| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of injury risk functions for use with the THORAX Demonstrator; an updated THOR
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2014; Berlin; Germany; 10 September 2014 through 12 September 2014. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; 14:41, s. 359-376, s. 359-376
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thorax‐shoulder complex of the THOR dummy was updated in the EU‐project THORAX. The new dummy, the THORA demonstrator, was evaluated in several biomechanical test conditions. In this study, selected data from these tests and injury information from the original tests with Post Mortem Human Subjects were used to develop injury risk functions in accordance with the guidelines defined withinISO/TC22/SC12/WG6. This included the use of survival analysis, distribution and quality assessments.The results include draft injury risk functions for three THORAX injury criteria intended for frontal and oblique loading. The maximum peak deflection measurement (Dmax) and a new differential deflection criterion (DcTHOR) were found to have a good injury risk quality index. Furthermore, a new local strain‐based concept, denoted Number of Fractured Ribs (NFR), appeared to be a potentially useful injury criterion as by its nature it is less sensitive to restraint conditions than deflection measures although it had a lower quality index compared with the displacement‐based criteria.
|
|
| 3. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Set of injury risk curves for different sizes and ages
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When new crash test dummy hardware becomes available it is important to establish howthe measurements taken with that tool relate to a risk of injury. THORAX is a collaborativemedium-scale project under the EC Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reduction andprevention of thoracic injuries. Within the project an improved understanding of thoracicinjury mechanisms has been implemented in an updated design for the thorax-shouldercomplex of the THOR dummy. The new dummy hardware, referred to as the THORAXdemonstrator, has been evaluated in a number of biomechanical test conditions. The datafrom these tests has provided the opportunity to compare those data with injury outcomedata under equivalent loading conditions. This report describes that comparison and theresulting injury risk curves developed.When developing injury risk functions for a new dummy it is common practice to repeat testscarried out with post-mortem human subjects (PMHS) with the crash test dummy. Matcheddummy data and injury records from the PMHS tests are then used in the development ofinjury risk functions. Other approaches involve collection of real world accident events thathave been recreated with the dummy in the laboratory. Both of these approaches have beenadopted in this study.Injury risk functions are commonly developed for the average male in terms of size and age.However, age, gender and size influence the risk of injury for a given crash condition. Crashtest dummies that take these differences into account may be developed in the future.However, as part of the THORAX project advanced scaling methods have been developedthat can be used to modify the injury risk functions to account for gender and different sizes.Thereby the measurements obtained in crash tests with the THORAX demonstrator can beused to predict the risk for other occupant categories than those that are close to the averagemale.By providing the automotive industry with a superior crash test dummy, the new THORAXdemonstrator, associated injury risk functions and scaling techniques it is expected thatimproved restraint systems will be developed that lead to a reduction of chest injuries.
|
|
| 4. |
- Erwan, Lecuyer, et al.
(författare)
-
Data for Evaluation of Crash Test Dummies and Human Body Models: New and past Post Mortem Human Subject Data from Groupement d'Intérêt Economique de Recherches et Etudes PSA-RENAULT; and Volunteer shoulder range-of-motion and stiffness
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For assessment of their performance and for the development of injury risk functions there is a need for additional biofidelity data. In this report two types of data are made available: Part A - post mortem human subject exposed to various restraints; Part B – volunteer shoulder rang-of-motions.Part ALAB-2002:Load-limiting belt restraints have been present in cars since 1995. An accident study showed the greater effectiveness in thorax injury prevention using a 4 kN load limiter belt with an airbag than using a 6 kN load limiter belt without airbag.Frontal sled crashes were performed using PMHS. Restraint conditions evaluated are 6 kN load-limiting belt and 4 kN load-limiting belt with an airbag. Loads between the occupant and the sled environment were recorded. Various measurements characterize the PMHS behaviour and injuries were noted.LAB-2005: Many studies have reported multiple rib fractures sustained by an Out-of-Position (OOP) driver subjected to a frontal airbag deployment. Two successive phases occur during the bag deployment: punch-out loading of the thorax, followed by a membrane effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the thoracic injuries generated by each phase separately. Tests of nine post-mortem human surrogates were carried out on a static test bench using a driver side airbag module. Three loading configurations were performed: membrane only, punch-out only, and both types combined. The membrane-only tests were performed with the thorax initially positioned at 13, 78 and 128 mm from the plate in order to vary the load magnitude. The punch-out and the combined tests were performed with the thorax initially 8 mm from the module. Accelerometers and angular rate sensors were fixed on the sternum and on the first, fourth, and eighth thoracic vertebrae of the PMHS. Ribs 2 to 6 were instrumented with strain gauges. The reaction force of the bag on the plate was measured using four 2-axis load cells. Results showed that both pure punch-out and pure membrane loading can result in thoracic injuries. However, the rib fracture locations seemed to differ from one type of loading to the other. Moreover, for the same initial distance between the airbag module and the thorax, the injuries were more severe in the combined effect tests than in the pure punch-out or pure membrane. LAB-2008: Ribs of 8 PMHS were equipped with up to 96 strain gauges. In a first series of 3 tests, the subjects were seated upright and their chests were loaded by a 23.4 kg impactor propelled at 4.3 m/s in pure frontal, oblique and pure lateral directions. In a second series of 3 tests, the subjects were loaded by the deployment of an unfolded airbag in the same 3 directions. Part BThe shoulder complex is rarely exposed to injuries in frontal and oblique frontal collisions, but influence the belt interaction and as such the thorax compression and head kinematics. The purpose of this study was to establish response requirements for the shoulder complex in terms of range-of-motion and stiffness. Six male volunteers were seated in a rigid seat that simulated a car driver’s posture whilst in a special designed test rig. Loads to the shoulders were applied through the arms, by means of brackets fastened to the elbows, loads rearward were applied by means of a strap around the shoulder complex. Torso movement was blocked by two pre-tensed diagonal belts that were routed close to the neck to avoid excessive clavicle interaction. Shoulders were loaded with increasing load from 0 ̶ 200 N/shoulder at 50 N increments. A test series included four load series: shoulders pulled straight forward, forward-upward, upward and rearward. Each volunteer was exposed to three tests. Shoulder positions relative to the spine were obtained from film analysis. Photo markers were mounted on the volunteer’s skin: head, posterior tip of acromion process, chest, T1 and T4. The right and left acromion relative to T1 displacements were used to calculate the shoulder range-of-motion in three directions. Belt loads and seat back loads were recorded. Average resultant volunteers’ acromion relative to T1 range-of-motion, at the maximum load, was 55 mm for forward loads, 69 mm for forward-upward loads, 73 for mm upward loads and 50 mm for rearward loads. The volunteers provided measurements with reasonable repeatability.The volunteers curved their spines only slightly when shoulder loads were applied. Hence, shoulder complex motion was successfully isolated and results reflect pure shoulder relative to chest motions. The applied loads were lower than those commonly seen in frontal crashes, however the shoulder is highly mobile and its response to loads is largely dependent on muscle characteristics. As such studies using volunteers may be complimentary to tests with post mortem human subjects.
|
|
| 5. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of an Advanced Thorax / Shoulder Complex for the THOR Dummy
- 2013
-
Ingår i: SAE Technical Papers. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191 .- 2688-3627. ; 5
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatalitiesand severe injuries in car crashes. The tools availabletoday for studying these injuries are not up to par withthe latest implementation of restraint systems and airbags.THORAX-FP7 is a collaborative medium scale projectunder the Seventh Framework. It focuses on the reductionand prevention of thoracic injuries through an improvedunderstanding of the thoracic injury mechanisms and theimplementation of this understanding in an updated designfor the thorax-shoulder complex of the THOR dummy. Theupdated dummy should enable the design and evaluationof advanced restraint systems for a wide variety (gender,age and size) of car occupants. The hardware developmentinvolves fi ve steps: 1) Identifi cation of the dominant thoracicinjury types from fi eld data, 2) Specifi cation of biomechanicalrequirements, 3) Identification of injury parameters andnecessary instrumentation, 4) Dummy hardware developmentand 5) Evaluation of the demonstrator dummy.The THORAX project started in February 2009. This paperpresents results achieved so far including outcomes ofaccident surveys, selection of human response data suitablefor the assessment of the dummy performance, humanbody simulation into the injury criteria and the dummydevelopments done so far.
|
|
| 6. |
- Song, Eric, et al.
(författare)
-
Definition of injury mechanism and related physical parameters based on datasets from PMHS tests and advanced HBM simulation
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The THORAX project was initiated to study thoracic injuries for a wide variety of car occupants and transfer research results into test and design tools. Task 2.3 - Injury mechanism – was designed to achieve the following objectives:-Characterization of injury mechanisms of the most relevant thoracic injury types as defined in WP1; -Definition of assessment criteria for use in an improved THOR frontal crash test dummy as well as in Human Body Models. An injury criterion is considered as relevant if it is restraint-independent, capable to discriminate between different loading conditions. To achieve these objectives, two approaches were planned: 1) Traditional approach: it consists of analyzing existing PMHS tests and injuries and suggesting injury mechanisms. 2) HBM-based approach: it consists of using Human Body Models to identify the most relevant global injury criteria. This document, assigned as Deliverable D2.4-M24, reports results obtained. All results are dealing with the human body model simulations since the traditional approach was not performed due to limited data available. Activities using the HBM-based approach were split into two parts:-Studies into the definition of injury assessment criteria, conducted by Gie Re PR (LAB PSA Peugeot Citroën Renault) using an updated version of the HUMOS2 model called HUMOS2LAB.-Studies into the thoracic stiffness and the contributions of the various elements in the thorax to this stiffness, conducted by Chalmers, using an modified version of the THUMS model, and by Gie Re PR, using the HUMOS2LAB model.Each of these activities included a first step into validation of the models for their purpose followed by application studies.
|
|
| 7. |
- Sunnevang, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of Near-Side Oblique Frontal Impacts Using THOR With SD3 Shoulder
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 15:Supplement 1, s. S96-S102
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Within the EC Seventh Framework project THORAX, the Mod-Kit THOR was upgraded with a new thorax and shoulder. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the THOR ATD met a set of prerequisites to a greater extent than Hybrid III and by that measure whether the dummy could serve as a potential tool for future evaluation of serious head and chest injuries in near-side oblique frontal impacts.Method: A small-overlap/oblique sled system was used to reflect occupant forces observed in oblique frontal crashes. The head and thoracic response from THOR was evaluated for 3 combinations: belt only with no deformation of the driver's side door (configuration A), belt only in combination with a predeformed door (configuration B), and prepretensioning belt and driver airbag (PPT+DAB) in combination with a predeformed door (configuration C). To evaluate head injury risk, the head injury criterion (HIC) and brain injury criteria (BrIC) were used. For evaluation of the thoracic injury risk, 3 injury criteria proposed by the THORAX project were evaluated: Dmax, DcTHOR, and strain (dummy rib fractures).Results: Unlike Hybrid III, the THOR with SD3 shoulder interacted with the side structure in a near-side oblique frontal impact. HIC values for the 3 test configurations corresponded to a 90% (A) and 100% (B and C) risk of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ head injury, and BrIC values resulted in a 100% risk of AIS 2+ head injury in configurations A and B. In C the risk was reduced to 75%. The AIS 2+ thoracic injury risks based on Dmax were similar (14-18%) for all tests. Based on DcTHOR, AIS 2+ injury risk increased from 29 to 53% as the predeformed door side was introduced (A to B), and the risk increased, to 64%, as a PPT+DAB was added (C). Considering the AIS 2+ injury risk based on strain, tests in A resulted in an average of 3 dummy rib fractures (17%). Introducing the predeformed door (B) increased the average of dummy fractures to 5 (39%), but in C the average number of dummy rib fractures decreased to 4 (28%).Conclusions: THOR with an SD3 shoulder should be the preferred ATD rather than the Hybrid III for evaluating head and thorax injuries in oblique frontal impacts. Thoracic interaction with the predeformed door was not well captured by the 3D IR-Traccs; hence, use of deflection as an injury predictor in oblique loading is insufficient for evaluating injury risk in this load case. However, injury risk evaluation may be performed using the strain measurements, which characterize loading from seat belt and airbag as well as the lateral contribution of the structural impact in the loading condition used in this study.
|
|
