| 1. |
- Holmqvist, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Eye tracking : empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline
- 2023
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528. ; 55:1, s. 364-416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Aaltonen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Combination of CDF and D0 measurements of the W boson helicity in top quark decays
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review D. - 1550-7998 .- 1550-2368. ; 85:7, s. 071106-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the combination of recent measurements of the helicity of the W boson from top quark decay by the CDF and D0 collaborations, based on data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 2.7-5.4 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions collected during Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron collider. Combining measurements that simultaneously determine the fractions of W bosons with longitudinal (f(0)) and right-handed (f(+)) helicities, we find f(0) = 0.722 +/- 0.081[+/- 0.062(stat) +/- 0.052(syst)] and f(+) = -0.033 +/- 0.046[+/- 0.034(stat) +/- 0.031(syst)]. Combining measurements where one of the helicity fractions is fixed to the value expected in the standard model, we find f(0) = 0.682 +/- 0.057[+/- 0.035(stat) +/- 0.046(syst)] for fixed f(+) and f(+) = -0.015 +/- 0.035[+/- 0.018(stat) +/- 0.030(syst)] for fixed f(0). The results are consistent with standard model expectations.
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| 17. |
- Aaltonen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Combination of Tevatron Searches for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in the W+W- Decay Mode
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 104:6, s. 061802-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We combine searches by the CDF and D0 Collaborations for a Higgs boson decaying to W+W-. The data correspond to an integrated total luminosity of 4.8 (CDF) and 5.4 (D0) fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. No excess is observed above background expectation, and resulting limits on Higgs boson production exclude a standard model Higgs boson in the mass range 162-166 GeV at the 95% C.L.
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| 18. |
- Aaltonen, T., et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for a Particle Produced in Association with Weak Bosons and Decaying to a Bottom-Antibottom Quark Pair in Higgs Boson Searches at the Tevatron
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 109:7, s. 071804-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We combine searches by the CDF and D0 Collaborations for the associated production of a Higgs boson with a W or Z boson and subsequent decay of the Higgs boson to a bottom-antibottom quark pair. The data, originating from Fermilab Tevatron p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV, correspond to integrated luminosities of up to 9.7 fb(-1). The searches are conducted for a Higgs boson with mass in the range 100-150 GeV/c(2). We observe an excess of events in the data compared with the background predictions, which is most significant in the mass range between 120 and 135 GeV/c(2). The largest local significance is 3.3 standard deviations, corresponding to a global significance of 3.1 standard deviations. We interpret this as evidence for the presence of a new particle consistent with the standard model Higgs boson, which is produced in association with a weak vector boson and decays to a bottom-antibottom quark pair.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bales, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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European Solar Engineering School ESES : Past and Future
- 2006
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Ingår i: Eurosun 2006. - Glasgow, Scotland.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Solar Engineering School ESES is a one-year masters program that started in 1999 at the Solar Energy Research Center SERC, Dalarna University College. It has been growing in popularity over the years, with over 20 students in the current year. Approximately half the students come from Europe, the rest coming from all over the globe. This paper described the contents and experiences from seven years of running the programme and the plans for adapting the programme to the Bologna process. The majority of the students from ESES have found work in the solar industry, energy industry or taken up PhD positions. An alumni group has been started that actively gives support to past, present and potential future students.
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| 22. |
- Bastholm, Caroline, 1981-
(författare)
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Micro-grids supplied by renewable energy : Improving technical and social feasibility
- 2019
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Universal access to electricity stands high on the global agenda and is regarded as essential for positive development in sectors such as health care, education, poverty reduction, food production and climate change. Decentralized, off-grid electrification is deemed an important complement to centralized grid extension. By utilizing a renewable energy source, solar technology for the generation of electricity, photovoltaics (PV) is being considered as a way forward to minimize the environmental problems related to energy use.This thesis aims to contribute to improving the technical and social feasibility of PV and PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids for the purpose of providing access to electricity to people in rural areas of countries with low level access to electricity. In line with these general aims, the focus has been to address three questions related to challenges in three phases of rural electrification. The work has a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing mainly technical and social aspects of long-term sustainability of micro-grids, in a local context, and the changes these are intended to generate. One specific micro-grid in Tanzania has been used as a major case study.The thesis is developed through three papers, all presenting methodologies or aspects for investigation in rural electrification projects and studies in general, and for PV-diesel hybrid micro-grids in particular. Paper I puts forward a methodology to facilitate non-social scientific researchers to take social aspects increasingly into consideration. Paper II is a guideline to support system users to increasingly apply an evaluation based system operation. Paper III specifically highlights the importance to consider blackouts when investigating how an existing off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system shall be utilized when a national grid becomes available.
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| 23. |
- Bastholm, Caroline, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-economic study of the impact of blackouts on the viability of connecting an off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system in Tanzania to the national power grid
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904 .- 1879-2227. ; 171:1, s. 647-658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- National electrification plans for many countries with a low level of electrification promote the implementation of centralized and decentralized electrification in parallel. This paper explores different ways of utilizing an established off-grid PV-diesel hybrid system when the national grid becomes available. This is a rather unique starting point within the otherwise well-explored area of rural electrification. With particular focus on the impact of blackouts in the national grid, we evaluate the economic viability of some alternatives: to continue to use the off-grid micro-grid, to connect the existing micro-grid with or without battery backup to the national grid, or to use the national grid only. Our simulation results in HOMER demonstrate that with a grid without blackouts, there are few benefits to maintain the existing system. Low grid-connection fees, low tariffs and low revenues from selling excess electricity to the grid contribute to this result despite the fact that the system does not carry any investment costs. With a grid with blackouts, it is beneficial to maintain the system. The extent of blackouts and the load on the system determine which system configuration is most feasible. The results make clear the importance of taking blackouts in the national grid into consideration when possible system configurations are being evaluated. This is rarely quantified in studies comparing different electrification alternatives, but deserves more attention.
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| 24. |
- Fiedler, Frank
(författare)
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A testing and demonstration facility for PV systems and components
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 3rd Symposium Small PV Applications. - Regensburg, Germany. - 9783943891171 ; , s. 111-116
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A test and demonstration facility for PV and PV hybrid systems and system components has been designed and installed at Dalarna University in Sweden. The facility allows studies of complete PV systems or single components in a range of 0.1-10 kW. The facility includes two grid-connected PV systems, a PV Hybrid off-grid system, three emulators and the necessary measurement and control equipment. Tests can be done manually or automatically through programmed test procedures controlled that will be implemented in Labview. The facility shall be used by researchers, professionals of the industry and engineering students.
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| 25. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Annual CO-emissions of combined pellet and solar heating systems
- 2007
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Ingår i: ISES Solar World Congress 2007, ISES 2007. ; , s. 2468-2472
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emissions are an important aspect of a pellet heating system. High carbon monoxide emissions are often caused by unnecessary cycling of the burner when the burner is operated below the lowest combustion power. Combining pellet heating systems with a solar heating system can significantly reduce cycling of the pellet heater and avoid the inefficient summer operation of the pellet heater. The aim of this paper was to study CO-emissions of the different types of systems and to compare the yearly CO-emissions obtained from simulations with the yearly CO-emissions calculated based on the values that are obtained by the standard test methods. The results showed that the yearly CO-emissions obtained from the simulations are significant higher than the yearly CO-emissions calculated based on the standard test methods. It is also shown that for the studied systems the average emissions under these realistic annual conditions were greater than the limit values of two Eco-labels. Furthermore it could be seen that is possible to almost halve the CO-emission if the pellet heater is combined with a solar heating system.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon monoxide emissions of combined pellet and solar heating systems
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 86:2, s. 135-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions are an important aspect of a pellet heating system. Low harmful emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, are a measure of a well performing system. High carbon monoxide emissions are often caused by unnecessary cycling of the burner and when the average load is below the lowest possible combustion power of the burner. Combining pellet heaters with a solar heating system can significantly reduce cycling of the pellet heater and avoid the inefficient summer operation of the pellet heater. Five combined systems representing the range of typical solutions of this system type and one recently developed system have been studied, modelled and simulated. These systems are compared to a reference system, which is based on a pellet boiler and is not combined with a solar heating system. The aim was to study CO-emissions of the different types of systems and to analyse the potential of CO-emission reduction when the pellet heater is combined with a solar heating systems. Another aim was to compare the yearly CO-emissions obtained from simulations under realistic dynamic conditions with the yearly CO-emissions calculated based on the values that are obtained by the standard test methods. The study was performed with the simulation tool TRNSYS. The parameter used in the study have been identified from lab measurements on existing pellet boilers/stoves and solar heating systems. The results from the simulations show that it is possible to almost halve the CO-emission if the pellet heater is combined with a solar heating system. The results also show that the CO-emission of existing combined solar and pellet heating systems can be drastically reduced if the pellet heater is properly controlled and some basic design rules are observed. This can also be seen when analyzing the results for the new system concept where these rules have been taken into account. Comparing the yearly CO-emissions obtained from the simulations with the yearly CO-emissions calculated based on the standard test methods shows that using the latter give too low CO-values for the whole year. It is also shown that for the existing systems the average emissions under these realistic annual conditions were greater than the limit values of two Eco-labels.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Fiedler, Frank
(författare)
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Combined solar and pellet heating systems : Studies of energy use and CO-emissions
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study 4 solar and pellet heating systems have been studied with the help of annual dynamic simulations. Two of the systems comprised a pellet stove and two systems were solar combisystems; one with a store integrated pellet burner, the other with a separate pellet boiler. The aim was to evaluate their thermal performance and their CO-emissions. The systems have been modelled based on lab measurements of the single system components. The used models allow a detailed study of the dynamic behaviour of the systems. The stove systems have the least primary energy consumption provided the auxiliary electricity is taken into account with a conversion factor of 100%. If the auxiliary electricity is taken into account with a conversion of 40% and/or the systems are placed in the heated area the combisystems need less or a similar amount of primary energy. Modulating combustion power reduces the number of starts and stops and for most pellet units this reduces the total CO emissions. The obtained annual CO emissions are higher than the values obtained from the standard test methods. It was shown that the average emissions under realistic annual conditions were greater than the limit values of two Eco-labels. The system performance can be significantly improved by a proper control of the pellet heater and by sizing the pellet heater according to the size of the peak space heating demand. Based on these findings from the simulations two prototypes of a combined solar and pellet heating system has been designed, built and tested; one for the lab and one that has been installed in a demonstration house. The system is very compact and is suitable for detached houses with no heating room or little space for a heating system.
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| 30. |
- Fiedler, Frank, 1971-
(författare)
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Combined solar and pellet heating systems : Study of energy use and CO-emissions
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study 4 solar and pellet heating systems have been studied with the help of annual dynamic simulations. Two of the systems comprised a pellet stove and two systems were solar combisystems; one with a store integrated pellet burner, the other with a separate pellet boiler.The aim was to evaluate their thermal performance and their CO-emissions. The systems have been modelled based on lab measurements of the single system components. The used models allow a detailed study of the dynamic behaviour of the systems.The stove systems have the least primary energy consumption provided the auxiliary electricity is taken into account with a conversion factor of 100%. If the auxiliary electricity is taken into account with a conversion of 40% and/or the systems are placed in the heated area the combisystems need less or a similar amount of primary energy.Modulating combustion power reduces the number of starts and stops and for most pellet units this reduces the total CO emissions. The obtained annual CO emissions are higher than the values obtained from the standard test methods. It was shown that the average emissions under realistic annual conditions were greater than the limit values of two Eco-labels.The system performance can be significantly improved by a proper control of the pellet heater and by sizing the pellet heater according to the size of the peak space heating demand.Based on these findings from the simulations two prototypes of a combined solar and pellet heating system has been designed, built and tested; one for the lab and one that has been installed in a demonstration house. The system is very compact and is suitable for detached houses with no heating room or little space for a heating room.
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| 31. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of carbon monoxide emissions and electricity consumption of modulating and non-modulating pellet and solar heating systems
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0363-907X .- 1099-114X. ; 31:10, s. 915-930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emission and electricity consumption are important aspects of a pellet heating system. Low noxious emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, are a measure of a well-performing system. High carbon monoxide emissions are often caused by unnecessary cycling of the burner, poor adjustment of the combustion air and insufficient maintenance. The carbon monoxide output, the thermal performance and the electricity consumption for modulating and non-modulating operation mode have been investigated by simulations of four stoves/boilers as part of combined solar and pellet heating systems. The systems have been modelled with the simulation programme TRNSYS and simulated with the boundary conditions for space heating demand, hot water load and climate data as used in earlier research projects. The results from the simulations show that operating the pellet units with modulating combustion power reduces the number of starts and stops but does not necessarily reduce the carbon monoxide output. Whether the carbon monoxide output can be reduced or not depends very strongly on the reduction of starts and stops and how much the carbon monoxide emissions increase with decreased combustion power, which are in turn dependent on the particular settings of each pellet burner and how the heat is transferred to the building. However, for most systems the modulating operation mode has a positive impact on carbon monoxide emissions. Considering the total auxiliary energy demand, including the electricity demand of the pellet units, the modulating combustion control is advantageous for systems 1 and 4 for the used boundary conditions. The study also shows that an appropriate sizing of the stove or boiler has a huge potential for energy saving and carbon monoxide emission reduction.
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| 32. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Design method for solar heating systems in combination with pellet boilers/stoves
- 2006
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Ingår i: EuroSun 2006. - Glasgow, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study an optimization method for the design of combined solar and pellet heating systems is presented and evaluated. The paper describes the steps of the method by applying it for an example of system. The objective of the optimization was to find the design parameters that give the lowest auxiliary energy (pellet fuel + auxiliary electricity) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for a system with a typical load, a single family house in Sweden. Weighting factors have been used for the auxiliary energy use and CO emissions to give a combined target function. Different weighting factors were tested. The results show that extreme weighting factors lead to their own minima. However, it was possible to find factors that ensure low values for both auxiliary energy and CO emissions.
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| 33. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Design Study of a PV-Diesel Hybrid System for a Micro-Grid in Tanzania
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2008 a micro PV-Diesel Hybrid system has been installed at the Ihushi Development Center (IDC) near Mwanza in Tanzania. In April 2011 a monitoring system was installed at IDC to study the system performance and the usage of the system. Measured data from April to July 2011 have been used to model the system with the simulation software HOMER. One question was if HOMER allows accurate modelling and simulations of the actual system. In addition, it has been studied if the current system can be optimized and what system design solutions are most promising when the system need to be redesigned for a higher load.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation and simulation of a PV-Wind Hybrid System
- 2009
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Ingår i: Symposium Small PV-Applications. - Ulm.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work is evaluating a PV-Wind Hybrid system that has been installed in 2006 on the roof of Dalarna University in Borlänge/Sweden. Complementing the measurements, simulations with HOMER have been performed for the same system type. The measurements results showed that the PV array of the PV-Hybrid system was providing the major part of the energy even it has only the half of the wind turbine’s nominal rated power. However, the energy production of wind turbine especially during December and January allowed providing an almost constant load of 35W throughout the year. The combination of PV and wind increases the reliability of power supply and allows a significant smaller PV array compared to a PV alone system. The simulation results with HOMER showed good accordance with the measured data. The maximal difference was 3%. Furthermore, HOMER proved to be an easy to use and powerful tool for the sizing of this system type for locations where weather data for solar radiations and wind speed are available.
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| 36. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a micro PV-Wind hybrid system in Nordic climate conditions
- 2010
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Ingår i: 5th European Conference PV-Hybrid and Mini-Grid. - Tarragona/Spain.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A one year data analysis for a micro PV-Wind hybrid system (0.52 kW + 1 kW), installed in Borlänge/Sweden is presented in this paper. The system performance was evaluated according the guidelines of the IEC 61724 standard. The parameters obtained allow a comparison with similar systems. The measurement data are also used to evaluate the sizing and operation of the hybrid system. In addition, the system was modelled in HOMER to study sizing options.
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| 37. |
- Fiedler, Frank
(författare)
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Förstudie småskalig pelletanvändning i Chile
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna förstudie var att undersöka vilka förutsättningar finns för pelletvärmesystem och om marknaden i Chile kan vara intressant för svenska företag som tillverka den typ värmesystem. De viktigaste resultaten är: 1. Träpellets finns tillgängliga i Chile tillverkade av tre företag med en total tillverkningskapacitet av 100000 ton. En typ pellets finns på marknaden som har ungefär samma kvalitet som svensk tillverkade pellets. 2. Än så länge finns i Chile bara ett företag som tillverkar pelletskaminer. Det finns ytterligare företag som importerar pelletskaminer och pelletspannor från Europa. 3. På grund av det milda klimatet har bostadshus inga vattenburna värmedistributionssystem eller även inga värmesystem alls. 4. Mest vanliga är enkla vedkaminer. Det finns potential att ersätta dessa kaminer speciellt i storstadsområdet där deras användning har inskränkts på grund av de höga utsläppen de orsakar och där gas, el eller olja för uppvärmning kan ersättas. 5. Priser för svenska pelletkaminer är för höga för att kunna konkurrera på den chilenska marknaden. 6. På grund av det milda klimatet och de höga kostnaderna för vattenburna värmedistributionssystem kommer vattenburna värmesystem att ha även i framtiden bara en liten marknad.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Heat losses and thermal performance of commercial combined solar and pellet heating systems
- 2004
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Ingår i: Eurosun 2004. - Freiburg/Germany.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Various pellet heating systems are marketed in Sweden, some of them in combination with a solar heating system. Several types of pellet heating units are available and can be used for a combined system. This article compares four typical combined solar and pellet heating systems: System 1 and 2 two with a pellet stove, system 3 with a store integrated pellet burner and system 4 with a pellet boiler. The lower efficiency of pellet heaters compared to oil or gas heaters increases the primary energy demand. Consequently heat losses of the various systems have been studied. The systems have been modeled in TRNSYS and simulated with parameters identified from measurements. For almost all systems the flue gas losses are the main heat losses except for system 3 where store heat losses prevail. Relevant are also the heat losses of the burner and the boiler to the ambient. Significant leakage losses are noticed for system 3 and 4. For buildings with an open internal design system 1 is the most efficient solution. Other buildings should preferably apply system 3. The right choice of the system depends also on whether the heater is placed inside or outside of the heated are. A large potential for system optimization exist for all studied systems, which when applied could alter the relative merits of the different system types.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring results of combined pellet and solar heating system
- 2007
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Ingår i: ISES Solar World Congress 2007, ISES 2007. ; , s. 867-871
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study the monitoring results of prototype installation of a recently developed solar combisystem have been evaluated. The system, that uses a water jacketed pellet stove as auxiliary heater, was installed in a single family house in Borlänge/Sweden. In order to allow an evaluation under realistic conditions the system has been monitored for a time period of one year. From the measurements of the system it could be seen that it is important that the pellet stove has a sufficient buffer store volume to minimize cycling. The measurements showed also that the stove gives a lower share of the produced heat to the water loop than measured under stationary conditions. The solar system works as expected and covers the heat demand during the summer and a part of the heat demand during spring and autumn. Potential for optimization exists for the parasitic electricity demand. The system consumes 680 kWh per year for pumps, valves and controllers which is more than 4% of the total primary heating energy demand.
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| 42. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
-
Optimisation method for solar heating systems in combination with pellet boilers/stoves
- 2007
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Green Energy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1543-5075 .- 1543-5083. ; 4:3, s. 325-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study an optimisation method for the design of combined solar and pellet heating systems is presented and evaluated. The paper describes the steps of the method by applying it for an example system. The objective of the optimisation was to find the design parameters that give the lowest auxiliary energy (pellet fuel + auxiliary electricity) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for a system with a typical load, a single family house in Sweden. Weighting factors have been used for the auxiliary energy use and CO emissions to give a combined objective function. Different weighting factors were tested. The results show that extreme weighting factors lead to their own minima. However, it was possible to find factors that ensure low values for both auxiliary energy and CO emissions, and suitable weighting factors are suggested.
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| 43. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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PV-Wind Hybrid Systems for Swedish Locations
- 2008
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Ingår i: 4th European PV-Hybrid and Mini-Grid Conference. - Glyfada, Greece.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PV-Wind-Hybrid systems for stand-alone applications have the potential to be more cost efficient compared to PV-alone systems. The two energy sources can, to some extent, compensate each others minima. The combination of solar and wind should be especially favorable for locations at high latitudes such as Sweden with a very uneven distribution of solar radiation during the year. In this article PV-Wind-Hybrid systems have been studied for 11 locations in Sweden. These systems supply the household electricity for single family houses. The aim was to evaluate the system costs, the cost of energy generated by the PV-Wind-Hybrid systems, the effect of the load size and to what extent the combination of these two energy sources can reduce the costs compared to a PV-alone system. The study has been performed with the simulation tool HOMER developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for techno-economical feasibility studies of hybrid systems. The results from HOMER show that the net present costs (NPC) for a hybrid system designed for an annual load of 6000 kWh with a capacity shortage of 10% will vary between $48,000 and $87,000. Sizing the system for a load of 1800 kWh/year will give a NPC of $17,000 for the best and $33,000 for the worst location. PV-Wind-Hybrid systems are for all locations more cost effective compared to PV-alone systems. Using a Hybrid system is reducing the NPC for Borlänge by 36% and for Lund by 64%. The cost per kWh electricity varies between $1.4 for the worst location and $0.9 for the best location if a PV-Wind-Hybrid system is used.
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| 44. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of co-emissions by combining pellet and solar heating systems
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Eurosun 2008. - Lisbon.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emissions are an important aspect of a pellet heating system. High carbon monoxide emissions are often caused by unnecessary cycling of the burner when the burner is operated below the lowest combustion power. Combining pellet heating systems with a solar heating system can significantly reduce cycling of the pellet heater and avoid the inefficient summer operation of the pellet heater. The aim of this paper was to study CO-emissions of the different types of systems and to compare the yearly CO-emissions obtained from simulations with the yearly CO-emissions calculated based on the values that are obtained by the standard test methods. The results showed that the yearly CO-emissions obtained from the simulations are significant higher than the yearly CO-emissions calculated based on the standard test methods. It is also shown that for the studied systems the average emissions under these realistic annual conditions were greater than the limit values of two Eco-labels. Furthermore it could be seen that is possible to almost halve the CO-emission if the pellet heater is combined with a solar heating system.
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| 45. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-Economic Analysis of Grid-Connected PV Battery Solutions for Holiday Homes in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 15:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grid-connected PV battery systems for private homes are becoming increasingly popular in many countries, including Sweden. This study aimed to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of such distributed, grid-connected PV battery systems for single homes at a Swedish holiday location. It was especially of interest to investigate the impact of demand charges, as they are frequently introduced by utilities in Sweden and are also common in popular winter sport regions. Grid-connected PV battery systems were sized and optimized based on their net present cost. Load patterns, incentives, demand tariff structures and electricity price variation were used to study the sensitivity of the obtained results. Grid-connected residential PV battery systems were found to be equally profitable compared to grid-connected PV systems without batteries when demand charges were applied. When the load profiles had peak loads throughout the whole year and the batteries were large enough sized to shave many peaks, grid-connected PV battery systems had slightly higher profitability than grid-connected PV systems without batteries. The total savings also depended on the actual rate of demand charge. The good profitability we found greatly depends on the current state incentives for these systems in the form of tax credits for surplus electricity and investment costs. Removing the tax credit for surplus electricity would reduce the savings generated by a grid-connected PV system without batteries significantly more than for grid-connected PV systems with batteries.
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| 46. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Techno-economic feasibility analysis of PV-wind hybrid systems for Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Eurosun 2008. - Lisbon.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- PV-Wind-Hybrid systems for stand-alone applications have the potential to be more cost efficient compared to PV-alone systems. The two energy sources can, to some extent, compensate each others minima. The combination of solar and wind should be especially favorable for locations at high latitudes such as Sweden with a very uneven distribution of solar radiation during the year. In this article PV-Wind-Hybrid systems have been studied for 11 locations in Sweden. These systems supply the household electricity for single family houses. The aim was to evaluate the system costs, the cost of energy generated by the PV-Wind-Hybrid systems, the effect of the load size and to what extent the combination of these two energy sources can reduce the costs compared to a PV-alone system. The study has been performed with the simulation tool HOMER developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for techno-economical feasibility studies of hybrid systems. The results from HOMER show that the net present costs (NPC) for a hybrid system designed for an annual load of 6000 kWh with a capacity shortage of 10% will vary between $48,000 and $87,000. Sizing the system for a load of 1800 kWh/year will give a NPC of $17,000 for the best and $33,000 for the worst location. PV-Wind-Hybrid systems are for all locations more cost effective compared to PV-alone systems. Using a Hybrid system is reducing the NPC for Borlänge by 36% and for Lund by 64%. The cost per kWh electricity varies between $1.4 for the worst location and $0.9 for the best location if a PV-Wind-Hybrid system is used.
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| 47. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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The actual status of the development of a Danish/Swedish system concept for a solar combisystem
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research. - Vilnius.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At the beginning of 2003 the four year long research project REBUS on education, research, development and demonstration of competitive solar combisystems was launched. Research groups in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Latvia are working together with partners from industry on innovative solutions for solar heating in the Nordic countries. Existing system concepts have been analyzed and based on the results new system designs have been developed. The proposed solutions have to fulfill country specific technical, sociological and cost requirements. Due to the similar demands on the systems in Denmark and Sweden it has been decided to develop a common system concept for both countries, which increases the market potential for the manufacturer. The focus of the development is on systems for the large number of rather well insulated existing single family houses. In close collaboration with the industrial partners a system concept has been developed that is characterized by its high compactness and flexibility. It allows the use of different types of boilers, heating distribution systems and a variable store and collector size. Two prototypes have been built, one for the Danish market with a gas boiler, and one for the Swedish market with a pellet boiler as auxiliary heater. After intensive testing and eventual further improvements at least two systems will be installed and monitored in demonstration houses. The systems have been modeled in TRNSYS and the simulation results will be used to further improve the system and evaluate the system performance.
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| 48. |
- Fiedler, Frank
(författare)
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The Application Of Renewable Energy For Prefab Houses In Germany
- 2003
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Within the framework of the REBUS project the German building industry has been investigated regarding their energy concepts. The intention was to evaluate the establishment of renewable energy sources on the German market for new built houses and prefab houses in particular. For this purpose the products of 85 manufacturers of prefab houses have been analyzed. Of special interest was the application of heating and hot water systems driven by solar energy and biomass. The results show that both techniques are well accepted and established. Almost 90% of the manufacturers offer solar systems on request and almost 70% heating systems based on Pellets. 24% offered solar and 7% as standard options in their range. From the achieved figures the potential of the Swedish market can be worked out. Strategies to introduce renewable energy to a greater extent to Swedish house manufacturers and builders might also be found.
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| 49. |
- Fiedler, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal performance of combined solar and pellet heating systems
- 2006
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 31, s. 73-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Various pellet heating systems are marketed in Sweden, some of them in combination with a solar heating system. Several types of pellet heating units are available and can be used for a combined system. This article compares four typical combined solar and pellet heating systems. System 1 and 2 with a pellet stove, system 3 with a store integrated pellet burner and system 4 with a pellet boiler. The often lower efficiency of pellet heaters compared to oil or gas heaters increases the final energy demand. Consequently, heat losses of the various systems have been studied. The systems have been modeled in TRNSYS and simulated with parameters identified from measurements. For almost all systems the flue gas losses are the main heat losses except for system 3 where store heat losses prevail. Relevant are also the heat losses of the burner and the boiler to the ambient. Significant leakage losses are noticed for system 3 and 4. For buildings with an open internal design system I is the most efficient solution. Other buildings should preferably apply system 2 or 3. The right choice of the system depends also on whether the heater is placed inside or outside of the heated area. Unlike the expectations and results from other studies, the operation of the pellet heaters with modulating combustion power is not necessarily improving the performance. A large potential for system optimisation exists for all studied systems, which when applied could alter the relative merits of the different system types
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| 50. |
- Fiedler, Frank
(författare)
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The state of the art of small-scale pellet-based heating systems and relevant regulations in Sweden, Austria and Germany
- 2004
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Ingår i: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 8:3, s. 201-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emphasis of this report is on the actual technology of small-scale pellet combustion units and important regulations concerning emissions and pellets. Wood as a heating source has a long tradition in Sweden, but the use of compressed wood pellets in domestic stoves and boilers is rather new. Based on a literature survey, information from manufacturers and test institutes, this report gives an overview about existing technology and investigates how mature it is already. Some comparisons were made to similar heating units in Austria, where this technique is also widely used. It could be seen that the Austrian boilers are more sophisticated including a high level of comfort for the user. On the other hand the simpler Swedish boilers are significantly less expensive, and it is questionable if Swedish costumers are willing to pay for the higher comfort. Relevant regulations concerning emissions and fuel quality are also reported and compared between Sweden, Germany and Austria. In addition some interesting non-official certificates and environmental labels are presented. These give an outlook to future, probably more stringent, regulations.
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