TIMSS is a promising tool for evaluating the effectiveness of different instructional practices. We also suggest several improvements.
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| 20. |
- Eriksson, Ola, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison between in vitro studies of protein lesions generated by brain electrodes and finite element model simulations
- 1999
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Ingår i: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. - 0140-0118 .- 1741-0444. ; 37:6, s. 737-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to develop a finite element model for simulation of the thermal characteristics of brain electrodes and to compare its performances with an in vitro experimental albumin model. Ten lesions were created in albumin using a monopolar electrode connected to a Leksell Neuro Generator and a computer-assisted video system was used to determine the size of the generated lesions. A finite element model was set up of the in vitro experiments using the same thermal properties. With a very simple heat source applied to the finite element model in the proximity of the upper part of the tip, a good agreement (no deviations in width and distance from tip but a deviation in length of −1.6 mm) with the in vitro experiments (width 4.6±0.1 mm and length 7.4±0.1 mm) was achieved when comparing the outline of the lesion. In addition, a gelatinous albumin-model was set up and compared to computer simulations resulting in deviations in width of −0.4 mm, length of −2.2 mm and distance from the tip of −0.1 mm. Hence, the utilisation of finite element model simulations may be a useful complement to in-vitro experiments.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Eriksson, Ola, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Plastic waste as a fuel - CO2-neutral or not?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Energy and Environmental Science. - : RSC. - 1754-5692. ; 2:9, s. 907-914
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Municipal solid waste (MSW) is not only a societal problem addressed with environmental impact, it is also a resource that can be used for energy supply. In Northern Europe combustion of MSW (incineration with energy recovery) in combination with district heating systems is quite common. In Sweden, about 47 % of the household waste is treated by incineration with energy recovery. Most incineration plants are CHP, summing up to 0.3 % of the total electricity generation. MSW is to a high extent a renewable fuel, but plastic, rubber etc. can amount to 50 % of the carbon content in the waste. Recycling of plastic is in general environmentally favourable in comparison to landfill disposal or incineration. However, some plastic types are not possible to recycle and some plastic has such low quality that it is not suited for recycling. This paper focuses on the non-renewable and non-recyclable plastic in the MSW. A CO2 assessment has been made for non-recyclable plastic where incineration with energy recovery has been compared to landfill disposal. In the assessment, consideration has been taken to alternative fuel in the incinerator, emissions from waste treatment and avoided emissions from heat and power supply. For landfill disposal of plastic the emissions of CO2 amounts to 253 g/kg plastic. For incineration, depending on different discrete choices, the results vary from -673 g/kg to 4 605 g/kg. Results indicate that for typical Swedish and European conditions, incineration of plastics has net emissions of greenhouse gases. These emissions are also in general higher for incineration than for landfill disposal. However in situations where plastics are incinerated with high efficiency and high electricity to heat ratios, and the heat and the electricity from incineration of plastics are replacing heat and electricity in non-combined heat and power plants based on fossil fuels, incineration of plastics can give a net negative contribution of greenhouse gases. The results suggests that efforts should be made to increase recycling of plastics, direct incineration of plastics to places where it can be combusted with high efficiencies and high electricity-to-heat ratios where it is replacing fossil fuels, and reconsider the present policies of avoiding landfill disposal of plastics.
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| 23. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Flexible and robust strategies for waste management in Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 27:8, s. s1-S8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Treatment of solid waste continues to be on the political agenda. Waste disposal issues are often viewed from an environmental perspective, but economic and social aspects also need to be considered when deciding on waste strategies and policy instruments. The aim of this paper is to suggest flexible and robust strategies for waste management in Sweden, and to discuss different policy instruments. Emphasis is on environmental aspects, but social and economic aspects are also considered. The results show that most waste treatment methods have a role to play in a robust and flexible integrated waste management system, and that the waste hierarchy is valid as a rule of thumb from an environmental perspective. A review of social aspects shows that there is a general willingness among people to source separate wastes. A package of policy instruments can include landfill tax, an incineration tax which is differentiated with respect to the content of fossil fuels and a weight based incineration tax, as well as support to the use of biogas and recycled materials.
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| 24. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Instruments towards a sustainable waste management
- 2016
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Ingår i: Solid waste management: Policy and planning for a sustainable society. - : Apple Academic Press. - 9781771883740 - 9780429091650 ; , s. 185-246, s. 185-246
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Health status of individuals referred to first-line intervention for hip and knee osteoarthritis compared with the general population: an observational register-based study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bmj Open. - London, United Kingdom : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To describe the prevalence of comorbidities in a population referred to standardised first-line intervention (patient education and exercise) for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), in comparison with the general population. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate if eventual differences were associated with socioeconomic inequalities. Design Register-based study. Setting Primary healthcare, Sweden. Participants Individuals with hip and/or knee OA included in the Better Management for Patients with Osteoarthritis Register between 2008 and 2016 and and an age-matched, sex-matched and residence-matched reference cohort (1:3) from the general Swedish population. Outcome measures Comorbidities were identified with the RxRisk Index, the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index and the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and presented with descriptive statistics as (1) individual diseases, (2) disease categories and (3) scores for each index. The prevalence of comorbidities in the two populations was tested using logistic regression, with separate analyses for age groups and the most affected joint. We then adjusted the analyses for socioeconomic status. Results In this OA population, 85% had >= 1 comorbidity compared with 78% of the reference cohort (OR; 1.62 (95% CI 1.59 to 1.66)). Cardiovascular/blood diseases were the most common comorbidities in both populations (OA, 59%; reference, 54%), with OR; 1.22 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.24) for the OA population. Younger individuals with OA were more comorbid than their matched references overall, and population differences decreased with age (eg, >= 3 comorbidities, aged <= 45 years OR; 1.74 (95% CI 1.52 to 1.98), >= 81 years OR; 0.95 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.04)). Individuals with knee OA were more comorbid than those with hip OA overall. Adjustment for socioeconomic status did not change the estimates. Conclusion Comorbidities were more common among individuals with hip and knee OA than among matched references from the general population. The differences could not be explained by socioeconomic status.
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| 27. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, 1976-
(författare)
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Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis : Who Are the Patients Referred to First-Line Intervention and What Happens to Them?
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: First-line intervention to address osteoarthritis (OA) should include patient education, exercise therapy, and weight control if needed. Replacement surgery may be appropriate for patients who do not receive sufficient relief from non-surgical interventions. However, predicting the course of OA can be challenging. Some patients experience stable symptoms over time, while others may have a rapid increase in pain and functional impairment. This thesis aims to improve understanding of which patients are referred to first-line intervention for hip and knee OA and to identify factors that affect long-term outcomes in these patients.Methods: The thesis includes studies of patients with hip and knee OA referred to a standardized first-line intervention programme. Study A (papers I, II, IV, V) is a register-based observational study that uses the Swedish Osteoarthritis Register (SOAR) to identify an OA population (n = 72 069). Data from the SOAR was merged with data from the Swedish Arthroplasty Register, Statistics Sweden and the National Board of Health and Welfare. The study also includes a matched reference cohort (n = 216 207) from the general Swedish population for comparison. Papers I and II compare socioeconomic status (SES) and comorbidities of the OA population in the SOAR with the reference cohort. Study B (paper III) is a qualitative study involving 16 patients with hip and knee OA who expressed a desire for surgery at referral to first-line intervention. The study includes interviews regarding the patients’ perspectives on healthcare and self-management of OA. Paper IV examines the time to replacement surgery and prognostic factors for surgery in the OA population. Paper V identifies factors associated with poorer patient-reported outcomes 1 year after hip replacement surgery.Results: The OA population had higher SES and higher odds of having comorbidities than the reference cohort. The differences in comorbidities were greater in younger individuals and those with knee OA. Patients who expressed a desire for surgery before participating in first-line intervention described their perspectives on healthcare and self-management as a multifaceted picture of needs, expectations, and individual choices. Findings range from a passive approach towards managing the OA, described as a lack of control, a sense of being left alone by healthcare, having doubts and mistrusting the care provided, to a more active attitude manifested as a will to take control over the OA, instead of the OA taking control over the patient’s life. Of the patients registered in the SOAR, 46% with hip OA and 20% with knee OA were estimated to progress to replacement surgery within 5 years. The strongest prognostic factors were expressing a desire for surgery and having more severe OA symptoms. In addition, higher SES and the presence of comorbidities had an impact on the risk of progression to surgery. Among those who had undergone a hip replacement, 5%–11% showed poor patient-reported outcomes regarding pain, health-related quality of life, and satisfaction 1 year after surgery. Factors associated with poor outcomes were being older, classified as Charnley C (musculoskeletal comorbidities), or having several comorbidities, particularly depression.Conclusions: Higher SES in the OA population referred to first-line intervention than in the general population indicates that OA care in Sweden may not be equal. The higher prevalence of comorbidities in the OA population suggests that OA care should include improving overall health. Furthermore, first-line OA intervention should be tailored to each patient’s perspectives to achieve the lifestyle changes that the interventions strive to accomplish, especially in patients expressing a desire for surgery at referral. Patients with hip and knee OA differ in their progression to surgery. Those with hip OA tend to progress faster and undergo replacement surgery more often than those with knee OA. Expressing a desire for surgery and having severe OA symptoms are prognostic factors, but other non-OA-related factors play a significant role. However, a large proportion of patients with OA do not require surgery within 5 years after referral to first-line intervention, especially those with knee OA. Identifying depression at the stage of referral to first-line OA intervention would allow increased time to optimize treatments and may help improve patient-reported outcomes after surgery.
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| 28. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Progression to arthroplasty surgery among patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis : a study from the Swedish BOA Register
- 2022
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Ingår i: The bone & joint journal. - London : British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery. - 2049-4408 .- 2049-4394. ; 104-B:7, s. 792-800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: The aim of this study was to estimate time to arthroplasty among patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), and to identify factors at enrolment to first-line intervention that are prognostic for progression to surgery. METHODS: In this longitudinal register-based observational study, we identified 72,069 patients with hip and knee OA in the Better Management of Patients with Osteoarthritis Register (BOA), who were referred for first-line OA intervention, between May 2008 and December 2016. Patients were followed until the first primary arthroplasty surgery before 31 December 2016, stratified into a hip and a knee OA cohort. Data were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and multivariable-adjusted Cox regression. RESULTS: At five years, Kaplan-Meier estimates showed that 46% (95% confidence interval (CI) 44.6 to 46.9) of those with hip OA, and 20% (95% CI 19.7 to 21.0) of those with knee OA, had progressed to arthroplasty. The strongest prognostic factors were desire for surgery (hazard ratio (HR) hip 3.12 (95% CI 2.95 to 3.31), HR knee 2.72 (95% CI 2.55 to 2.90)), walking difficulties (HR hip 2.20 (95% CI 1.97 to 2.46), HR knee 1.95 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.20)), and frequent pain (HR hip 1.56 (95% CI 1.40 to 1.73), HR knee 1.77 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.00)). In hip OA, the probability of progression to surgery was lower among those with comorbidities (e.g. ≥ four conditions; HR 0.64 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.69)), with no detectable effects in the knee OA cohort. Instead, being overweight or obese increased the probability of OA progress in the knee cohort (HR 1.25 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.37)), but not among those with hip OA. CONCLUSION: Patients with hip OA progressed faster and to a greater extent to arthroplasty than patients with knee OA. Progression was strongly influenced by patients' desire for surgery and by factors related to severity of OA symptoms, but factors not directly related to OA symptoms are also of importance. However, a large proportion of patients with OA do not seem to require surgery within five years, especially among those with knee OA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J2022;104-B(7):792-800.
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| 29. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic status of patients in a Swedish national self-management program for osteoarthritis compared with the general population-a descriptive observational study
- 2020
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Ingår i: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2474. ; 21:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background First-line treatment for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) including education and supervised exercises, delivered as a self-management program, is considered one of the mainstays in OA treatment. However, the socioeconomic profile of the population that utilizes first-line treatment for hip and knee OA is unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the socioeconomic status (SES) of a population referred to a self-management program for OA, in comparison with that of the general Swedish population. Methods This is a cross-sectional study including 72,069 patients with hip or knee OA enrolled in the National Quality Register for Better management of patients with Osteoarthritis (BOA) between 2008 and 2016, and registered before participation in a structured OA self-management program. A reference cohort (n = 216,207) was selected from the general Swedish population by one-to-three matching by year of birth, sex and residence. Residential municipality, country of birth, marital status, family type, educational level, employment, occupation, disposable income and sick leave were analyzed. Results The BOA population had higher educational level than the reference group, both regarding patients with hip OA (77.5% vs 70% with >= 10 years of education), and with knee OA (77% vs 72% with >= 10 years of education). Their average disposable income was higher (median [IQR] in Euro (euro), for hip euro17,442 [10,478] vs euro15,998 [10,659], for knee euro17,794 [10,574] vs euro16,578 [11,221]). Of those who worked, 46% of patients with hip OA and 45% of the reference group had a blue-collar occupation. The corresponding numbers for knee OA were 51 and 44% respectively. Sick leave was higher among those with hip and knee OA (26%) than those in the reference groups (13% vs 12%). Conclusions The consistently higher SES in the BOA population compared with the general population indicates that this self-management program for OA may not reach the more socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, who are often those with a higher disease burden.
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| 30. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Study protocol for an observational register-based study on health and risk factors in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis
- 2018
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 8:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Hip and knee osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Currently, the course of deterioration in pain and physical functioning in individuals with osteoarthritis is difficult to predict. Factors such as socioeconomic status and comorbidity contribute to progression of osteoarthritis, but clear associations have not been established. There is a need for early identification of individuals with slow disease development and a good prognosis, and those that should be recommended for future joint replacement surgery. Methods and analysis This nationwide register-based study will use data for approximately 75 000 patients who sought and received core treatment for osteoarthritis in primary healthcare, and were registered in the Swedish population-based National Quality Register for Better Management of Patients with Osteoarthritis. These data will be merged with data for replacement surgery, socioeconomic factors, healthcare consumption and comorbidity from the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register, the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register, Statistics Sweden and the National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. The linkage will be performed using personal identity numbers that are unique to all citizens in Sweden. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (dnr 1059-16). The results from this study will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and reported at suitable national and international meetings.
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| 31. |
- Gustafsson, Kristin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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What Factors Identified in Initial Osteoarthritis Management Are Associated With Poor Patient-reported Outcomes After THA? : A Register-based Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0009-921X .- 1528-1132. ; 481:9, s. 1732-1742
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Some patients report long-term pain or no improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) or are dissatisfied after THA. However, factors associated with these poorer patient-reported outcomes after surgery are inconsistent and have typically been studied in the late phase of hip osteoarthritis (OA) among patients already eligible for surgery. Earlier identification of risk factors would provide time to address modifiable factors, helping to improve patients' pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction after surgery and reduce the burden on orthopaedic clinics by referring patients who are better prepared for surgery.QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We analyzed data from patients with hip OA referred to a first-line OA intervention program in primary healthcare at a stage when they had not been referred for THA, and asked: (1) What percentage of patients who proceed to THA report lack of improvement in pain, lack of improvement in HRQoL as measured by the EQ-5D, or are not satisfied with surgery 1 year after THA? (2) What associations exist between baseline factors at referral to this first-line OA intervention program and these poorer patient-reported outcomes 1 year after THA?METHODS: We included 3411 patients with hip OA (mean age 67 ± 9 years, 63% [2160 of 3411] women) who had been referred for first-line OA interventions between 2008 and 2015 and subsequently underwent THA for OA. All patients were initially identified through the Swedish Osteoarthritis Register, which follows and evaluates patients in a standardized national first-line OA intervention program. Then, we identified those who were also registered in the Swedish Arthroplasty Register with a THA during the study period. We included only those with complete patient-reported outcome measures for pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively, representing 78% (3411 of 4368) of patients, who had the same baseline characteristics as nonrespondents. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the associations between 14 baseline factors and the aforementioned patient-reported outcomes of pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction 1 year after THA, adjusted for all included factors.RESULTS: Five percent (156 of 3411) of the study population lacked improvement in pain, 11% (385 of 3411) reported no improvement in HRQoL, and 10% (339 of 3411) reported they were not satisfied with surgery 1 year after THA. Charnley Class C (multiple-joint OA or another condition that affects the ability to walk) was associated with all outcomes: lack of improvement in pain (OR 1.84 [95% CI 1.24 to 2.71]; p = 0.002), lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR 1.83 [95% CI 1.42 to 2.36]; p < 0.001), and not being satisfied (OR 1.40 [95% CI 1.07 to 1.82]; p = 0.01). Older age was associated with a lack of improvement in pain (OR per year 1.03 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.05]; p = 0.02), lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR per year 1.04 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.06]; p < 0.001), and not being satisfied (OR per year 1.03 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.05]; p < 0.001). Depression was associated with a lack of improvement in pain (OR 1.54 [95% CI 1.00 to 2.35]; p = 0.050) and with not being satisfied (OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.11 to 2.04]; p = 0.01) but not with a lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.76 to 1.43]; p = 0.79). Having four or more comorbidities was associated with a lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR 2.08 [95% CI 1.39 to 3.10]; p < 0.001) but not with a lack of improvement in pain and not being satisfied.CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that older age, Charley Class C, and depression in patients with first-line OA interventions were risk factors associated with poorer outcomes regarding pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction after THA. Screening patients with hip OA for depression early in the disease course would provide increased time to optimize treatments and may contribute to better patient-reported pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction after future THA. Further research should focus on identifying the optimal time for surgery in patients with depression, as well as what targeted interventions for depression can improve outcome of surgery in these patients.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.
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| 32. |
- Gustafsson, K., et al.
(författare)
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What Factors Identified in Initial Osteoarthritis Management Are Associated With Poor Patient-reported Outcomes After THA? A Register-based Study
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. - 0009-921X. ; 481:9, s. 1732-1742
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundSome patients report long-term pain or no improvement in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) or are dissatisfied after THA. However, factors associated with these poorer patient-reported outcomes after surgery are inconsistent and have typically been studied in the late phase of hip osteoarthritis (OA) among patients already eligible for surgery. Earlier identification of risk factors would provide time to address modifiable factors, helping to improve patients' pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction after surgery and reduce the burden on orthopaedic clinics by referring patients who are better prepared for surgery.Questions/purposesWe analyzed data from patients with hip OA referred to a first-line OA intervention program in primary healthcare at a stage when they had not been referred for THA, and asked: (1) What percentage of patients who proceed to THA report lack of improvement in pain, lack of improvement in HRQoL as measured by the EQ-5D, or are not satisfied with surgery 1 year after THA? (2) What associations exist between baseline factors at referral to this first-line OA intervention program and these poorer patient-reported outcomes 1 year after THA?MethodsWe included 3411 patients with hip OA (mean age 67 & PLUSMN; 9 years, 63% [2160 of 3411] women) who had been referred for first-line OA interventions between 2008 and 2015 and subsequently underwent THA for OA. All patients were initially identified through the Swedish Osteoarthritis Register, which follows and evaluates patients in a standardized national first-line OA intervention program. Then, we identified those who were also registered in the Swedish Arthroplasty Register with a THA during the study period. We included only those with complete patient-reported outcome measures for pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively, representing 78% (3411 of 4368) of patients, who had the same baseline characteristics as nonrespondents. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the associations between 14 baseline factors and the aforementioned patient-reported outcomes of pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction 1 year after THA, adjusted for all included factors.ResultsFive percent (156 of 3411) of the study population lacked improvement in pain, 11% (385 of 3411) reported no improvement in HRQoL, and 10% (339 of 3411) reported they were not satisfied with surgery 1 year after THA. Charnley Class C (multiple-joint OA or another condition that affects the ability to walk) was associated with all outcomes: lack of improvement in pain (OR 1.84 [95% CI 1.24 to 2.71]; p = 0.002), lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR 1.83 [95% CI 1.42 to 2.36]; p < 0.001), and not being satisfied (OR 1.40 [95% CI 1.07 to 1.82]; p = 0.01). Older age was associated with a lack of improvement in pain (OR per year 1.03 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.05]; p = 0.02), lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR per year 1.04 [95% CI 1.03 to 1.06]; p < 0.001), and not being satisfied (OR per year 1.03 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.05]; p < 0.001). Depression was associated with a lack of improvement in pain (OR 1.54 [95% CI 1.00 to 2.35]; p = 0.050) and with not being satisfied (OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.11 to 2.04]; p = 0.01) but not with a lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.76 to 1.43]; p = 0.79). Having four or more comorbidities was associated with a lack of improvement in HRQoL (OR 2.08 [95% CI 1.39 to 3.10]; p < 0.001) but not with a lack of improvement in pain and not being satisfied. ConclusionThe results of this study showed that older age, Charley Class C, and depression in patients with first-line OA interventions were risk factors associated with poorer outcomes regarding pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction after THA. Screening patients with hip OA for depression early in the disease course would provide increased time to optimize treatments and may contribute to better patient-reported pain, HRQoL, and satisfaction after future THA. Further research should focus on identifying the optimal time for surgery in patients with depression, as well as what targeted interventions for depression can improve outcome of surgery in these patients.
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| 33. |
- Hillman, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Benefits of Material Recycling : Inventory of Average Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this project is to compare emissions of greenhouse gases from material recycling with those from virgin material production, both from a material supply perspective and from a recycling system perspective. The method for estimating emissions and climate benefits is based on a review, followed by a selection, of the most relevant publications on life cycle assessment (LCA) of materials for use in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The proposed averages show that emissions from material recycling are lower in both perspectives, comparing either material supply or complete recycling systems. The results can be used by companies and industry associations in Denmark, Norway and Sweden to communicate the current climate benefits of material recycling in general. They may also contribute to discussions on a societal level, as long as their average and historic nature is recognised.
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| 34. |
- Holmgren, Mattias, Doktorand, 1991-
(författare)
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A Negative Footprint Illusion in Environmental Impact Estimates
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A major part of anthropogenic climate change is due to everyday human behavior, such as transportation, food and energy consumption. As a result, it has been argued that many barriers for mitigating climate change are psychological in nature. For example, people’s decisions and behaviors are subject to heuristics and biases which sometime harm our decisions. The benchmark of the present thesis is the finding that people believe that adding environmentally friendly items to a set of conventional items reduces the impact of the whole set. This phenomenon has been coined a negative footprint illusion (NFI). How robust is this effect, is it generalizable across judgmental dimensions and what is the mechanism that underpins the effect? This thesis concerns these three questions. Paper 1 found support for the assumption that an averaging bias underpins the NFI. On this view, the NFI appears because people intuitively respond with the average of the ‘vices’ (the unfriendly objects) and ‘virtues’ (the more environmentally friendly objects) in the combined set of objects. Paper 2 demonstrated that the NFI is insensitive to some levels of expertise. Furthermore, Paper 2 also reported the first demonstration of the NFI in the context of a within-participants design. Paper 3 found that a NFI can also be demonstrated in the context of atmospheric CO2 concentration estimates. Paper 3 also reported further evidence for the averaging bias account of the NFI and showed that the effect is at least insensitive to some variations in the framing of the problem posed to the participants. Paper 4 demonstrated that the NFI can be eliminated by priming a summative mindset before requesting participants to make the environmental impact estimates. Taken together, this thesis shows that the NFI is a robust phenomenon that can be found across various to-be-estimated stimulus materials, it appears to be underpinned by an averaging bias but can be cognitively controlled in certain conditions.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Kasina, P., et al.
(författare)
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Postoperative Thromboprophylaxis With New Oral Anticoagulants is Superior to LMWH in Hip Arthroplasty Surgery: Findings from the Swedish Registry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical orthopaedics and related research. - 1528-1132. ; 477:6, s. 1335-1343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Although the use of thromboprophylaxis is well established, there is no consensus on the preferred thromboprophylaxis regimen after THA; large, population-based studies offer an opportunity to examine this problem in a robust way that can complement results from randomized trials. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: Using data from a large national registry, we asked: (1) Is there any difference between low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and new oral anticoagulants in preventing symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), after THA? (2) Are there any differences in safety parameters, such as bleeding, reoperations and mortality, between LMWH and new oral anticoagulants? METHODS: Between 2008 and 2012, 78,066 THAs were performed in Sweden. This study evaluated 32,663 (42%) of them, selected through the merger of several national registries. These patients underwent unilateral THA due to primary osteoarthritis. They had not experienced any venous thromboembolic events 5 years before the index operation and were not prescribed potent antithrombotic agents, of any type, in the 6 months before the index operation. Additionally, their postoperative thromboprophylaxis was confirmed in a national registry by purchase of prescribed medications. We divided the cohort into two groups: those patients who received new oral anticoagulants (5752, 18%) and those who received LMWH (26,881, 82%) as postoperative thromboprophylaxis. Our primary endpoints were the frequencies of symptomatic DVT and symptomatic PE within 3 months of surgery. Our secondary comparison was a between-group comparison of bleeding (by way of diagnostic coding), reoperation, and mortality within 3 months of surgery. Odds ratios (OR) are presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as pooled results for the two groups after adjustment for duration of thromboprophylaxis (short or extended for at least 28 days), year of the index operation, Elixhauser comorbidity index, sex, age and previous treatment with platelet aggregation inhibitors. RESULTS: The risk of symptomatic DVT was lower in the group that received new oral anticoagulants than the group that received LMWH (0.3% versus 0.6%, OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27-0.76; p = 0.026). The risk of symptomatic PE was lower in the group that received new oral anticoagulants than the group that received LMWH (0.1% versus 0.4%, OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.69; p = 0.005). There was no difference in the risk of bleeding (by way of diagnostic coding) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82-1.28; p = 0.688), reoperation (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.71-1.44; p = 0.860) or mortality (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.31-1.88; p = 0.883) between groups. CONCLUSIONS: New oral anticoagulants were associated with a lower risk of symptomatic DVT and symptomatic PE in this large, registry study, and we observed no differences in the risk of bleeding, reoperation, or death between the groups. Although we were able to control for a number of potential confounding variables, we cannot ascertain the indications that drove the prescription decisions in this setting, and there were important between-group differences in terms of duration of thromboprophylaxis (new oral anticoagulants generally were used for a longer period of time after surgery). Future studies, preferably large randomized trials with pragmatic inclusion criteria, to analyze symptomatic DVT, symptomatic PE and death are needed to confirm or refute our findings. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.
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| 40. |
- Lindvall, Jannika, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact and Design of a National-scale Professional Development Program for Mathematics Teachers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0031-3831 .- 1470-1170. ; 66:5, s. 744-759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By examining the effects of a national-scale teacher professional development (PD) program on instructional practices and student mathematics achievement, we contribute to calls for empirical studies investigating the impacts of such programs conducted at scale. The program corresponds well with core critical features of high-quality teacher PD and mathematics instruction identified in the literature, and the results indicate that it has had a small but statistical significant impact on teachers' instructional practices. However, no effect was found for student achievement. These results raise questions as to the importance of the critical features and how programs incorporating all of them affect instructional practices and student achievement.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Petrović, Bojana, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Assessment of a Wooden Single-Family Building : Focusing on Re-Used Building Products
- 2024
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Ingår i: Buildings. - : MDPI. - 2075-5309. ; 14:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown a lack of studies with comparisons between primary (virgin) and secondary (re-used) building materials, and their embodied emissions. The creation of different scenarios comparing the environmental impact of virgin vs. re-used materials is also motivated by the scarcity of raw materials in the world and the emergency of mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings. The aim of this study was to investigate scenarios, including new vs. re-used building products, applying the LCA method for a wooden single-family building. The findings showed a 23% reduction potential for total released (positive) CO2e when comparing the Reference scenario with Scenario I, using re-used wooden-based materials. Further, Scenario II, using all re-used building materials except for installations, showed a 59% CO2e reduction potential compared to the Reference scenario. Finally, Scenario III, which assumes all re-used building products, showed a 92% decreased global warming potential (GWP) impact compared to the Reference scenario. However, when including biogenic carbon and benefits (A5 and D module), the Reference scenario, based on newly produced wooden building materials, has the largest negative GHG emissions. It can be concluded that the re-use of building products leads to significant carbon savings compared to using new building products.
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| 45. |
- Petrovic, Bojana, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon assessment of a wooden single-family building – A novel deep green design and elaborating on assessment parameters
- 2023
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Ingår i: Building and Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0360-1323 .- 1873-684X. ; 233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate how the carbon accounting of a wooden single-family house is affected by (1) decreasing the carbon footprint by changes in building design, (2) differentiating biogenic carbon from fossil carbon and (3) including external benefits beyond the state-of-the-art system boundaries. The motivation of exploring different system boundaries, improved building design and investigating benefits aside of system boundaries rely on the fact of having the “full” picture of GHG emissions of building products. Changes in building design were analyzed by life cycle assessment (LCA) focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while the costs were assessed by using lice cycle cost (LCC). The findings showed that by including positive and negative emissions from the production phase for an improved building design within scenario 4 ‘Cradle to Gate + Biogenic Carbon + D module’ has the lowest embodied GHG emissions when compared to other approaches with −3.5 kg CO2e/m2/y50. Considering the impacts of the whole building, the lowest GHG emissions are within the scenario 8 ‘Cradle to Grave + Biogenic Carbon + D module‘ for the improved building design with −0.7 kg CO2e/m2/y50. The results suggest that a change to sustainable alternatives for building components that makes the whole building to be constructed by wood, could lead to significant reduction of GHG emissions compared to conventional material choices. Economically, testing sustainable solutions, the highlighted results are the construction costs that are almost double higher for CLT elements for the foundation compared to concrete.
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| 46. |
- Petrovic, Bojana
(författare)
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Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of a single-family house
- 2021
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The building industry is responsible for 35% of final energy use and 38% of CO2 emissions at a global level. The European Union aims to reduce CO2 emissions in the building industry by up to 90% by the year 2050. Therefore, it is important to consider the environmental impacts buildings have. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the environmental impacts and costs of a single-family house in Sweden. In the study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the life cycle cost (LCC) methods have been used by following the “cradle to grave” life cycle perspective. This study shows a significant reduction of global warming potential (GWP), primary energy (PE) use and costs when the lifespan of the house is shifted from 50 to 100 years. The findings illustrate a total decrease in LCA outcome, of GWP to 27% and PE to 18%. Considering the total LCC outcome, when the discount rate increases from 3% to 5% and then 7%, the total costs decrease significantly (60%, 85% to 95%). The embodied carbon, PE use and costs from the production stage/construction stage are significantly reduced, while the maintenance/replacement stage displays the opposite trend. Operational energy use, water consumption and end-of-life, however, remain largely unchanged. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of using wood-based building materials due to its lower carbon-intensive manufacturing process compared to non-wood choices. The results of the LCA and LCC were systematically studied and are presented visually. Low carbon and cost-effective materials and installations have to be identified in the early stage of a building design so that the appropriate investment choices can be made that will reduce a building’s total environmental and economic impact in the long run. Findings from this thesis provide a greater understanding of the environmental and economic impacts that are relevant for decision-makers when building single-family houses.
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| 47. |
- Petrovic, Bojana, et al.
(författare)
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Life Cycle Cost Analysis of a Single-Family House in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Buildings. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 2075-5309. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this paper was to explore long-term costs for a single-family house in Sweden during its entire lifetime. In order to estimate the total costs, considering construction, replacement, operation, and end-of-life costs over the long term, the life cycle cost (LCC) method was applied. Different cost solutions were analysed including various economic parameters in a sensitivity analysis. Economic parameters used in the analysis include various nominal discount rates (7%, 5%, and 3%), an inflation rate of 2%, and energy escalation rates (2-6%). The study includes two lifespans (100 and 50 years). The discounting scheme was used in the calculations. Additionally, carbon-dioxide equivalent (CO(2)e) emissions were considered and systematically analysed with costs. Findings show that when the discount rate is decreased from 7% to 3%, the total costs are increased significantly, by 44% for a 100-year lifespan, while for a 50 years lifespan the total costs show a minor increase by 18%. The construction costs represent a major part of total LCC, with labor costs making up half of them. Considering costs and emissions together, a full correlation was not found, while a partial relationship was investigated. Results can be useful for decision-makers in the building sector.
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| 48. |
- Pilemalm, Sofie, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating the rational unified process and participatory design for development of socio-technical systems : A user participative approach
- 2007
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Ingår i: Design Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-694X .- 1872-6909. ; 28:3, s. 263-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents the MOPT-Systems Development Process, aimed at bridging the gap between ideality and reality. The process is based on an approach to systems development involving a formalised process for developing socio-technical systems. In specific, it integrates a modified Rational Unified Process (RUP) framework with a socio-technical system view and an extended participatory design (PD) perspective using PD techniques and social research methods. It is argued that the integrated approach, by combining the RUP formalisation, modeling tools and coverage of the entire development process, together with the parallel development of methodology, organisation, and personnel, will greatly enhance the chance of solid systems, grounded in the organisation and appreciated by its users. In this respect, the close cooperation with the end-users throughout the development process is supposed to contribute.
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| 49. |
- Ramirez Villegas, Ricardo, 1981-
(författare)
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Energy efficient renovation in a life cycle perspective : A case study of a Swedish multifamily-building
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy use in the European Union is increasing. At the same time, it is estimated that by the year 2050 most of the EU population will be living in currently existing buildings. Some of these buildings are or will be in need of renovation, and they have identified a target to reduce overall energy use. The urgency of climate change also makes it highly relevant and important to improve buildings resource and energy efficiency. This thesis aims to explain how different proposed energy efficient renovation strategies affect the energy use at different system levels, the potential environmental impacts of these alternatives, how they are connected to economic impacts and the implications of using a commercial LCA software to answer these questions from a research perspective.In order to answer the questions above, the effect of different renovation strategies were studied by combining building energy simulations, energy system simulations, a building environmental assessment tool, life cycle assessment and life cycle cost calculations. These tools are used in order to provide an overview of how the different renovation strategies affect the production of district heating, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the environmental and economic performance of the building.The results show that the selected renovation strategies reduce energy use by decreasing transmission losses, while reducing the total amount of purchased energy by using solar energy or by changing energy carriers. These different approaches have the potential to reduce the environmental impact, mainly by reducing global warming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential and to some extent abiotic depletion potential. However, when changing energy carriers there is a burden shift to radioactive waste disposed. When the economic aspects are analyzed, it is shown that there is no simple correlation between financial and environmental impacts.To analyze a building from a life cycle perspective can help to identify the advantages and disadvantages of energy efficient renovation from the building owner’s perspective as well as from a societal perspective. Applying a life cycle perspective is therefore important for building owners, building companies and practitioners as well for policy makers to avoid suboptimisation.
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| 50. |
- Wallhagen, Marita, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Framework for Detailed Comparison of Building Environmental Assessment Tools
- 2013
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Ingår i: Buildings. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI AG. - 2075-5309. ; 3:1, s. 39-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding how Building Environmental Assessments Tools (BEATs) measure and define “environmental” building is of great interest to many stakeholders, but it is difficult to understand how BEATs relate to each other, as well as to make detailed and systematic tool comparisons. A framework for comparing BEATs is presented in the following which facilitates an understanding and comparison of similarities and differences in terms of structure, content, aggregation, and scope. The framework was tested by comparing three distinctly different assessment tools; LEED-NC v3, Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH), and EcoEffect. Illustrations of the hierarchical structure of the tools gave a clear overview of their structural differences. When using the framework, the analysis showed that all three tools treat issues related to the main assessment categories: Energy and Pollution, Indoor Environment, and Materials and Waste. However, the environmental issues addressed, and the parameters defining the object of study, differ and, subsequently, so do rating, results, categories, issues, input data, aggregation methodology, and weighting. This means that BEATs measure “environmental” building differently and push “environmental” design in different directions. Therefore, tool comparisons are important, and the framework can be used to make these comparisons in a more detailed and systematic way.
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