| 1. |
- Heinken, Thilo, et al.
(författare)
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The European Forest Plant Species List (EuForPlant): Concept and applications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1654-1103 .- 1100-9233. ; 33:3, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Question: When evaluating forests in terms of their biodiversity, distinctiveness and naturalness, the affinity of the constituent species to forests is a crucial parameter. Here we ask to what extent are vascular plant species associated with forests, and does species’ affinity to forests vary between European regions?Location: Temperate and boreal forest biome of Northwestern and Central Europe. Methods: We compiled EuForPlant, a new extensive list of forest vascular plant spe- cies in 24 regions spread across 13 European countries using vegetation databases and expert knowledge. Species were region-specifically classified into four categories reflecting the degree of their affinity to forest habitats: 1.1, species of forest interiors; 1.2, species of forest edges and forest openings; 2.1, species that can be found in forest as well as open vegetation; and 2.2, species that can be found partly in forest, but mainly in open vegetation. An additional “O” category was distinguished, covering species typical for non-forest vegetation.Results: EuForPlant comprises 1,726 species, including 1,437 herb-layer species, 159 shrubs, 107 trees, 19 lianas and 4 epiphytic parasites. Across regions, generalist forest species (with 450 and 777 species classified as 2.1 and 2.2, respectively) significantly outnumbered specialist forest species (with 250 and 137 species classified as 1.1 and 1.2, respectively). Even though the degree of shifting between the categories of for- est affinity among regions was relatively low (on average, 17.5%), about one-third of the forest species (especially 1.2 and 2.2) swapped categories in at least one of the study regions.Conclusions: The proposed list can be used widely in vegetation science and global change ecology related to forest biodiversity and community dynamics. Shifting of forest affinity among regions emphasizes the importance of a continental-scale forest plant species list with regional specificity.
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| 2. |
- Schmidt, Mischa, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences with large-scale operational trials of ALTO-enhanced P2P filesharing in an intra-ISP scenario
- 2013
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Ingår i: Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1936-6442 .- 1936-6450. ; 6:2, s. 134-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Application Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) has recently gained attention in the research and standardisation community as a way for a network operator to guide the peer selection process of distributed applications by providing network layer topology information. In particular P2P applications are expected to gain from ALTO, due to the many connections peers form among each other, often without taking network layer topology information into account. In this paper, we present results of an extensive intra-ISP trial with an ALTO-enhanced P2P filesharing software. In summary, our results show that—depending on the concrete setting and on the distribution of upload capacity in the network—ALTO enables an ISP to save operational costs significantly while not degrading application layer performance noticeably. In addition, based on our experience we are able to give advice to operators on how to save costs with ALTO while not sacrificing application layer performance at all.
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| 3. |
- Seedorf, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Operator-managed P2P Content Delivery with Application Layer Traffic Optimization
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- P2P technology provides a flexible and very popular way of content delivery for various services, including networked media applications. However, P2P-based content delivery generates large amount of backbone traffic. Recently, several approaches have been proposed for guiding P2P services based on operator preferences, in order to reduce the amount of costly backbone traffic generated by P2P applications. Application Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) is a one key approach for such managed P2P applications. In short, ALTO is a dedicated service, operated by a network operator or ISP, which can provide useful network layer information to application layer clients for improved peer selection and corresponding content delivery. This paper provides an overview of standardisation and research activities for improving P2P content delivery with ALTO which are carried out within the EU FP7 project NAPA-WINE. In particular, we give an overview on standardisation efforts, present simulation results, explain our prototypical implementation of the ALTO concept, and highlight ongoing large-scale operational trials we are currently conducting within the network of Polish Telecom and among NAPA-WINE partners
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