| 1. |
- Abad, Esteban, et al.
(författare)
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Air monitoring with passive samplers for dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants in developing countries (2017-2019)
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 287:Pt 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As part of the global monitoring plan on persistent organic pollutants (GMP) under the Stockholm Convention passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks (PUFs) were applied to monitor dioxin-like POPs. For sampling, toluene-pretreated PUFs were exposed for three months during two years. Chemical analysis was performed in one accredited expert laboratory using internationally accepted methods; for comparison, all results were normalized to one PUF and 3 month exposure. Total TEQs, using WHO2005-TEFs, were lowest in the Pacific Islands countries (PAC) and had similar mean values in Africa (16.8 pg TEQ/PUF), Asia (16.9 pg TEQ/PUF), and Latin American and Caribbean countries (GRULAC, 13.3 pg TEQ/PUF). Using median values, Asia (13.4 pg TEQ/PUF) and GRULAC (13.1 pg TEQ/PUF) had higher amounts than Africa (6.1 pg TEQ/PUF) and PAC (2.1 pg TEQ/PUF). The contribution of PCDD/PCDF to the total TEQ was 2-3-times higher than from the dl-PCB. Mono-ortho PCB did not play a role in any of the samples. The previous 40 samples during 2010/2011 and the present 195 samples from 2017/2018 did not show a statistical difference (p value = 0.3), only for GRULAC, a downward trend was identified. It is recommended combining 4 PUFs to ‘annual’ samples.
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| 2. |
- Abalos, M., et al.
(författare)
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Results for PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCBs in the first round of UNEPs biennial global interlaboratory assessment on persistent organic pollutants
- 2013
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Ingår i: TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-9936 .- 1879-3142. ; 46, s. 98-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first worldwide interlaboratory assesment on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention was organized in the Asian/Pacific, Latin American and African regions during 2009-11.A relatively large number of laboratories reported data for the PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, especially in the Asian region. Within the Asian region, several participants used high-resolution GC/high-resolution MS systems optimized for dioxin analysis. The availibility of High-resolution mass spectrometer instrumentation is limited in the Latin America and African regions, although recently several new laboratories for dioxins have started in the Latin American region.
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| 3. |
- Anderson, J. K., et al.
(författare)
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Grouping of PFAS for human health risk assessment : Findings from an independent panel of experts
- 2022
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Ingår i: Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology. - : Elsevier. - 0273-2300 .- 1096-0295. ; 134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An expert panel was convened to provide insight and guidance on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) grouping for the purposes of protecting human health from drinking water exposures, and how risks to PFAS mixtures should be assessed. These questions were addressed through multiple rounds of blind, independent responses to charge questions, and review and comments on co-panelists responses. The experts agreed that the lack of consistent interpretations of human health risk for well-studied PFAS and the lack of information for the vast majority of PFAS present significant challenges for any mixtures risk assessment approach. Most experts agreed that "all PFAS" should not be grouped together, persistence alone is not sufficient for grouping PFAS for the purposes of assessing human health risk, and that the definition of appropriate subgroups can only be defined on a case-by-case manner. Most panelists agreed that it is inappropriate to assume equal toxicity/potency across the diverse class of PFAS. A tiered approach combining multiple lines of evidence was presented as a possible viable means for addressing PFAS that lack analytical and/or toxicological studies. Most PFAS risk assessments will need to employ assumptions that are more likely to overestimate risk than to underestimate risk, given the choice of assumptions regarding dose-response model, uncertainty factors, and exposure information.
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| 4. |
- Avakian, Maureen D., et al.
(författare)
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The origin, fate, and health effects of combustion by-products : A research framework
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 110:11, s. 1155-1162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Incomplete combustion processes can emit organic pollutants, metals, and fine particles. Combustion by-products represent global human and environmental health challenges that are relevant not only in heavily industrialized nations, but also in developing nations where up to 90% of rural households rely on unprocessed biomass fuels for cooking, warmth, and light. These issues were addressed at the Seventh International Congress on Combustion BY-Products, which convened 4-6 June 2001 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. This congress included a diverse group of multidisciplinary researchers and practitioners who discussed recent developments and future goals in the control of combustion by-products and their effects of exposure on human and ecologic health. Participants recommended that interdisciplinary, coordinated research efforts should be focused to capitalize on the important potential synergisms between efforts to reduce the adverse human health effects linked to exposures to combustion by-products and broader efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save energy through efficiency. In this article we summarize the principal findings and recommendations for research focus and direction.
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| 5. |
- Baabish, Abeer, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Priority perfluoroalkyl substances in surface waters : A snapshot survey from 22 developing countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has established a global monitoring plan (GMP) to generate comparable data on the presence of POPs listed in the Stockholm Convention to identify changes in POPs concentrations over time and in regions. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been listed into the annexes of the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and 2019, namely perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), its salts and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts and PFOA-related compounds. Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) is recommended for listing in 2021.Surface water samples from 22 countries through the UNEP/Global Monitoring Plan 2 projects were collected from 2017 until 2019. 144 water samples from Africa (n=44), Asia-Pacific (n=60), and the Group of Latin America and Caribbean countries (GRULAC) (n=40) were analyzed using a ultra-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). The three PFAS were quantified in the range of 0.03 ng L-1 to 6.23 ng L-1 for ΣPFOS, 0.05 ng L-1 to 4.02 ng L-1 for PFOA and 0.03 ng L-1 to 3.51 ng L-1 for PFHxS. Variation between or within regions, time points, countries' economy and population density was assessed. Statistically significant difference was found only for the PFOA concentration in the Asia Pacific region (11 countries) in comparison to Africa (seven countries) and GRULAC (five countries).Using the standardized sampling protocol for surface waters, these data may serve as a baseline for future monitoring activities and the starting point for trend assessment.
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| 6. |
- Black, R. R., et al.
(författare)
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Emission factors for PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB from open burning of biomass
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 38:1, s. 62-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants includes in its aims the minimisation of unintentional releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) and dioxin like PCB (dl-PCB) to the environment Development and implementation of policies to achieve this aim require accurate national inventories of releases of PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB. To support this objective, the Conference of Parties established a process to review and update the UNEP Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. An assessment of all emission inventories was that for many countries open burning of biomass and waste was identified as the major source of PCDD/PCDF releases. However, the experimental data underpinning the release estimates used were limited in number and, consequently, confidence in the accuracy of the emissions predictions was low. There has been significant progress in measurement technology since the last edition of the Toolkit in 2005. In this paper we reassess published emission factors for release of PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB to land and air.In total, four types of biomass and 111 emission factors were assessed. It was found that there are no systematic differences in emission factors apparent between biomass types or fire classes. The data set is best described by a lognormal distribution. The geometric mean emission factors (EFs) for releases of PCDD/PCDF to air for the four biomass classes used in the Toolkit (sugarcane, cereal crops, forest and savannah/grass) are 1.6 mu g TEQ(t fuel)(-1), 0.49 mu g TEQ(t fuel)(-1), 1.0 mu g TEQ(t fuel)(-1) and 0.4 mu g TEQ(t fuel)(-1), respectively. Corresponding EFs for release of PCDD/PCDF to land are 3.0 ng TEQ (kg ash)(-1), 1.1 ng TEQ (kg ash)(-1), 1.1 ng TEQ (kg ash)(-1) and 0.67 ng TEQ (kg ash)(-1). There are now also sufficient published data available to evaluate EFs for dl-PCB release to air for sugarcane, forest and grass/savannah; these are 0.03 mu g TEQ (t fuel)(-1), 0.09 mu g TEQ (t fuel)(-1) and 0.01 mu g TEQ (t fuel)(-1), respectively. The average EF for dl-PCB release to land is 0.19 ng TEQ (kg ash)(-1). Application of these EFs to national emissions of PCDD/PCDF for global estimates from open burning will lower previous estimates of PCDD/PCDF releases to air and to land by 85% and 90%, respectively. For some countries, the ranking of their major sources will be changed and open burning of biomass will become less significant than previously concluded.
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| 7. |
- Black, R. R., et al.
(författare)
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Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from combustion of forest fuels and sugarcane : A comparison between field measurements and simulations in a laboratory burn facility
- 2011
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 83:10, s. 1331-1338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Release of PCDD and PCDF from biomass combustion such as forest and agricultural crop fires has been nominated as an important source for these chemicals despite minimal characterisation. Available emission factors that have been experimentally determined in laboratory and field experiments vary by several orders of magnitude from <0.51 mu g TEQ(t fuel consumed)(-1) to >1001 mu g TEQ(t fuel consumed)(-1). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of experimental methods on the emission factor.A portable field sampler was used to measure PCDD/PCDF emissions from forest fires and the same fuel when burnt over a brick hearth to eliminate potential soil effects. A laboratory burn facility was used to sample emissions from the same fuels. There was very good agreement in emission factors to air (EF(Air)) for forest fuel (Duke Forest, NC) of 0.52 (range: 0.40-0.79), 0.59 (range: 0.18-1.2) and 0.75 (range: 0.27-1.2) mu g TEQ(WHO2005) (t fuel consumed)(-1) for the in-field, over a brick hearth, and burn facility experiments, respectively. Similarly, experiments with sugarcane showed very good agreement with EFAir of 1.1 (range: 0.40-2.2), 1.5 (range: 0.84-2.2) and 1.7 (range: 0.34-4.4) mu g TEQ (t fuel consumed)(-1) for in-field, over a brick hearth, open field and burn facility experiments respectively. Field sampling and laboratory simulations were in good agreement, and no significant changes in emissions of PCDD/PCDF could be attributed to fuel storage and transport to laboratory test facilities.
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| 8. |
- Bogdal, C., et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide distribution of persistent organic pollutants in air, including results of air monitoring by passive air sampling in five continents
- 2013
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Ingår i: TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-9936 .- 1879-3142. ; 46, s. 150-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an overview of concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in ambient air on a global scale, including recent measurements and an extensive compilation of literature data. In this study, passive air samplers (PASs) were successfully employed to assess concentrations of POPs in ambient air from Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. The project aimed to extend the knowledge on environmental contamination by POPs in these regions, where the currently available data are still limited to a few monitoring studies.The ambient air concentrations of PCB in Africa were relatively high when compared to other regions. Waste, in particular electronic waste, exported to Africa from industrialized countries may be a possible source of PCB in Africa, where PCB have never been extensively used or produced. For DDTs, the wide range of concentrations and particularly high levels in some countries of Africa and the Pacific Islands reflect the use of DDT for malaria control in these regions. For PCDD/PCDF, concentrations in Africa and Latin America are similar to or even higher than in Europe, probably due to unfavorable combustion practices of chlorine-containing materials.The data support the needs for further monitoring in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and action to reduce environmental contamination by, and human exposure to, hazardous chemicals.
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| 9. |
- Breivik, Knut, et al.
(författare)
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Primary sources of selected POPs : regional and global scale emission inventories
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 128:1-2, s. 3-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last decade, a number of studies have been devoted to the sources and emissions of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) at regional and global scales. While significant improvements in knowledge have been achieved for some pesticides, the quantitative understanding of the emission processes and emission patterns for "non-pesticide" POPs are still considered limited. The key issues remaining for the non-pesticide POPs are in part determined by their general source classification. For industrial chemicals, such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), there is considerable uncertainty with respect to the relative importance of atmospheric emissions from various source categories. For PCBs, temperature is discussed as a potential key factor influencing atmospheric emission levels and patterns. When it comes to the unintentional by-products of combustion and industrial processes (PCDD/Fs), there is still a large uncertainty with respect to the relative contribution of emissions from unregulated sources such as backyard barrel burning that requires further consideration and characterisation. For hexachlorobenzene (HCB), the relative importance of primary and secondary atmospheric emissions in controlling current atmospheric concentrations remains one of the key uncertainties. While these and other issues may remain unresolved, knowledge concerning the emissions of POPs is a prerequisite for any attempt to understand and predict the distribution and fate of these chemicals on a regional and global scale as well as to efficiently minimise future environmental burdens.
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| 10. |
- Büchert, A., et al.
(författare)
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Dioxin contamination in food : Bayreuth, Germany, from September 28 to October 1, 2000
- 2001
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Ecomed Publishers. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 8:2, s. 84-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dioxin and PCB monitoring programs for food and feeding stuff in most countries of the world, including many European Countries are currently inadequate. Better control of food production lines and food processing procedures is needed to minimize entry of dioxin to the food chain and will help to avoid dioxin contamination accidents. This would also improve the ability to trace back a possible contamination to its source. European guidelines for monitoring programs should be established to ensure comparable and meaningful results. These guidelines should define the minimum requirements for the design of monitoring programs, analytical methods, and quality assurance.Though data from Northern Europe shows that the general population exposure to dioxin and PCB has decreased during the last ten years these compounds continue to be a risk of accidental contamination of the food chain. The most prominent recent example is the Belgian dioxin contamination of feeding stuff in 1999. The Belgian dioxin contamination was not detected due to dioxin monitoring programs but by their direct biological effects seen in animals. Four other cases of dioxin contamination have been detected in Europe since 1997 due to local monitoring programs. One of them (citrus pulp pellets 1998) was in a much larger scale than the Belgian dioxin contamination.The general population's exposure to dioxins and PCBs is still in the same range (1-4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg body weight and day) as the recently revised WHO tolerable daily intake (TDI). There is concern that short-term high level exposure to dioxins, furans, and PCB may cause biological effects on the human fetal development and further research is required.Further actions to control sources building on considerable advances already made in many countries may need to be supplemented by measures to prevent direct contamination of feeding stuff or food to reduce general population exposure further.
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| 11. |
- Cao, Zhiguo, et al.
(författare)
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Economic status as a determinant of national PCDD/PCDF releases and implications for PCDD/PCDF reduction
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 91:3, s. 328-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The annual releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) from 68 countries/regions were investigated by correlating quantitative emissions with economic status of the nations. The national dioxin/furan inventories were developed using the PCDD/PCDF Standardized Toolldt, which presents the quantitative releases from ten major source groups to five release vectors. The correlation between intensity of PCDDIPCDF release and economic status was discussed and the influence of economic status on composition of five release vectors and ten source groups was studied. As PCDD/PCDF are mainly released from human activities to environmental matrices, release per person (RpP) and release per unit area (RpA) are defined to reflect release burden (Donor) and contamination burden (Receptor), respectively. Based on these two concepts, International PCDD/PCDF Reduction Burden is characterized by burden quotient (BQ) and a calculation model is established. The numbers of countries/regions with high, moderate and low International PCDD/PCDF Reduction Burden were 19,31 and 18, respectively. The information in this paper can be used for politicians to develop legislations to improve International PCDD/PCDF Reduction.
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| 12. |
- Cao, Zhi-Guo, et al.
(författare)
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Particle size : A missing factor in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 49, s. 24-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For researches on toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust, selection of dust fraction is a critical influencing factor to the accuracy of human exposure risk assessment results. However, analysis of the selection of dust fraction in recent studies revealed that there is no consensus. This study classified and presented researches on distribution of toxic chemicals according to dust particle size and on relationship between dust particle size and human exposure possibility. According to the literature, beyond the fact that there were no consistent conclusions on particle size distribution of adherent fraction, dust with particle size less than 100 mu m should be paid more attention and that larger than 250 mu m is neither adherent nor proper for human exposure risk assessment. Calculation results based on literature data show that with different selections of dust fractions, analytical results of toxic chemicals would vary up to 10-fold, which means that selecting dust fractions arbitrarily will lead to large errors in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled dust. Taking into account the influence of dust particle size on risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals, a new methodology for risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust is proposed and human exposure parameter systems to settled indoor dust are advised to be established at national and regional scales all over the world.
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| 13. |
- Chen, Ping, et al.
(författare)
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Preliminary release inventories of unintentionally generated dl-PCB and HCB from sources in China : Base year 2015
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 219, s. 875-881
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research presents release inventories of unintentionally generated dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which so far have not been developed or assessed. For the inventory development, the amended Toolkit methodology as developed for reporting under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, has been applied. Based on the activity rate (AR) obtained from various statistical yearbooks, reports, or scientific literature, and the emission factors (EFs) suited to each technology level, we estimated the preliminary release inventories of unintentionally produced dl-PCB and HCB from 36 source categories in China for the reference year 2015. The result showed that in 2015, 656 g TEQ of unintentionally produced dl-PCB and 2,145,504 g (or 2146 kg) of unintentionally generated HCB were released in China from these 36 source categories. Most of dl-PCB and HCB was released to air, 71% or 60%, respectively. For comparison and for the sources which could be estimated for all three unintentional POPs the total releases of PCDD/PCDF were 5695 g TEQ per year. Of these, 78% were released to air. For dl-PCB and HCB, the vast majority of the releases from the source group 7 Production and use of consumer goods - is found in the products and not in air. With respect to source attribution and releases to air, the source groups SG3 - Heat and power generation and SG2 - Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production dominate the air emission inventory. Due to the lack of EFs, the calculated releases to the water and land were not well covered, which overall results in an underestimation of the total releases for all unintentional POPs.For comparison, the release inventories from Japan and from several other countries that were developed using methodologies other than the UNEP Toolkit are presented as well.
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| 14. |
- de Boer, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Global interlaboratory assessments on PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and brominated flame retardants in various environmental matrices 2017/2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) global monitoring plan under the Stockholm Convention contributing laboratories were offered to take part in a series of interlaboratory assessments on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The results of two rounds of these assessments are reported. The target compounds were polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated diphenylethers, one polybrominated biphenyl and hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers. The matrices distributed were a test solution, fish, sediment, human milk, and air extracts. The number of participants in each round was well over 100, showing the interest of laboratories worldwide. The results showed that many laboratories still struggle to obtain acceptable standard deviations of around 25% for their determinations. In particular for organochlorine pesticides serious improvement in quality is required. Acceptable results were obtained for the air extracts and for the determination of polybrominated diphenylethers in various matrices.
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| 15. |
- de Boer, J., et al.
(författare)
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United Nations Environment Programme Capacity Building Pilot Project : training and interlaboratory study on persistent organic pollutant analysis under the Stockholm Convention
- 2008
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Ingår i: Analytica Chimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2670 .- 1873-4324. ; 617:1-2, s. 208-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the framework of a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Capacity Building Project for training of laboratory staff in developing countries on persistent organic pollutant (POP) analysis, an interlaboratory study was organised following an initial evaluation of the performance of laboratories (reality check) and a series of training sessions. The target compounds were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP). Seven laboratories from five countries (Ecuador, Uruguay, Kenya, Moldova, and Fiji) participated. Most of the laboratories had no experience in determining PCBs. Although chromatograms improved considerably after the training and installation of new gas chromatographic (GC) columns at participating laboratories, the level of performance in the interlaboratory study was essentially on par with the moderate performance level achieved by European POP laboratories in the 1980s. Only some individual results were within +/-20% of the target values. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) in POP concentrations determined by laboratories in a sediment sample were >200% in a number of cases. The results for a certified herring sample were better with at least some R.S.D. values below 50% and most below 100%. Clean up was as one of the main sources of error. After inspection it was ascertained that training of laboratory staff and investments in simple consumables such as glassware and GC columns would help to improve the quality of the analysis more than major investments in expensive instrumentation. Creating an effective network of POP laboratories at different continents together with a series of interlaboratory studies and workshops is suggested to improve the measurements of POPs in these countries.
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| 16. |
- Degrendele, Celine, et al.
(författare)
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Multiyear levels of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PAHs in background air in central Europe and implications for deposition
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents four years ambient monitoring data of seventeen 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), twelve dioxin-like poly-chlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) designed by the US EPA at a background site in central Europe during 2011-2014. The concentrations expressed as toxic equivalents (TEQs) using the WHO2005-scheme for PCDD/Fs (0.2 fg m(-3)-61.1 fg m(-3)) were higher than for dl-PCBs (0.01 fg m(-3)-2.9 fg m(-3)), while the opposite was found in terms of mass concentrations. Sigma PAHs ranged from 0.20 ng m(-3) to 134 ng(-3). The mass concentration profile of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PAHs was similar throughout the four years. PCDD/Fs and PAHs concentrations were dominated by primary sources peaking in winter, while those of dl-PCBs were controlled by secondary sources characterized by a spring-summer peak. During 2011-2014, no significant decrease in the atmospheric levels of Sigma PCDD/Fs was observed. On the other hand, the concentrations of Sigma dl-PCBs and Sigma PAHs were decreasing, with halving times of 5.7 and 2.7 years, respectively. We estimated that 422 pg m(-2) year pg m(-2) year TEQ PCDD/Fs and 3.48 pg m(-2) year(-1)-15.8 pg m(-2) year(-1) TEQ dl-PCBs were transferred from the air to the ground surfaces via dry particulate deposition during 2011-2014.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Dyke, P. H., et al.
(författare)
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PCB and PAH releases from power stations and waste incineration processes in the UK
- 2003
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 50:4, s. 469-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focused on emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from incineration and power generation processes. Increased concern over human exposure to both classes of compounds has meant that environmental regulators need to assess the contribution made by emissions from regulated processes to human exposure. In the first part of an assessment in the UK we reviewed literature data on emissions of PCB, focusing on the dioxin-like PCB assigned toxic equivalency factors by the World Health Organization, and PAR The literature study was supplemented by a series of plant tests to gather initial real plant data. Literature data were limited and the lack of standard protocols for measurement and reporting of both PCB and PAH meant that few data sets were comparable. Levels of dioxin-like PCB reported in the literature and measured in UK plant tests showed that well-controlled modern combustion plants with comprehensive pollution controls gave low emissions, typically about 5-10% of the toxic equivalent of the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans at the same plants and below the widely used standard of 0.1 ng TEQ/N m(3).
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| 19. |
- Elgazali, Abdelkarem A. S., et al.
(författare)
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Reactive gaseous mercury is generated from chloralkali factories resulting in extreme concentrations of mercury in hair of workers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Occupational exposure of chloralkali workers to highly concentrated mercury (Hg) vapour has been linked to an increased risk of renal dysfunction and behavioural changes. It is generally believed that these workers are exposed to elemental Hg, which is used in abundance during the production process however, the lack in analytical techniques that would allow for identification of gaseous Hg species poses a challenge, which needs to be addressed in order to reach a consensus. Here, we present the results from simulated exposure studies, which provide sound evidence of higher adsorption rate of HgCl2 than Hg-0 and its irreversible bonding on the surface of hair. We found that chloralkali workers were exposed to HgCl2, which accumulated in extremely high concentrations on the hair surface, more than 1,000 times higher than expected from unexposed subjects and was positively correlated with Hg levels in the finger- and toenails.
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| 20. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A Critical Review of A Recommended Analytical and Classification Approach for Organic Fluorinated Compounds with an Emphasis on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
- 2021
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Ingår i: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1551-3777 .- 1551-3793. ; 17:2, s. 331-351
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic fluorinated compounds have been detected in various environmental media and biota. Some of these compounds are regulated locally (e.g., perfluorononanoic acid maximum contaminant level in drinking water by the New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection), nationally (e.g., perfluorooctanoic acid maximum acceptable concentration in drinking water by Health Canada) or internationally (e.g. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants). Globally, regulators and researchers seek to identify the organic fluorinated compounds associated with potential adverse effects, bioaccumulation, mobility and persistence to manage their risks, and, to understand the beneficial attributes they bring to products such as first responder gear, etc. Clarity is needed to determine the best analytical method for the goal of the analyses (e.g., pure research or analysis to determine the extent of an accidental release, monitoring ground water for specific compounds to determine regulatory compliance, establish baseline levels in a river of organic fluorinated substances associated with human health risk prior to a clean-up effort, etc.). Analytical techniques that identify organic fluorine coupled together with targeted chemical analysis will yield information sufficient to identify public health or environmental hazards.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Application of QSARS to predict potential aquatic toxicities of organochlorine pesticides
- 1990
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Ingår i: Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. - : Gordon and Breach Publishers. - 0277-2248 .- 1029-0486. ; 26:1-4, s. 157-160
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On the basis of physico‐chemical data, such as water solubility and vapour pressure as well as acute toxicity tests we developed an ecotoxicological model for preliminary hazard assessment. By use of the reciprocal product from log H and LC50 we developed a suitable ranking system that allows us to predict potential damage to aquatic organisms through pesticides
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| 23. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of four rounds of interlaboratory tests within the UNEP-coordinated POPs projects
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 288
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 2005, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has supported developing countries with capacity building, including on-site training courses and provision on laboratory materials and consumables, and analysis of samples from Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC) in designated expert laboratories. In order to check the performance of laboratories analyzing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and giving trust into chemical analytical results, four rounds of interlaboratory assessments (ILs) were organized between 2010 and 2019. These were open to all POPs laboratories. In total, 41 575 z-scores, as indicators of performance, were generated in these four ILs; of these, 8912 were from laboratories in countries supported by UNEP projects and 3923 were from expert laboratories; these together constitute 31% of the total. 69% of all z-scores came from laboratories not participating in the UNEP projects, especially from China, who recognized the importance of such exercises for quality control at an early stage. The results showed that POPs analytical capacity has increased over the years, but some gaps could not be closed especially not when LC-MS/MS equipment is essential such as for PFAS and congener-specific HBCD. Use of mass spectrometers provides better results than ECD instruments due to the broad spectrum of organochlorine pesticides to be analyzed under the Stockholm Convention. The main conclusion for all laboratories is that interlaboratory assessments provide important and objective snapshots of performance for the laboratories themselves and for external clients. The methods used in any interlaboratory testing should be the same as during routine analysis between such tests.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Bi-ennial Global Interlaboratory Assessment on Persistent Organic Pollutants – Fourth Round 2018/2019
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The fourth Bi-ennial Global Interlaboratory Assessment on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was organized in 2018. After invitation to participate in this fourth round of the proficiency test, 148 laboratories from 62 countries had registered. In comparison to the 3rd round in which 175 laboratories had registered, this was somewhat lower. However, again several new laboratories (participating for the first time) joined this exercise. The test materials included test solutions of analytical standards, the abiotic matrices included sediment, air (extract) and water and the biotic matrices were fish, human milk and human plasma. The results for the 23 groups of POPs that were listed in the annexes of the Stockholm Convention until 2013 and in addition hexachlorobutadiene, pentachlorobenzene, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate were assessed. This resulted in a report with a wealth of information on POP analysis and a huge dataset from which the laboratories can evaluate their own methods and performance.The Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) of the Stockholm Convention requires that POP laboratories must be capable – at any time – to analyse samples for POPs within a variation of ±25%. Based on this target error of 25%, the statistical model used provided z-scores based on which the performance of each laboratory for each analyte in each matrix can be assessed.The results show a scattered picture and in comparison, with previous rounds, the performance of many laboratories receded. For a number of analytes, in particularly for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the performance was disappointing. In addition, several laboratories which had been trained within UNEP’s or other’s capacity building projects and have participated in this scheme for three or four times did not meet the expectations. Relatively low concentrations of OCPs in the test materials and a low fat content in the fish matrix could have played a role. However, these materials are realistic and non-spiked test materials.A large number of laboratories only analysed a few matrices and especially the standard test solutions, where it was expected that after four rounds of this study, the capacity of the laboratories would have been extended to the analysis of most POPs and the performance would steadily improve. The standard test solution results were often disappointing as well.More experienced laboratories showed a good to very good performance for chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans and dioxin-like (dl)-PCB, and for PBDE, PFASs and HBCD (alpha-HBCD in fish and gamma-HBCD in sediment). The toxaphene results were encouraging for the test solutions but in a next round, test materials need higher concentrations of toxaphene to enable a realistic test.This interlaboratory assessment on POPs remains to be among the largest ever organised. Given the overwhelming interest in this study and the need for a substantial increase in quality for many laboratories, it is strongly advised to continue with this study on a bi-ennial basis.
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| 27. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Case study of a highly dioxin contaminated sports field : Environmental risk assessment and human exposure
- 1995
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 43:3, s. 217-227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Copper slag, containing high levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) was used as covering material of a community sports field. This led to a contamination up to 40 000 fold in comparison to background concentrations in soils. Levels and patterns of dioxins found in sediments of a nearby river proved a translocation of contaminated copper slag, while slightly elevated dioxin levels found in soil from nearby house gardens could not be attributed to the sports field as the source of dioxins.The annual flux of dioxins and furans to the environment was estimated using worst-case assumptions and the potential exposure of humans was deduced. Calculations of possible PCDD/PCDF-fluxes to the environment showed that only one major process - wind erosion - may have contributed to more than 90% of the total dioxin flux from the contaminated site to the surroundings, Based on PCDD/PCDF-exposure pathways for humans it was concluded that the PCDD/PCDF-content of the copper slag of the sports field did not pose a health hazard to athletes nor to the residents living in the neighbourhood.
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| 28. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Dioxin-like POPs in national samples from global monitoring plan projects (2017-2019)
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 325
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global monitoring plan (GMP) established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) had defined ambient air, human milk or blood, and water as core matrices to be analyzed and assessed for spatial and temporal distribution. Within projects coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), developing countries were offered to have other matrices analyzed for dioxin-like POPs (dl-POPs) in experienced laboratories. Subsequently, 185 samples from 27 countries located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were collected during 2018-2019 and analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), and biphenyls (PCB). Using the WHO2005 toxic equivalency approach (TEQ), the amounts of dl-POPs found were low (<1 pg TEQ/g); however, singular samples had higher values; e.g., egg from Morocco, fish from Argentina or Tunisia; soil and sediment samples. Results showed that the matrix, abiotic or biota, had more impact on the TEQ pattern than the geographic location. Independent of the location and across all samples, dl-PCB in (shell)fish and beef samples had a contribution of 75% to the total TEQ; milk (63%), chicken (52%), and butter (50.2%) more than 50%. Sediment (57% and 32%) and soil (40% and 36%)) samples were dominated by PCDD and PCDF, respectively; therein, dl-PCB had shares of 11% and 24%. Egg samples (N = 27) did not follow the general biota pattern and had 21% of the TEQ from the PCDD, 45% from PCDF, and 34% from dl-PCB; thus, indicating that abiotic matrices such as soil or other material may have an impact.
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| 29. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Dioxins : Sources of environmental load and human exposure
- 1990
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Ingår i: Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0277-2248 .- 1029-0486. ; 29:3, s. 157-234
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) represent a class of tricylic, almost planar, aromatic ethers with 1 to 8 chlorine atoms. Congeners with substituents in the positions 2, 3, 7, and 8 are of special concern due to their toxicity, stability, and persistence. These compounds have been identified in almost all environmental compartments and humans.Dioxins are a potent carcinogen for animals and—at the moment—considered a probable carcinogen for humans. Actual toxicological risk assessment for humans are based on 2,3,7,8‐Cl4DD carcinogenicity studies on rodents. Tumorigenic effects were found for 2 strains of rats and 2 strains of mice. All dioxins and furans elicit common toxic and biological responses, starting with a specific binding to a protein receptor, but existing epidemiologic data do not provide definitive data on human health effects.Toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) have been developed by several agencies as a provisional method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of PCDD/PCDF.Dioxins have never been produced intentionally and have never served any useful purpose. They are formed in trace amounts as by‐products in industrial processes; for instance within the chemical industry, of the pulp and paper industry, metallurgical processes, processes for reactivation of granular carbon, dry cleaning, and the manufacture of flame‐retarded plastics.The main pathway for dioxins to enter the environment is via combustion processes. Incineration is of special importance since PCDD/PCDF are directly released to the atmosphere from either stationary sources, such as municipal, hazardous and hospital waste incinerators, the combustion of sewage sludge, and scrap metal recycling, or diffuse sources, e.g. automobile exhausts, private home heating with fossil fuels, forest fires, and cigarette smoking. Furthermore, fires with PCB and PVC have additionally contributed to the total dioxin load. The emission gases can undergo long‐range transport, so that dioxins have been found even in remote areas.Besides the two primary sources (industrial processes and combustion processes) the release of dioxins from contaminated areas and waste dumps via the leachate and the application of sewage sludge for fertilization represents a third source of PCDD/PCDF.After more than 10 years of dioxin research the most important sources of PCDD/PCDF have been identified and analytical methods have been developed for their quantification in trace levels and in complex matrices.Various efforts have been undertaken to reduce the emission of dioxins: for example, optimization of combustion processes for municipal waste incineration, use of unleaded gasoline, ban of chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). More detail is provided in the pulp and paper section where changes have been initiated to significantly reduce the sources of PCDD/PCDF.However, relatively little is known about transport and transformation processes, so only rough estimates can be made. Photodegradation has been found to be the primary process for 2,3,7,8‐Cl4DD breakdown. A half‐life of 3–4 days has been estimated for photochemical degradation under oxidative conditions. Field studies on the fate of 2,3,7,8‐Cl4DD in soil gave a half‐life of 9.1 (Seveso) and 12 years (under special conditions: sand, erosion), respectively. Biodegradation seems to be negligible. Transfer factors soil‐plants for PCDD/PCDF have been determined—with a high degree of uncertainty—to be less than 0.1.Human exposure primarily occurs via ingestion whereas inhalation is a minor pathway. Dermal absorption can be neglected although skin contact to polluted surfaces may occur. Due to the lipophilicity of PCDD/PCDF and their potential for accumulation, foods such as meat and especially dairy products contribute most to the dioxin body burden of humans.Both national agencies and international organizations have recognized the significance of this problem and as a result have initiated regulations, recommendations and research programmes (1) to understand where and how PCDD/PCDF are formed, (2) to reduce their impact on the environment and to humans, and (3) to start remedial action on contaminated areas.
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| 30. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-
(författare)
-
Existierende dioxininventare weltweit und neue methodik zur erstellung von vergleichbaren und vollständigen emissionsinventaren [Existing dioxin inventories worldwide and a new methodology for establishing comparable and complete emissions inventories]
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung. - : Springer. - 0934-3504 .- 1865-5084. ; 13:2, s. 88-94
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Presently, there are less than 20 inventories to estimate releases of dioxins and furans. According to a recent survey, 12,900 g TEQ of these unwanted byproducts are emitted into the atmosphere by 16 countries. Highest emissions are from the densely populated industrialized countries of the Northern hemisphere - Japan and the United States of America. Whereas the metal producing and recycling industry is the sector with the highest dioxin emissions in Europe, waste incineration is considered to be the major source in many other countries. Measures to reduce dioxin emissions have resulted in strong downward trends, as shown e.g. in Germany and Japan; however, potentials for further reduction have been identified.So far, countries have utilized own methods to calculate their dioxin emissions and the majority has addressed releases to air only. The future Stockholm Convention on POPs will require to continuously reduce dioxin emissions. In order to assist countries in inventory making, UNEP has produced the Toolkit, a methodology to establish comparable dioxin inventories that address releases to air, water and land, with products and in residues.
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| 31. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-
(författare)
-
Expert Report on the Usability of Data from the POP Database in the Field of ‘Technosphere’
- 2019
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present report provides a quality-assured database for the technosphere compartment as part of the further development of content and technology of the congeners profile POP dioxin database into a knowledge-based system.Based on the scientific know-how of a technical expert, sound proposals for the development of a flexible evaluation instrument were developed for a total of 278 samples from the technosphere (sources: research projects, EURL-Freiburg, evaluation of original scientific literature).The evaluation focused on the inventory and classification of these samples in terms of primary and secondary sources and their classification into further subgroups taking into account chemical and physical characteristics, the collection of new data and the raising the data quality of the already acquired data. The classification scheme developed here also allows the classification of future samples.For the recognition of typical patterns in the data, R programs for cluster analysis of the groups of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCCD/PCDF), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCB) were developed and successfully used. These programs can also be used to compare profiles of contaminated samples with existing profiles in the database.They are thus an important tool for investigating and solving dioxin and PCB problems.
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| 32. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-
(författare)
-
From release inventories to body burden : some examples from POPs monitoring projects
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Organohalogen Compounds. - : Dioxin20xx IAB. - 1026-4892. ; 77, s. 725-755
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents information in relation to production or generation of POPs compiled in inventories at national or global level, concentrations in the environment using ambient air data and information on body burden using human milk data. The pathway source inventory-environmental concentration-body burden is evaluated for “typical classes of POPs”.
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| 33. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-
(författare)
-
Global and local disposition of PCBs
- 2001
-
Ingår i: PCBs. - Lexington, Ky. : University Press of Kentucky. - 9780813122267 ; , s. 11-15
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 34. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Interlaboratory assessments for dioxin-like POPs (2016/2017 and 2018/2019)
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 288:Pt 1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the two rounds of the UNEP-coordinated 'Biennial interlaboratory assessments of POPs laboratories, which were implemented in 2016/2017 and 2018/2019, 56 and 46 laboratories submitted results for dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (dl-POPs). Test matrices consisted of solutions of analytical standards and naturally contaminated sediment, air extract, fish and human milk. Performance assessment using z-scores so that satisfactory performance corresponded to 2 z = ±25%, which is recommended for laboratories submitting data to the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on POPs. Participation has shown that analytical capacity for analyzing dl-POPs exist in all UN regions; however, in Africa and Central and Eastern European countries capacities are (very) limited; in Latin America capacity is increasing. The presence of dioxin laboratories is not limited to industrialized or OECD countries but also present in developing countries such as China, Brazil, Egypt, Thailand, or Vietnam. Laboratories using established methods based on gas chromatographs coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometers (sector field instruments only) by far had the best results. Among the test samples, human milk and especially fish in the last round posed severe problems to all laboratories so that performance has to improve, especially in foodstuff at (very) low concentrations.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Patterns and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans found in soil and sediment samples in southern Mississippi
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 32:3, s. 421-432
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using hierarchical cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), sediment and soil samples from the State of Mississippi were compared with the effluents of a pulp mill, a potential point source. Additionally, data of many known sources of PCDD/PCDF from the scientific literature were evaluated. Both methods were able to distinguish between different matrices with known PCDD/PCDF contamination (e.g. PCP, PCB, kraft pulp mill effluents). In some instances, a specific PCDD/PCDF source could be correlated to an environmental sample, e.g. the pattern of a U.S, brand of pentachlorophenate was found in sediment samples. None of the mathematical and statistical techniques could identify the pulp mill as the source of the PCDD/PCDF in the sediments and soils in the floodplain.
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| 38. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
PCDD, PCDF, and PCB in farm-raised catfish from southeast United States - Concentrations, sources, and CYP1A induction
- 1998
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 37:9-12, s. 1645-1656
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nine catfish fillets, three catfish nuggets, two feed samples, and one pond sediment were analyzed for PCDD, PCDF, and-PCB. Farm-raised catfish from Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas contained significant levels of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF. In addition, a large number of non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were present in all samples. The catfish fillets and catfish nuggets also contained high concentrations of dioxin-like PCB, as well as a number of non-dioxin-like PCB. The TEQ based on PCDD and PCDF ranged from 9.5 to 43.0 pg/g lipid and the TEQ based on PCB ranged from 0.45 to 4.9 pg/g lipid for all catfish samples. The dioxin-like PCB contributed 4-16% to the total TEQ (PCDD/PCDF/PCB) for the catfish samples. The major source for the PCDD, PCDF, and PCB appears to be from feed and not from pond sediment. Immunoreactive CYP1A protein was elevated 2.5 fold in the pond-raised catfish compared to the aquarium-raised one. The results of this study suggest that the PCDD/PCDF are more important than the PCB in the CYP1A induction.
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| 39. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
PCDD/PCDF, chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 46:9-10, s. 1429-1433
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four samples of Chinese tea (two green teas, and two brick teas) were analyzed for their concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), chlorinated pesticides and PAH. The infusions prepared from these teas were also analyzed for PCDD/PCDF. The levels of DDT and its metabolites in tea leaves were within the safety limit of 0.2 mg/kg. Rather high levels of total PAH were obtained in brick tea (1048-1162 mg/kg), when compared with green tea (497-517 mg/kg). In terms of PCDD/PCDF, the concentrations of green tea and brick tea differed by a factor of 16, while the concentrations of all infusions were within a factor of 2. The dioxin concentrations in green tea leaves can be explained through uptake of atmospheric PCDD/PCDF. The higher concentrations in the brick tea leaves are due the longer exposure time, and to certain extent, the use of old leaves, branches and roots when making the tea, and additional components such as soil particulates through contamination. Certain Chinese populations drinking a large amount of brick tea (>31 per day) indicated that individuals of these populations consume more tea than Europeans or North Americans result in a comparably higher intake of PCDD/PCDF. Tea consumption can attribute to up to 10% of the TDI recommended by WHO (only PCDD/PCDF considered, no PCB analyzed).
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| 40. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
PCDD/PCDF Inventories 1990 vs. 2012
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Organohalogen Compounds. - : Eco-Informa Press. - 1026-4892. ; 74, s. 1521-1524
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 41. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Perfluoroalkane acids in human milk under the global monitoring plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2008-2019)
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering. - : Springer. - 2095-2201 .- 2095-221X. ; 16:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the global monitoring plan (GMP) established by article 16 of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) are recommended for analysis in core matrices to assess occurrence and changes geographically and with time. In 101 samples consisting of 86 national pools and 15 pools from States in Brazil obtained between 2008 and 2019, PFHxS was detected in 17% of the national pools and none in Brazil. PFOA and PFOS had a detection frequency of 100% and 92%, respectively. Other perfluoroalkane substances (PFAS) had either low detection frequencies and median values of zero (carboxylic acids C-4-C-11 ; except PFOA) or could not be quantified in any sample (sulfonic acids, C-4-C-10, and long-chain carboxylic acids, C-12-C-14). Correlation between PFOA and PFOS was moderately (r = 0.58). Whereas median values were almost identical (18.9 pg/g f.w. for PFOS; 18.6 pg/g f.w. for PFOA), PFOS showed larger ranges (< 6.2 pg/g f.w.-212 pg/g f.w.) than PFOA (< 6.2 pg/g f.w.-63.4 pg/g f.w.). It was shown that wealthier countries had higher PFOA concentrations than poorer countries. No difference in concentrations was found for samples collected in countries having or not having ratified the Stockholm Convention amendments to list PFOS or PFOA. The goal to achieve 50% decrease in concentrations within ten years was met by Antigua and Barbuda, Kenya, and Nigeria for PFOS and by Antigua and Barbuda for PFOA. In a few cases, increases were observed; one country for PFOS, four countries for PFOA.
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| 42. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Perfluoroalkane substances in national samples from global monitoring plan projects (2017-2019)
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 307:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global monitoring plan (GMP) established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) had defined ambient air, human milk or blood, and water as core matrices to be analyzed and assessed for spatial and temporal distribution. Within projects coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), developing countries were offered to have other matrices analyzed for perfluoroalkane substances (PFAS) in one experienced laboratory. A total of 266 samples from 26 countries located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were collected during 2018-2019 and analyzed for 15 PFAS. The limits of quantification were 6.2 pg/g fresh weight for most PFAS. The statistical assessment of 262 samples, four were excluded due to extreme values, showed that across abiotic and biota samples, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) had the highest detection frequency (80%) and the highest median value (19.2 pg/g), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with 73% and a median value of 7.67 pg/g. Among the matrices, water (55%), sediment (49%) and fish (44%) had the most complex pattern, i.e., number of PFAS quantified. Dairy products and chicken meat had less PFAS present. From the 137 foods, fish, meat, eggs, analyzed in this study, only two fish samples would exceed one of the limit values proposed by the European Commission. To assess human exposure, we suggest including dairy products and drinking water since selective and sensitive methods would allow quantification of the four proposed PFAS.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Persistent organic pollutants in air across the globe using a comparative passive air sampling method
- 2024
-
Ingår i: TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0165-9936 .- 1879-3142. ; 171
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the global monitoring plan (GMP) established under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), passive air samplers (PAS) equipped with polyurethane foam disks (PUFs) were recommended for generating comparative results on the presence of POPs in countries. One representative sampling location was designed in each of the 42 countries and the PAS/PUFs exposed for three months to collect POPs during 2017–2019. The PUFs were analyzed in three laboratories according to their chemical nature and concentrations reported per PUF and 90 ± 3 days of exposure. In total, 381 PUFs were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), industrial chlorinated POPs, dioxin-like POPs (dl-POPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and perfluoroalkane substances (PFAS). Concentrations typically varied by a factor of up to three for a POP and often within the same geographic region or other denominator such as similar latitudes or altitudes. Maximum values were found for DDT (895 ng/PUF) in Africa, but the highest medium value was in the Latin American countries. Also, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were most abundant across all parameters assessed. Noteworthy were high values in single countries, such as DDT in the Solomon Islands, toxaphene in Mexico, β-HCH and lindane in Tanzania, hexachlorobutadiene and hexabromocyclododecone in Mongolia, deca-BDE and PFOS in Zambia. Although we had two sampling locations at very high altitudes, >2000 m, we could determine increasing POPs concentrations with increasing altitudes only for HCB but not for other POPs. A general dependency on latitudes with higher concentrations towards the north and south pole could not be found, although the most northern station in Mongolia had two of the maxima and elevated values for some legacy POPs.
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| 45. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Persistent organic pollutants in human milk from primiparae : correlations, global, regional, and national time-trends
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human breast milk reflects body burden of chemicals and has been used for exposure assessment to estimate risks of humans from pollutants. Harmonized protocols for sampling and analysis of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have become widely available after the entry-into-force of the Stockholm Convention on POPs and activities coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). These protocols promote the generation of national pools consisting of breast milk from first mothers directed to assess at national level but have not been assessed comprehensively. Early surveys date back to the mid-1980s, but the majority of the pools and high numbers of POPs analytes were available after the year 2000. Our assessment of pools from 90 countries for 29 POPs showed declining time trends for almost all POPs and significant differences between all 5-year time periods. However, in general, the most recent data from samples collected between 2015 and 2019, were no longer different from the period immediately prior. The strongest declines were seen for POPs that have already been measured for more than 30 years, i.e., dioxin-like POPs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)). For certain initial and newly listed POPs, such as aldrin, endrin, mirex, toxaphene, α-HCH, chlordecone, endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, decabromo diphenyl ether, hexabromobiphenyl 153, and perfluorohexane sulfonate, the median values in pools were always zero, and some of them were never quantified in these human milk pools. Since these POPs may be present at national level, we recommend including all listed POPs into surveys related to the Stockholm Convention.
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| 46. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in food samples collected in southern Mississippi, USA
- 1997
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 34:5-7, s. 1411-1419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- n 1994, we analyzed 43 foodstuff samples from local supermarkets in southern Mississippi, USA, for PCDD/PCDF. 2,3,7,8-Cl4DD could be quantified in 31 of these samples. On a lipid basis, levels in meat (0.53-1.10 pg I-TEQ/g) and dairy products (0.42-1.10 pg I-TEQ/g) were slightly lower than those reported from other industrialized countries. While levels in dairy samples from the United States and Europe are comparable, there is a difference in the contribution of individual congeners to the I-TEQ: for example, in milk samples from Germany approximately 40% of the I-TEQ is due to the presence of 2,3,4,7,8-Cl5DF while in the Mississippi samples this congener only contributes 16%. The highest concentrations of PCDD/PCDF in our study were detected in the farm-raised catfish (10.2-27.8 pg I-TEQ/g). A unique finding was that in addition to the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF the catfish samples contained many non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners. This is unusual because vertebrate animals selectively eliminate or metabolize the non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-
(författare)
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POPs convention : present status
- 2000
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Ingår i: European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1438-7697 .- 1438-9312. ; 102:1, s. 58-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 49. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, Dr. 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Preliminary trends over ten years of persistent organic pollutants in air : Comparison of two sets of data in the same countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two series of ambient air measurement campaigns to support the implementation of the global monitoring plan (GMP) component of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), passive air samplers (PAS) using polyurethane foams were implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). With the same laboratories responsible for the chemical analyses of the different groups of POPs, a total of 423 PUFs were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) including hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); 242 for dioxin-like POPs. For trend analysis, to compare amounts of POPs in the PUFs during the first phase in 2010/2011 and the second phase from 2017 to 2019, only results were assessed that were generated in the same country and for the same POP in both campaigns. Finally, there were 194 PUFs available for OCPs (GMP1 = 67 and GMP2 = 127), 297 for PCB (GMP1 = 103, GMP2 = 194), 158 for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD, PCDF) (GMP1 = 39, GMP2 = 119), and 153 for dl-PCB (GMP1 = 34, GMP2 = 119). Indicator PCB and dioxin-like POP were quantified in all countries at all times; decreases of about 30% based on median values were determined. A 50% increase was found for HCB. By scale, DDT remained with the highest values, although more than 60% decrease was found; mainly due to smaller values in the Pacific Islands. Our assessment showed that on relative scale - per PUF - trend analysis was achieved and that such approach should be undertaken at regular intervals, not necessarily on an annual basis.
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| 50. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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QSAR generated octanol-water partition coefficients of selected mixed halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans
- 1990
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 20:10-12, s. 1597-1602
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have calculated the values of pkow, water solubility, and Koc for chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans that have been identified in environmental samples. From the results it can be concluded that brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans will show an ecological behaviour similar to that of the pure chlorinated compounds.
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