| 1. |
- Andrienko, Gennady, et al.
(författare)
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Space, time and visual analytics
- 2010
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Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE. - : Taylor and Francis. - 1365-8816 .- 1362-3087. ; 24:10, s. 1577-1600
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual analytics aims to combine the strengths of human and electronic data processing. Visualisation, whereby humans and computers cooperate through graphics, is the means through which this is achieved. Seamless and sophisticated synergies are required for analysing spatio-temporal data and solving spatio-temporal problems. In modern society, spatio-temporal analysis is not solely the business of professional analysts. Many citizens need or would be interested in undertaking analysis of information in time and space. Researchers should find approaches to deal with the complexities of the current data and problems and find ways to make analytical tools accessible and usable for the broad community of potential users to support spatio-temporal thinking and contribute to solving a large range of problems.
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| 2. |
- Brügger, Annina, et al.
(författare)
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Distributing Attention Between Environment and Navigation System to Increase Spatial Knowledge Acquisition During Assisted Wayfinding
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Workshops and Posters at the 13th International Conference on Spatial Information Theory (COSIT 2017). - Cham : Springer. - 9783319639451 - 9783319639468 ; , s. 19-22
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Travelers happily follow the route instructions of their devices when navigating in an unknown environment. Navigation systems focus on route instructions to allow the user to efficiently reach a destination, but their increased use also has negative consequences. We argue that the limitation for spatial knowledge acquisition is grounded in the system’s design, primarily aimed at increasing navigation efficiency. Therefore, we empirically investigate how navigation systems could guide users’ attention to support spatial knowledge acquisition during efficient route following tasks.
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| 3. |
- Brügger, Annina, et al.
(författare)
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How does navigation system behavior influence human behavior?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications. - : Springer Publishing Company. - 2365-7464. ; 4:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Navigation systems are ubiquitous tools to assist wayfinders of the mobile information society with various navigational tasks. Whenever such systems assist with self-localization and path planning, they reduce human effort for navigating. Automated navigation assistance benefits navigation performance, but research seems to show that it negatively affects attention to environment properties, spatial knowledge acquisition, and retention of spatial information. Very little is known about how to design navigation systems for pedestrian navigation that increase both navigation performance and spatial knowledge acquisition. To this end, we empirically tested participants (N = 64) using four different navigation system behaviors (between-subject design). Two cognitive processes with varying levels of automation, self-localization and allocation of attention, define navigation system behaviors: either the system automatically executes one of the processes (high level of automation), or the system leaves the decision of when and where to execute the process to the navigator (low level of automation). In two experimental phases, we applied a novel empirical framework for evaluating spatial knowledge acquisition in a real-world outdoor urban environment. First, participants followed a route assisted by a navigation system and, simultaneously, incidentally acquired spatial knowledge. Second, participants reversed the route using the spatial knowledge acquired during the assisted phase, this time without the aid of the navigation system. Results of the route-following phase did not reveal differences in navigation performance across groups using different navigation system behaviors. However, participants using systems with higher levels of automation seemed not to acquire enough spatial knowledge to reverse the route without navigation errors. Furthermore, employing novel methods to analyze mobile eye tracking data revealed distinct patterns of human gaze behavior over time and space. We thus can demonstrate how to increase spatial knowledge acquisition without harming navigation performance when using navigation systems, and how to influence human navigation behavior with varying navigation system behavior. Thus, we provide key findings for the design of intelligent automated navigation systems in real-world scenarios.
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| 4. |
- Conroy, Melanie, et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainty in humanities network visualization
- 2024
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Communication. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-900X. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Network visualization is one of the most widely used tools in digital humanities research. The idea of uncertain or “fuzzy” data is also a core notion in digital humanities research. Yet network visualizations in digital humanities do not always prominently represent uncertainty. In this article, we present a mathematical and logical model of uncertainty as a range of values which can be used in network visualizations. We review some of the principles for visualizing uncertainty of different kinds, visual variables that can be used for representing uncertainty, and how these variables have been used to represent different data types in visualizations drawn from a range of non-humanities fields like climate science and bioinformatics. We then provide examples of two diagrams: one in which the variables displaying degrees of uncertainty are integrated into the graph and one in which glyphs are added to represent data certainty and uncertainty. Finally, we discuss how probabilistic data and what-if scenarios could be used to expand the representation of uncertainty in humanities network visualizations.
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| 5. |
- Çöltekin, Arzu, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of visual realism, spatial abilities, and competition on performance in map-based route learning in men
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cartography and Geographic Information Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1523-0406 .- 1545-0465. ; 45:4, s. 339-353
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on how visual realism might influence map-based route learning performance in a controlled laboratory experiment with 104 male participants in a competitive context. Using animations of a dot moving through routes of interest, we find that participants recall the routes more accurately with abstract road maps than with more realistic satellite maps. We also find that, irrespective of visual realism, participants with higher spatial abilities (high-spatial participants) are more accurate in memorizing map-based routes than participants with lower spatial abilities (low-spatial participants). On the other hand, added visual realism limits high-spatial participants in their route recall speed, while it seems not to influence the recall speed of low-spatial participants. Competition affects participants’ overall confidence positively, but does not affect their route recall performance neither in terms of accuracy nor speed. With this study, we provide further empirical evidence demonstrating that it is important to choose the appropriate map type considering task characteristics and spatial abilities. While satellite maps might be perceived as more fun to use, or visually more attractive than road maps, they also require more cognitive resources for many map-based tasks, which is true even for high-spatial users.
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| 6. |
- Fabrikant, Sara Irina, et al.
(författare)
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How does the visualization of uncertainty influence decision making with hazard prediction maps?
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A wealth of design strategies has been proposed by an interdisciplinary scientific community to visually communicate data uncertainty in maps, with the aim to support spatio-temporal decision-making under uncertainty (MacEachren et al., 2012). However, very few researchers have looked at whether and how uncertainty depictions might influence people’s reasoning processes and decision making outcomes, especially in problem contexts for which uncertainty truly matters, i.e., in life-threatening situations, or for dilemmatic decisions. We report on a map-based multi-criteria decision making study where participants (N=35) were asked to imagine purchasing a house shown on map stimuli inspired by Swiss National hazard prediction maps (SFOEN, 2016). These area-classed maps show the probability and intensity of natural disasters occurring in areas with varying danger levels in a pre-defined color scheme (i.e., red=high, blue=moderate, and yellow=low danger). Current hazard prediction maps do not depict prediction uncertainties, even though suggestions have been proposed in the cartographic literature (Kunz and Hurni, 2011). However, because there are uncertainties associated with the areal extent of the classed danger zones, we modified the zonal boundaries to show this locational uncertainty using the visual variables color value, focus, and texture, as suggested by prior empirical research (MacEachren, 2012). In a within-subject design, participants were repeatedly asked to decide which house they wished to buy, given varying house location characteristics, and respective purchase price information. The houses were depicted on a series of hazard prediction maps showing an area unknown to participants, with/without data uncertainty depicted. The maps showing uncertainty varied in the visual variables (i.e., color value|focus|texture) used to convey the locational uncertainty of the zonal boundaries. We recorded participants’ house selections, response times, and eye movements during the experiment. The task asked for participants’ preferences; there were no right or wrong answers. As hypothesized, our results show that participants’ decision making outcomes were indeed influenced by the depicted uncertainty information. Participants decided to buy different houses, as they weighted selection criteria differently, depending on whether uncertainty was shown on the map or not. We thus provide rare evidence on how uncertainty and the type of uncertainty visualization (i.e., varying color value, focus, or texture) can influence people’s reasoning to arrive at a complex, multi-criteria-based decision. We also find that participants’ individual differences with respect to their risk taking behavior tested with a standardised questionnaire influences their decision making. Risk takers underestimate the dangers of natural hazards when prediction uncertainties are depicted. With this unique study we are able to shed additional light on how people use visualized uncertainty information to make complex map-based decisions. Echoing Hegarty et al.'s (2016) findings, we again demonstrate that not only display design characteristics are relevant for map-based reasoning and decision making outcomes, but also the decision makers’ individual background, and the map-based decision-making task and context. References: Hegarty, M., Friedman, A., Boone, A.P., Barrett, T.J. (2016). Where Are You? The Effect of Uncertainty and Its Visual Representation on Location Judgments in GPS-Like Displays. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Applied, DOI: 10.1037/xap0000103. Kunz, M. and Hurni, L. (2011). How to Enhance Cartographic Visualisations of Natural Hazards Assessment Results. The Cartographic Journal, 48(1): 60-71. MacEachren, A. M., Roth, R. E., O'Brien, J., Li, B., Swingley, D., Gahegan, M. (2012). Visual Semiotics & Uncertainty Visualization: An Empirical Study. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(12): 2496-2505. Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (SFOEN). Gefahrenkarten, Intensitätskarten und Gefahrenhinweiskarten. (Natural Hazard Maps), http://www.bafu.admin.ch/naturgefahren/14186/14801/15746/ (not available in English, accessed Oct. 2016).
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| 7. |
- Kübler, Isabella, et al.
(författare)
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Against All Odds : Multicriteria Decision Making with Hazard Prediction Maps Depicting Uncertainty
- 2020
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Ingår i: Annals of the Association of American Geographers. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0004-5608 .- 1467-8306. ; 110:3, s. 661-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on a multicriteria decision-making study where participants were asked to purchase a house shown on maps that include hazard prediction information. We find that participants decided to buy different houses, depending on whether uncertainty is shown on the map display and on the type of uncertainty visualization (i.e., varying color value, focus, or texture). We also find that participants’ individual differences with respect to their assessed risk-taking behavior influences their spatial decision making with maps. Risk-takers seem to underestimate the dangers of natural hazards when prediction uncertainties are depicted. We are thus able to shed additional light on how people use visualized uncertainty information to make complex map-based decisions. We can demonstrate that not only are design characteristics relevant for map-based reasoning and decision-making outcomes but so are the decision makers’ individual background and the map-based decision-making context.
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