| 1. |
- Ernstgård, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Acute effects of exposure to 1 mg/m(3) of vaporized 2-ethyl-1-hexanol in humans
- 2010
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 20:2, s. 168-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective was to assess acute effects from controlled exposure of volunteers to 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, a volatile organic compound that is often found in indoor air. Sixteen males and fourteen females were in random order exposed to 1 mg/m3 of vapors of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol or to clean air (control exposure) in an exposure chamber during 2 h at rest. The subjects performed symptom ratings on Visual Analog Scales. During exposure to 2-ethyl-1-hexanol subjective ratings of smell and eye discomfort were minimally but significantly increased. Ratings of nasal irritation, throat irritation, headache, dyspnoea, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and intoxication were not significantly affected. No exposure-related effects on measurement of blinking frequency by electromyography, measurement of the eye break-up time, vital staining of the eye, nasal lavage biomarkers, transfer tests, spirometric and rhinometric measures were seen. No differences in response were seen between sexes or between atopics and non-atopics
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| 2. |
- Ernstgård, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Acute Effects of Some Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted From Waters-Based Paints
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 49:8, s. 880-889
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Acute effects during controlled exposure to some of the volatile organic compounds emitted from water-based paints were evaluated. METHODS: Healthy volunteers (10 atopics, 10 nonatopics, and 10 painters) were exposed to a mixture of propyleneglycol, texanol, diethyleneglycol monoethylether, diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether, and dipropyleneglycol monomethyl ether at a total concentration of 35 mg/m3 (G), a mixture of G and ammonia (15 mg/m3) (GA), and clean air (C). RESULTS: Subjective ratings of irritation in eyes, nose, throat, and dyspnea were significantly higher during the G and GA conditions, when compared with during the C condition. Nasal mucosal swelling was observed after G but not after GA exposure. No effects of the exposure on the pulmonary function, markers of inflammation in nasal lavages, and renal function in urine were seen. CONCLUSION: Exposure to G and GA caused mild irritation in eyes, nose, and airways.
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| 3. |
- Ernstgård, Lena
(författare)
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Uptake, disposition and acute effects of inhaled organic solvents : sex differences and influence of cytochrome P450 2E1 in human volunteers
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main aim of the present thesis was to study the influence of sex, cytochrome P450 2E1 and chlorzoxazone on the uptake and metabolism of solvents in humans. Sex differences in acute effects of organic solvents were also assessed. Study I: Many solvents, including acetone and toluene, are to a large extent metabolised by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Also some pharmaceuticals such as chlorzoxazone are mainly metabolised by CYP2E1. Volunteers were exposed in an exposure chamber to acetone or toluene vapour at a dose equal to the Swedish occupational exposure limit, with and without intake of chlorzoxazone. The solvents were measured in inhaled air, exhaled air, capillary blood and urine. The levels of chlorzoxazone, its metabolite 6‑hydroxychlorzoxazone and hippuric acid, a metabolite of toluene, were also measured. Chlorzoxazone intake did not result in significant effects on acetone or toluene disposition; however, we found indications of slightly decreased biotransformation of acetone and possibly also of toluene after intake of chlorzoxazone. In addition, both acetone and toluene seem to delay the metabolism of chlorzoxazone. The most likely explanation for the effect is competitive inhibition of CYP2E1. Study II: To study the reliability of chlorzoxazone as an in vivo probe for CYP2E1 activity in humans, a series of experiments were performed. The influence of genotype, sampling time, dose, and ethanol intake were studied. In addition estimates of the intra- and inter-individual and short-term and long-term intra-individual variability in metabolic ratio were made. A positive correlation with body weight suggested dose-dependent metabolism of chlorzoxazone. The intra-individual metabolic ratio in long-term (yearly intervals) and short-term (weekly intervals) variability were similar. The metabolic ratio decreased with increasing chlorzoxazone dose, which supported that metabolism was dose-dependent. CYP2E1 genotypes or ethanol intake the preceding evening did not influence the metabolic ratio. In summary, the metabolism of chlorzoxazone is relatively stable over time, but appears to be dose-dependent at commonly used doses. It is therefore advisable to adjust the dose for body weight. Study III-V: To study possible sex differences in acute effects and the influence of sex on uptake and metabolism of solvents, women and men were exposed to vapours of m‑xylene, of 2‑propanol and to clean air in an exposure chamber. The volunteers were exposed for two hours at the Swedish occupational exposure limit. Effect measurements included blinking frequency, pulmonary function, nasal swelling, colour vision and inflammatory markers in nasal lavage. In addition, the subjects rated symptoms in a questionnaire. Body fat, weight and height were measured to assess the body build. The solvents and their metabolites were analysed in inhaled air, exhaled air, capillary blood, saliva and urine. The metabolic biotransformation capacity was assessed by phenotyping for CYP2E1 with chlorzoxazone and by genotyping for several metabolic enzymes. The women tended to rate symptoms higher than men. However, there were no significant sex related differences regarding symptom ratings in response to the solvent exposure. Women showed a small but significant decrease in some pulmonary function parameters after exposure to m‑xylene. The respiratory uptake was higher and the volume of distribution larger in males. The women had a slightly shorter half time of 2-propanol in blood but approximately four times higher 2-propanol levels in exhaled air at 10 min post-exposure and onwards. The most marked sex difference was that of salivary acetone, where levels increased more than 100-fold in women, but only about 10-fold in men after exposure to 2-propanol compared to clean air.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Wålinder, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Acute effects of 1-octen-3-ol, a microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC)--an experimental study
- 2008
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Ingår i: Toxicology Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4274 .- 1879-3169. ; 181:3, s. 141-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acute effects were assessed from exposure to a common volatile compound of microbial origin, the aliphatic alcohol 1-octen 3-ol (octenol). Twenty-nine volunteers performed symptom reports, measurement of blink frequency by electromyography, measurement of the eye break-up time, vital staining of the eye, nasal lavage, acoustic rhinometry, transfer tests and dynamic spirometry. Subjects were during 2h in random order exposed to either 10mg/m(3) of octenol or clean air as control. During octenol exposure subjective ratings of smell and nasal irritation were increased together with higher nasal lavage biomarker levels of eosinophil cationic protein, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme. Also eye irritation and blinking frequency were increased together with throat irritation, mild dyspnoea after 1-h but not after 2-h, and a small decrease in vital capacity. Ratings of headache and nausea were also increased. Atopics did not have more reactions due to exposure, whereas females experienced more smell and mucosal irritation. Thus, there were both subjective and objective signs of mild mucosal irritation of eyes and airways together with symptoms of headache and nausea.
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| 6. |
- Wålinder, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Acute effects of a fungal volatile compound
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 113:12, s. 1775-1778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: 3-Methylfuran (3-MF) is a common fungal volatile product with active biologic properties, and previous studies have indicated a contribution to airway disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute health effects of this compound in humans. DESIGN: Acute effects were assessed via chamber exposure to (1 mg/m3) 3-MF. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Twenty-nine volunteers provided symptom reports, ocular electromyograms, measurement of eye tear film break-up time,vital staining of the eye, nasal lavage, acoustic rhinometry, transfer tests, and dynamic spirometry. RESULTS: No subjective ratings were significantly increased during exposure. Blinking frequency and the lavage biomarkers myeloperoxidase and lysozyme were significantly increased, and forced vital capacity was significantly decreased during exposure to 3-MF compared with air control. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Acute effects in the eyes, nose, and airways were detected and might be the result of the biologically active properties of 3-MF. Thus, 3-MF may contribute to building-related illness.
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