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- Fellinger, Joris, et al.
(author)
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Tungsten based divertor development for Wendelstein 7-X
- 2023
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In: Nuclear Materials and Energy. - 2352-1791. ; 37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wendelstein 7-X, the world’s largest superconducting stellarator in Greifswald (Germany), started plasma experiments with a water-cooled plasma-facing wall in 2022, allowing for long pulse operation. In parallel, a project was launched in 2021 to develop a W based divertor, replacing the current CFC divertor, to demonstrate plasma performance of a stellarator with a reactor relevant plasma facing materials with low tritium retention. The project consists of two tasks: Based on experience from the previous experimental campaigns and improved physics modelling, the geometry of the plasma-facing surface of the divertor and baffles is optimized to prevent overloads and to improve exhaust. In parallel, the manufacturing technology for a W based target module is qualified. This paper gives a status update of project. It focusses on the conceptual design of a W based target module, the manufacturing technology and its qualification, which is conducted in the framework of the EUROfusion funded WPDIV program. A flat tile design in which a target module is made of a single target element is pursued. The technology must allow for moderate curvatures of the plasma-facing surface to follow the magnetic field lines. The target element is designed for steady state heat loads of 10 MW/m2 (as for the CFC divertor). Target modules of a similar size and weight as for the CFC divertor are assumed (approx. < 0.25 m2 and < 60 kg) using the existing water cooling infrastructure providing 5 l/s and roughly maximum 15 bar pressure drop per module. The main technology under qualification is based on a CuCrZr heat sink made either by additive manufacturing using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or by uniaxial diffusion welding of pre-machined forged CuCrZr plates. After heat treatment, the plasma-facing side of the heat sink is covered by W or if feasible by the more ductile WNiFe, preferably by coating or alternatively by hot isostatic pressing W based tiles with a soft OFE-Cu interlayer. Last step is a final machining of the plasma-exposed surface and the interfaces to the water supply lines and supports to correct manufacturing deformations.
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- Holzinger, D, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Deaf Adults with Intellectual Disability: Feasibility and Psychometric Properties of an Adapted Version of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2)
- 2022
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In: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3432 .- 0162-3257. ; 52:7, s. 3214-3227
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study describes the adaptation of the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2) to assess autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adults with intellectual disability (ID) and hearing loss who communicate primarily visually. This adapted ADOS-2 was applied to residents of specialized therapeutic living communities (n = 56). The internal consistency of the adapted ADOS-2 was excellent for the Social Affect of modules 2 and 3 and acceptable for Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors subscale of module 2, but poor for module 3. Interrater reliability was comparable to standard ADOS-2 modules 1–3. Results suggest that autism symptoms of deaf adults with ID can be reliably identified by an adapted ADOS-2, provided adequate expertise in deafness, ID, ASD and proficiency in signed language by the administrator.
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- Cupak, C., et al.
(author)
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Sputter yields of rough surfaces : Importance of the mean surface inclination angle from nano- to microscopic rough regimes
- 2021
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In: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 570
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The roughness of a surface is known to have a strong influence on the sputtering process. Commonly used 1D Monte Carlo codes for calculating sputter yields show good agreement with experimental data only for comparably flat surfaces, whereas local ion incidence angles, shadowing and redeposition influence the sputter yields in both magnitude and angular dependence on rough surfaces. In the present work, we therefore investigated tungsten samples of largely different roughness, characterised by atomic force and confocal microscopy. A highly sensitive quartz crystal microbalance was used to determine sputter yields during ion irradiation. Low ion fluences were applied to ensure that the surface morphology did not change during irradiation. The results were used to benchmark our new ray-tracing simulation code SPRAY, which can take microscopy images without limitations in size as input. SPRAY was furthermore applied to perform systematic simulations for artificially roughened and computer-generated surfaces. A clear result was that the governing parameter for description of the sputtering behaviour is the mean value of the surface inclination angle distribution, rather than the commonly used root mean square roughness. Our simulations show that this parameter is universally applicable for a wide range of different surface structures.
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- Laister, D, et al.
(author)
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Enhancement of Social Communication Behaviors in Young Children With Autism Affects Maternal Stress
- 2021
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In: Frontiers in psychiatry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-0640. ; 12, s. 797148-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show difficulties in social communication behaviors, emotion regulation and daily living skills, and they frequently present with challenging behaviors. In parents of children with ASD, higher rates of stress and mental health problems have been reported than in parents of either typically developing children or children with other conditions. In this study, we tested whether maternal well-being changes with improved social communicative behaviors of children with ASD receiving early intervention. We examined developmental changes in 72 pre-schoolers and stress levels in their mothers (measured by the Parental Stress Inventory) before and after a 12-month community-based intervention program based on the Early Start Denver Model, a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention targeting social communication. Multiple regression analyses showed that maternal child-related stress was predicted by changes in children's social communication behaviors (measured with the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory). Gains in the early social communication behavior domain were the strongest predictor of post-intervention child-related maternal stress, surpassing adaptive behavior, language and non-verbal cognitive gains, and reduction in challenging behavior. These findings support the hypothesis that, in children with ASD, the acquisition of social communication behaviors contribute to improvements in maternal well-being.
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- Pampel, J., et al.
(author)
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Ionothermal template transformations for preparation of tubular porous nitrogen doped carbons
- 2017
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In: Materials Horizons. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2051-6347 .- 2051-6355. ; 4:3, s. 493-501
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A facile approach for the Zn-free ionothermal synthesis of highly porous nitrogen doped carbons possessing tubular transport pores is demonstrated employing adenine as biomass derived precursor and surfactant together with calcium or magnesium chloride hydrates as combined solvent-porogens. The overall process can be regarded as a combination of liquid templating by means of sol-gel synthesis with hard templating via in situ transformation of the melt into solid fibrous salt crystals. The employment of MgCl2 center dot 6H(2)O results in tubular nitrogen doped carbons showing anisotropic porosity and very high specific surface areas up to 2780 m(2) g(-1) and total pore volumes up to 3.86 cm(3) g(-1). The formation of the tubular porosity can be connected to a cooperative effect between in situ formed, solid hydrate phases and their modulation with adenine and its polycondensation products. The combination of high SSA with the channel-like porosity generates a highly accessible structure making those carbon materials appealing for applications that demand good mass transport. The obtained materials were exemplarily employed as supercapacitor electrodes resulting in high specific capacitances up to 238 F g(-1) at a low scan rate of 2 mV s(-1) and up to 144 F g(-1) at a high scan rate of 200 mV s(-1).
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