| 1. |
- Almqvist Gref, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Sonification as catalyst in training manual wheelchair operation for sports and everyday life
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th Sound and Music Computing Conference, SMC 2016. - Hamburg : Zentrum fur Mikrotonale Musik und Multimediale Komposition (ZM4). - 9783000537004 ; , s. 9-14, s. 9-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a study on sonification of manual wheelchair movements is presented. The aim was to contribute to both rehabilitation contexts and in wheelchair sports contexts, by providing meaningful auditory feedback for training of manual wheelchair operation. A mapping approach was used where key parameters of manual wheelchair maneuvering were directly mapped to different sound models. The system was evaluated with a qualitative approach in experiments. The results indicate that there is promise in utilizing sonification for training of manual wheelchair operation but that the approach of direct sonification, as opposed to sonification of the deviation from a predefined goal, was not fully successful. Participants reported that there was a clear connection between their wheelchair operation and the auditory feedback, which indicates the possibility of using the system in some, but not all, wheelchair training contexts.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Arfvidsson, Gustav Frisk, et al.
(författare)
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Design Considerations for Short Alerts and Notification Sounds in a Retail Environment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conferences. - : Sound and Music Computing Network. - 9788894541540 ; , s. 261-267
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The design and noticeability of alert sounds have been widely researched and reported, and not least, notification sounds are ubiquitous in both software and hardware product development. In an ongoing research project concerning the retail industry, we aim at designing short alert sounds that only grab attention from one group of customers, while others do not register the alerts: this particular aspect has to our knowledge not yet been studied. To establish design guidelines for such alert sounds, we conducted an experiment where test subjects would experience ordinary shopping activity including background music and an ambient soundscape in a virtual reality clothing store, but with added alert sounds. We tested, specifically, six differently designed sound alerts belonging to two classes: contextual-specific congruent sounds, and incongruent sounds that did not fit the sonic context. The results disproved our assumptions that incongruent sounds would outperform the congruent and thus in the context more anticipated sounds. The findings suggest that alert sounds can be designed with subtlety and still be noticeable and that customers will not necessarily be annoyed. We present here a first approach towards design guidelines for short alert sounds in a shop environment. Copyright: © 2021 the Authors.
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| 4. |
- Atienza, Ricardo, et al.
(författare)
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Playing the design : Creating soundscapes through playful interaction
- 2023
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Ingår i: SMC 2023 - Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference 2023. - : Sound and Music Computing Network. ; , s. 362-369
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study takes inspiration from provocative design methods to gain knowledge on sound preferences regarding future vehicles’ designed sounds. A particular population subset was a triggering component of this study: people with hearing impairments. To that aim, we have developed a public installation in which to test a hypothetical futuristic city square. It includes three electrical vehicles whose sound can be designed by the visitor. The interface allows the user to interact and play with a number of provided sonic textures within a real-time web application, thus “playing” the design. This opens a design space of three distinct sounds that are mixed into an overall soundscape presented in a multichannel immersive environment. The paper describes the design processes involved.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Falkenberg Hansen, Kjetil, 1972-
(författare)
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The acoustics and performance of DJ scratching, Analysis and modelling
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on the analysis and modeling of scratching, in other words, the DJ (disk jockey) practice of using the turntable as a musical instrument. There has been experimental use of turntables as musical instruments since their invention, but the use is now mainly ascribed to the musical genre hip-hop and the playing style known as scratching. Scratching has developed to become a skillful instrument-playing practice with complex musical output performed by DJs. The impact on popular music culture has been significant, and for many, the DJ set-up of turntables and a mixer is now a natural instrument choice for undertaking a creative music activity. Six papers are included in this thesis, where the first three approach the acoustics and performance of scratching, and the second three approach scratch modeling and the DJ interface. Additional studies included here expand on the scope of the papers. For the acoustics and performance studies, DJs were recorded playing both demonstrations of standard performance techniques, and expressive performances on sensor-equipped instruments. Analysis of the data revealed that there are both differences and commonalities in playing strategies between musicians, and between expressive intentions. One characteristic feature of scratching is the range of standard playing techniques, but in performances it seems DJs vary the combination of playing techniques more than the rendering of these techniques. The third study describes some of the acoustic parameters of typical scratch improvisations and looks at which musical parameters are typically used for expressive performances. Extracted acoustic and performance parameters from the data show the functional ranges within which DJs normally play. Unlike traditional musical instruments, the equipment used for scratching was not intended to be used for creating music. The interface studies focus on traditional as well as new interfaces for DJs, where parameter mappings between input gestures and output signal are described. Standard performance techniques have been modeled in software called Skipproof, based on results from the first papers. Skipproof was used for testing other types of controllers than turntables, where complex DJ gestures could be manipulated using simplified control actions, enabling even non-experts to play expressively within the stylistic boundaries of DJ scratching. The last paper describes an experiment of using an existing hardware platform, the Reactable, to help designing and prototyping the interaction between different sound models and instrument interfaces, including scratching and Skipproof. In addition to the included papers, studies were conducted of expressivity, description of the emotional contents of scratching, DJ playing activities, and the coupling between playing techniques and sample. The physical affordances of the turntable, mixer and samples, as well as genre conventions of hip-hop, are assumed to explain some of the findings that distinguish scratching from other instrumental sounds or practices.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Falkenberg, Kjetil, Docent, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Creating digital musical instruments with and for children: Including vocal sketching as a method for engaging in codesign
- 2020
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Ingår i: Human Technology. - : Centre of Sociological Research, NGO. - 1795-6889. ; 16:3, s. 348-371
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A class of master of science students and a group of preschool children codesigned new digital musical instruments based on workshop interviews involving vocal sketching, a method for imitating and portraying sounds. The aim of the study was to explore how the students and children would approach vocal sketching as one of several design methods. The children described musical instruments to the students using vocal sketching and other modalities (verbal, drawing, gestures). The resulting instruments built by the students were showcased at the Swedish Museum of Performing Arts in Stockholm. Although all the children tried vocal sketching during preparatory tasks, few employed the method during the workshop. However, the instruments seemed to meet the children’s expectations. Consequently, even though the vocal sketching method alone provided few design directives in the given context, we suggest that vocal sketching, under favorable circumstances, can be an engaging component that complements other modalities in codesign involving children.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Falkenberg, Kjetil, Docent, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Musikkommunikation och ljudinteraktion
- 2021
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Ingår i: Introduktion till medieteknik. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. ; , s. 155-166
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
- Frid, Emma, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Designing and reporting research on sound design and music for health : Methods and frameworks for impact
- 2021
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Ingår i: Doing Research in Sound Design. - London : Focal Press. ; , s. 125-150
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter presents key methodological aspects to consider for researchers in the fields of sound design and music computing when evaluating and making strategic choices for conducting research targeting health, accessibility and disability. We present practical suggestions for how to effectively increase the impact in the research community based on existing methods commonly used in evidence-based research. Although many of the described models, frameworks and methods are not novel, they have so far only been extensively applied in music therapy studies and music medicine interventions, but not in sound design research nor music computing. The frameworks presented here are gathered from, primarily, practices concerning systematic reviews. We conclude with a discussion about the current state of the field and provide examples of how proposed frameworks and guidelines can be used when reporting results from quantitative research studies to systematic reviews.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Frid, Emma, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Sound Forest - Evaluation of an Accessible Multisensory Music Installation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450359702 ; , s. 1-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sound Forest is a music installation consisting of a room with light-emitting interactive strings, vibrating platforms and speakers, situated at the Swedish Museum of Performing Arts. In this paper we present an exploratory study focusing on evaluation of Sound Forest based on picture cards and interviews. Since Sound Forest should be accessible for everyone, regardless age or abilities, we invited children, teens and adults with physical and intellectual disabilities to take part in the evaluation. The main contribution of this work lies in its fndings suggesting that multisensory platforms such as Sound Forest, providing whole-body vibrations, can be used to provide visitors of diferent ages and abilities with similar associations to musical experiences. Interviews also revealed positive responses to haptic feedback in this context. Participants of diferent ages used diferent strategies and bodily modes of interaction in Sound Forest, with activities ranging from running to synchronized music-making and collaborative play.
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| 15. |
- Hansen, Kjetil Falkenberg, Docent, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Sound design through large audience interaction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conferences. - Malaga : CERN. - 9788409085187 ; , s. 119-126, s. 119-126
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In collaboration with Volvo Cars, we presented a novel design tool to a large public of approximately three million people at the three leading motor shows in 2017 in Geneva, Shanghai and New York. The purpose of the tool was to explore the relevance of interactive audio-visual strategies for supporting the development of sound environments in future silent cars, i.e., a customised sonic identity that would alter the sonic ambience for the driver and by-passers. This new tool should be able to efficiently collect non-experts’ sonic preferences for different given contexts. The design process should allow for a high-level control of complex synthesised sounds. The audience interacted individually using a single-touch selection of colour from five palettes and applying it by pointing to areas in a colour-book painting showing a road scene. Each palette corresponded to a sound, and the colour nuance in the palette corresponded to certain tweaking of the sound. In effect, the user selected and altered each sound, added it to the composition, and finally would hear a mix of layered sounds based on the colouring of the scene. The installation involved large touch screens with high quality headphones. In the study presented here, we examine differences in sound preferences between two audiences and a control group, and evaluate the feasibility of the tool based on the sound designs that emerged. Copyright: © 2019 Kjetil Falkenberg Hansen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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| 16. |
- Hansen, Kjetil Falkenberg, Docent, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Student involvement in sound and music computing research : Current practices at KTH and KMH
- 2019
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Ingår i: Combined proceedings of the Nordic Sound and Music Computing Conference 2019 and the Interactive Sonification Workshop 2019. - Stockholm. ; , s. 36-42
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To engage students in and beyond course activities has been a working practice both at KTH Sound and Music Computing group and at KMH Royal College of Music since many years. This paper collects experiences of involving students in research conducted within the two institutions. We describe how students attending our courses are given the possibility to be involved in our research activities, and we argue that their involvement both contributes to develop new research and benefits the students in the short and long term. Among the assignments, activities, and tasks we offer in our education programs are pilot experiments, prototype development, public exhibitions, performing, composing, data collection, analysis challenges, and bachelor and master thesis projects that lead to academic publications.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Audio Parameter Mapping Made Explicit Using WebAudioXML
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conference. - Torino.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sonification using audio parameter mapping involves both aesthetic and technical challenges and requires interdisciplinary skills on a high level to produce a successful result. With the aim to lower the barrier for students to enter the field of sonification, we developed and presented WebAudioXML at SMC2020. Since then, more than 40 student projects has successfully proven that the technology is highly beneficial for non-programmers to learn how to create interactive web audio applications. With this study, we present new feature for WebAudioXML that also makes advanced audio parameter mapping, data interpolation and value conversion more accessible and easy to assess. Three student projects act as base for the syntax definition and by using an annotated portfolio and video recorded interviews with experts from the sound and music computing community, we present important insights from the project. The participants contributed with critical feedback and questions that helped us to better understand the strengths and weaknesses with the proposed syntax. We conclude that the technology is robust and useful and present new ideas that emerged from this study.
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| 20. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborative music-making : special educational needs school assistants as facilitators in performances with accessible digital musical instruments
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Computer Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2624-9898. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The field of research dedicated to Accessible Digital Musical Instruments (ADMIs) is growing and there is an increased interest in promoting diversity and inclusion in music-making. We have designed a novel system built into previously tested ADMIs that aims at involving assistants, students with Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities (PMLD), and a professional musician in playing music together. In this study the system is evaluated in a workshop setting using quantitative as well as qualitative methods. One of the main findings was that the sounds from the ADMIs added to the musical context without making errors that impacted the music negatively even when the assistants mentioned experiencing a split between attending to different tasks, and a feeling of insecurity toward their musical contribution. We discuss the results in terms of how we perceive them as drivers or barriers toward reaching our overarching goal of organizing a joint concert that brings together students from the SEN school with students from a music school with a specific focus on traditional orchestral instruments. Our study highlights how a system of networked and synchronized ADMIs could be conceptualized to include assistants more actively in collaborative music-making, as well as design considerations that support them as facilitators.
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| 21. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating Web Audio for learning, accessibility and distribution
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of The Audio Engineering Society. - New York : Audio Engineering Society. - 1549-4950. ; 70:11, s. 951-961
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Web Audio has a great potential for interactive audio content in which an open standard and easy integration with other web-based tools makes it particularly interesting. From earlier studies, obstacles for students to materialize creative ideas through programming were identified; focus shifted from artistic ambition to solving technical issues. This study builds upon 20 years of experience from teaching sound and music computing and evaluates how Web Audio contributes to the learning experience. Data was collected from different student projects through analysis of source code, reflective texts, group discussions, and online self-evaluation forms. The result indicates that Web Audio serves well as a learning platform and that an XML abstraction of the API helped the students to stay focused on the artistic output. It is also concluded that an online tool can reduce the time for getting started with Web Audio to less than 1 h. Although many obstacles have been successfully removed, the authors argue that there is still a great potential for new online tools targeting audio application development in which the accessibility and sharing features contribute to an even better learning experience.
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| 22. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, 1968-
(författare)
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Interactive Sound and Music Technology for Everyone : Designing Inclusive Standards for Web Audio Applications
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this compilation thesis, I examine how systems and formats can be designed to include more people in creating interactive sound and music applications. I contribute knowledge, aiming to include everyone, but focus specifically on musicians with no programming skills and little interest in technical challenges. I have designed, developed, and evaluated a system – WebAudioXML (WAXML) – for implementing interactive sound and music in web pages using native web technologies. The system’s design is novel, and the work contributes knowledge about how markup language and spreadsheet concepts can describe sound and music structures. The results give insights into how high-level musical representation can be structured, named, and designed to be understood by those without prior programming experience. I also use WAXML to address musical diversity in interactive applications. I identify and solve technical challenges where current systems struggle to implement traditionally performed music. Novel solutions are designed, evaluated, discussed, and presented in the included papers. The system is finally implemented in applications aimed at education and inclusion, where I evaluate them through a series of case studies. The results confirm Web Audio as a solid platform for accessible learning, sharing, and distribution of audio applications and suggest that collective efforts shaping an ecosystem with a universal format would enable even more creators to make interactive sound and music applications. I research FOR the art THROUGH design. The knowledge output is valid for any interactive sound and music system but specifically addresses the design of Web Audio applications.
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| 23. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Putting Web Audio API to the test : Introducing WebAudioXML as a pedagogical platform
- 2021
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Ingår i: Web Audio Conference 2021. - Barcelona.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Web technologies in general and Web Audio API in particular have a great potential as a learning platform for developing interactive sound and music applications. Earlier studies at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm have led to a wide range of student projects but have also indicated that there is a high threshold for novice programmers to understand and use Web Audio API. We developed the WebAudioXML coding environment to solve this problem, and added a statistics module to analyze student works. The current study is the first presentation and evaluation of the technology. Three classes of students with technical repsectively artistic background participated through online courses by building interactive, sound-based applications. We analysed the source code and self-reflective reports from the projects to understand the impact WebAudioXML has on creativity and the learning process. The results indicate that WebAudioXML can be a useful platform for teaching and learning how to build online audio applications. The platform makes mapping between user interactions and audio parameters accessible for novice programmer and supports artists in successfully realizing their design ideas. We show that templates can be a great help for the students to get started but also a limitation for them to expand ideas beyond the presented scope.
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| 24. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Sonification For Everyone Everywhere : Evaluating The WebAudioXML Sonification Toolkit For Browsers
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Creating an effective sonification is a challenging task that requires skills and knowledge on an expertise level in several disciplines. This study contributes with WebAudioXML Sonification Toolkit (WAST) that aims at reaching new groups who have not yet considered themselves to be part of the ICAD community. We have designed, built, and evaluated the toolkit by analysing ten student projects using it and conclude that WAST did meet our expectations and that it lead to students taking a deep approach to learning and successfully contributed to reaching the learning outcomes. The result indicates that WAST is both easy-to-use, highly accessible, extensively flexible and offers possibilities to share the sonification in any device’s web browser simply through a web link, and without installations. We also suggest that a sonification toolkit would become an even more creative environment with virtual instruments and mixing features typically found in Digital Audio Workstations.
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| 25. |
- Lindetorp, Hans, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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WebAudioXML : Proposing a new standard for structuring web audio
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sound and Music Computing Conferences. - : CERN. ; , s. 25-31, s. 25-31
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present WebAudioXML as a suggested candidate for establishing a standard for describing Web Audio configurations. The aim is to lower the barrier for artistic creators for working within web audio applications as well as providing a modular system that can integrate into larger applications. WebAudioXML provides means for making interactive music without having to learn a programming language like JavaScript and consists of an XML syntax specification and a parser. The framework has been developed with and tested by audio experts and lecturers from music production and Sound and Music Computing. Workshop participants report that WebAudioXML has potential in keeping focus on the creative process instead of web development. We argue that an XML standard for Web Audio configurations would be beneficial for modular and collaborative development and therefore recommend a wider discussion on the topic. With the discussion we aim to promote the artistic in the making of interactive audio applications.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- McHugh, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Salient sights and sounds : comparing visual and auditory stimuli remembrance using audio set ontology and sonic mapping
- 2023
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Ingår i: SMC 2023. - : Sound and Music Computing Network. ; , s. 426-432
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we explore how store customers recall their perceptual experience with a focus on comparing the remembrance of auditory and visual stimuli. The study was carried out using a novel mixed-methods approach that involved Deep Hanging Out, field study and interviews, including drawing sonic mind maps. The data collected was analysed using thematic analysis, sound classification with the Audio Set ontology, counting occurrences of different auditory and visual elements attended in the store, and rating the richness of their descriptions. The results showed that sights were more salient than sounds and that participants recalled music more frequently compared to the Deep Hanging Out observations, but remembered fewer varieties of sounds in general.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Panariello, Claudio
(författare)
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Converging Creativity : Intertwining Music and Code
- 2023
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Konstnärligt arbete (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This compilation thesis is a collection of case studies that presents examples of creative coding in various contexts, focusing on how such practice led to the creation and exploration of musical expressions, and how I in- interact with the design of the code itself. My own experience as a music composer influences this thesis work. By saying so, I mean that although the thesis places itself in the Sound and Music Computing academic tradition, it is also profoundly founded upon a personal artistic perspective. This perspective has been the overarching view that has informed the studies included in the thesis, despite all being quite different. The first part of the thesis describes the practice of creative coding, creativity models, and the interaction between code and coder. Then I propose a perspective on creative coding based on the idea of asymptotic convergence of creativity. This is followed by a presentation of five papers and three music works, all inspected through my stance on this creative practice. Finally, I examine and discuss these works in detail, concluding by suggesting that the asymptotic convergence of creativity framework might serve as a useful tool that adds to the literature on creative coding practice, especially for situations in which such work is carried out in an academic research setting.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Spiro, Neta, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on Musical Care Throughout the Life Course: Introducing the Musical Care International Network
- 2023
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Ingår i: Music & Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 2059-2043. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we report on the inaugural meetings of the Musical Care International Network held online in 2022. The term “musical care” is defined by Spiro and Sanfilippo (2022) as “the role of music—music listening as well as music-making—in supporting any aspect of people's developmental or health needs” (pp. 2–3). Musical care takes varied forms in different cultural contexts and involves people from different disciplines and areas of expertise. Therefore, the Musical Care International Network takes an interdisciplinary and international approach and aims to better reflect the disciplinary, geographic, and cultural diversity relevant to musical care. Forty-two delegates participated in 5 inaugural meetings over 2 days, representing 24 countries and numerous disciplines and areas of practice. Based on the meetings, the aims of this paper are to (1) better understand the diverse practices, applications, contexts, and impacts of musical care around the globe and (2) introduce the Musical Care International Network. Transcriptions of the recordings, alongside notes taken by the hosts, were used to summarise the conversations. The discussions developed ideas in three areas: (a) musical care as context-dependent and social, (b) musical care's position within the broader research and practice context, and (c) debates about the impact of and evidence for musical care. We can conclude that musical care refers to context-dependent and social phenomena. The term musical care was seen as useful in talking across boundaries while not minimizing individual disciplinary and professional expertise. The use of the term was seen to help balance the importance and place of multiple disciplines, with a role to play in the development of a collective identity. This collective identity was seen as important in advocacy and in helping to shape policy. The paper closes with proposed future directions for the network and its emerging mission statement.
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| 32. |
- Svahn, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborative music-making with Special Education Needs students and their assistants : A study on music playing among preverbal individuals with the Funki instruments
- 2023
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Ingår i: NNDR 16th Research Conference Nordic Network on Disability Research (NNDR).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The field of research dedicated to Accessible Digital Musical Instruments (ADMIs) is growingand there is an increased interest in how different accessible music technologies can beused to promote diversity and inclusion in music-making. Researchers currently voice theneed to move away from a techno-centric view of musical expression and to focus more onthe sociocultural contexts in which ADMIs are used. In this study, we explore how “Funki”, aset of ADMIs developed for students with Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities(PMLD) can be used in a collaborative music-making setting in a Special Educational Needs(SEN) school, together with assistants. Previous findings have suggested that the musicalinteractions taking place, as well as the group dynamics, were highly dependent on thesession assistants and their level of participation. It is therefore important to consider theactive role of assistants, who may have little or no prior music training. The instrumentsprovided should allow the assistant to not only help the students in making music but alsoenable the assistants themselves to create sounds without interfering or disturbing thesounds produced by the students. In the current work, we show how the Funki instrumentscould be expanded with WebAudioXML (waxml) for mapping user interactions to controlmusic and audio parameters and make it possible for assistants to control musical aspectslike the tonality, rhythmic density, or structure of the composition. The system was tested in acase study with four students and their assistants at a SEN school, including semi-structuredinterviews on how Funki supported inclusive music-making and the assistant’s role in thiscontext. The findings of this work highlight how ADMIs could be conceptualized anddesigned to include special education teachers, teaching assistants, and other carers moreactively in collaborative music-making.
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