| 1. |
- Fletcher, Tim D., et al.
(författare)
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SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more : The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage
- 2015
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Ingår i: Urban Water Journal. - 1573-062X. ; 12:7, s. 525-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The management of urban stormwater has become increasingly complex over recent decades. Consequently, terminology describing the principles and practices of urban drainage has become increasingly diverse, increasing the potential for confusion and miscommunication. This paper documents the history, scope, application and underlying principles of terms used in urban drainage and provides recommendations for clear communication of these principles. Terminology evolves locally and thus has an important role in establishing awareness and credibility of new approaches and contains nuanced understandings of the principles that are applied locally to address specific problems. Despite the understandable desire to have a 'uniform set of terminology', such a concept is flawed, ignoring the fact that terms reflect locally shared understanding. The local development of terminology thus has an important role in advancing the profession, but authors should facilitate communication between disciplines and between regions of the world, by being explicit and accurate in their application. © 2014 © The work of Tim D. Fletcher is Crown copyright in the Commonwealth of Australia 2014, University of Melbourne. The work of Danielle Dagenais is Copyright of the Crown in Canada 2014, University of Montreal. The work of William Shuster was authored as part of his official duties as an Employee of the United States Government and is therefore a work of the United States Government. In accordance with 17 USC. 105, no copyright protection is available for such works under US Law. William F. Hunt, Richard Ashley, David Butler, Scott Arthur, Sam Trowsdale, Sylvie Barraud, Annette Semadeni-Davies, Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski, Peter Steen Mikkelsen, Gilles Rivard, Mathias Uhl and Maria Viklander hereby waive their right to assert copyright, but not their right to be named as co-authors in the article.
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| 2. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of retrofitting a saturated zone om the performance of biofiltration for heavy metal removal : preliminary results of a laboratory study
- 2010
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Ingår i: NOVATECH 2010. - Villeurbanne : Graie.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stormwater biofilters are a stormwater treatment technology which has been becoming increasingly popular. Recently it has been shown that a submerged zone in the filter media improves the magnitude and consistency of nitrogen treatment. Furthermore, the submerged zone has even been shown to be beneficial for retention of heavy metals, particularly Cu. However, most existing biofilters do not include a saturated zone. Since it is relatively simple to retrofit a submerged zone by elevating the outflow, the effect of such a retrofitting on metal removal was investigated in this laboratory study using biofilter columns. It has been shown that a retrofitted submerged zone has a statistically significant but practically small effect on metal removal: Zn removal is slightly enhanced while the effect on Cu removal is inconsistent. Thus, retrofitting of a submerged zone is not recommended if metals are the main target pollutants. But if a submerged zone would have other benefits (e.g. for nitrogen removal or to protect the system from prolonged drying periods) it can be retrofitted without compromising metal removal.
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| 3. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of a submerged zone and a carbon source on heavy metal removal in stormwater biofilters
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ecological Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8574 .- 1872-6992. ; 35:5, s. 769-778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biofilters are an effective treatment option for the substantial heavy metal loads in urban stormwater. However, to increase their nitrogen treatment efficacy, the introduction of a submerged (anoxic) zone (SZ) and a cellulose based carbon source (C) has been recommended because it has been shown to enhance denitrification and thereby increase overall nitrogen removal. To examine the impact of this design modification on heavy metal treatment, a laboratory study using biofilter mesocosms with different levels of SZ and with or without added C was conducted. The results show that SZ and C have a significant impact on metal treatment. In particular, the removal of Cu was improved significantly. The presence of SZ and C allows outflow Cu concentrations to meet Swedish and Australian water quality guidelines, which are not met with a standard biofilter without SZ or C. Although Zn and Pb removal was enhanced slightly by the presence of a SZ, this improvement is of less practical importance, since Zn and Pb removal is already very high (>95%) in standard biofilters. The best metal treatment was achieved with 450 and 600 mm SZ. Based on these results, the incorporation of SZ with C in stormwater biofilters is recommended.
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| 4. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory studies on metal treatment efficiency of stormwater biofilters
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Stormwater biofilters are a reliable technology to remove metals from stormwater. A solid carbon source in the filter (combined with a submerged zone) enhances especially Cu removal further; the already high Pb and Zn removal is slightly enhanced. However, the submerged zone helps to minimize (Cu, Zn) or eliminate (Pb) the negative effects which prolonged drying has on the removal rates. Thus, the introduction of a submerged zone is only recommended if nitrogen treatment is targeted (Zinger et al. 2007) or if drying is expected. Temperature differences might have a little influence on especially Cu treatment. However, this influence is not of practical importance indicating that biofilters can successfully be implemented throughout the whole seasonal cycle. A high proportion of metals are retained at the top of the filter which is important for biofilter design and maintenance planning. A filter less than the currently recommended 800 to 900 mm might be sufficient for reliable metal treatment. Furthermore, scraping of the top layer could delay replacing of the whole filter media
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| 5. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of temperature on nutrient treatment efficiency in stormwater biofilter systems
- 2007
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 56:10, s. 83-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nutrients can cause eutrophication of natural water bodies. Thus, urban stormwater which is an important nutrient source in urbanised areas has to be treated in order to reduce its nutrient loads. Biofilters which use soil filter media, biofilms and plants, are a good treatment option for nutrients. This paper presents the results of a biofilter column study in cold temperatures (+2 °C, +8 °C, control at +20 °C) which may cause special problems regarding biofilter performance. It was shown that particle-bound pollutants as TSS and a high fraction of phosphorus were reduced well without being negatively influenced by cold temperatures. Nitrogen, however, was not reduced; especially NOx was produced in the columns. This behaviour can be explained with both insufficient denitrification and high leaching from the columns
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| 6. |
- Fazey, Ioan, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming knowledge systems for life on Earth : Visions of future systems and how to get there
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energy Research & Social Science. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formalised knowledge systems, including universities and research institutes, are important for contemporary societies. They are, however, also arguably failing humanity when their impact is measured against the level of progress being made in stimulating the societal changes needed to address challenges like climate change. In this research we used a novel futures-oriented and participatory approach that asked what future envisioned knowledge systems might need to look like and how we might get there. Findings suggest that envisioned future systems will need to be much more collaborative, open, diverse, egalitarian, and able to work with values and systemic issues. They will also need to go beyond producing knowledge about our world to generating wisdom about how to act within it. To get to envisioned systems we will need to rapidly scale methodological innovations, connect innovators, and creatively accelerate learning about working with intractable challenges. We will also need to create new funding schemes, a global knowledge commons, and challenge deeply held assumptions. To genuinely be a creative force in supporting longevity of human and non-human life on our planet, the shift in knowledge systems will probably need to be at the scale of the enlightenment and speed of the scientific and technological revolution accompanying the second World War. This will require bold and strategic action from governments, scientists, civic society and sustained transformational intent.
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| 7. |
- McCarthy, David T., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of sampling strategies for estimation of site mean concentrations of stormwater pollutants
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 129, s. 297-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The estimation of stormwater pollutant concentrations is a primary requirement of integrated urban water management. In order to determine effective sampling strategies for estimating pollutant concentrations, data from extensive field measurements at seven different catchments was used. At all sites, 1-min resolution continuous flow measurements, as well as flow-weighted samples, were taken and analysed for total suspend solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). For each of these parameters, the data was used to calculate the Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) for each event. The measured Site Mean Concentrations (SMCs) were taken as the volume-weighted average of these EMCs for each parameter, at each site. 17 different sampling strategies, including random and fixed strategies were tested to estimate SMCs, which were compared with the measured SMCs. The ratios of estimated/measured SMCs were further analysed to determine the most effective sampling strategies. Results indicate that the random sampling strategies were the most promising method in reproducing SMCs for TSS and TN, while some fixed sampling strategies were better for estimating the SMC of E. coli. The differences in taking one, two or three random samples were small (up to 20% for TSS, and 10% for TN and E. coli), indicating that there is little benefit in investing in collection of more than one sample per event if attempting to estimate the SMC through monitoring of multiple events. It was estimated that an average of 27 events across the studied catchments are needed for characterising SMCs of TSS with a 90% confidence interval (CI) width of 1.0, followed by E.coli (average 12 events) and TN (average 11 events). The coefficient of variation of pollutant concentrations was linearly and significantly correlated to the 90% confidence interval ratio of the estimated/measured SMCs (R2 = 0.49; P < 0.01) as well as the number of events required to achieve certain accuracy, and hence could be a promising surrogate for determining the sampling frequency needed to accurately estimate SMCs of pollutants
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| 8. |
- Rhodes, Olin E., et al.
(författare)
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Integration of ecosystem science into radioecology : A consensus perspective
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the Fall of 2016 a workshop was held which brought together over 50 scientists from the ecological and radiological fields to discuss feasibility and challenges of reintegrating ecosystem science into radioecology. There is a growing desire to incorporate attributes of ecosystem science into radiological risk assessment and radioecological research more generally, fueled by recent advances in quantification of emergent ecosystem attributes and the desire to accurately reflect impacts of radiological stressors upon ecosystem function. This paper is a synthesis of the discussions and consensus of the workshop participant's responses to three primary questions, which were: 1) How can ecosystem science support radiological risk assessment? 2) What ecosystem level endpoints potentially could be used for radiological risk assessment? and 3) What inference strategies and associated methods would be most appropriate to assess the effects of radionuclides on ecosystem structure and function? The consensus of the participants was that ecosystem science can and should support radiological risk assessment through the incorporation of quantitative metrics that reflect ecosystem functions which are sensitive to radiological contaminants. The participants also agreed that many such endpoints exit or are thought to exit and while many are used in ecological risk assessment currently, additional data need to be collected that link the causal mechanisms of radiological exposure to these endpoints. Finally, the participants agreed that radiological risk assessments must be designed and informed by rigorous statistical frameworks capable of revealing the causal inference tying radiological exposure to the endpoints selected for measurement.
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| 9. |
- Thom, Jasmine K., et al.
(författare)
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Selecting tree species with high transpiration and drought avoidance to optimise runoff reduction in passive irrigation systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 812
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rainfall in cities can generate large volumes of stormwater runoff which degrades receiving waterways. Irrigating trees with runoff (passive irrigation) has the potential to increase transpiration and contribute to stormwater management by reducing runoff received by downstream waterways, but the stochastic nature of rainfall may expose trees with high transpiration to drought stress. We hypothesized that for success in passive irrigation systems, tree species should exhibit i) high maximum transpiration rates under well-watered conditions, ii) drought avoidance between rainfall events, and iii) high recovery of transpiration with rainfall following a drought. We assessed 13 commonly planted urban tree species in Melbourne, Australia against three metrics representing these behaviours (crop factor, hydroscape area, and transpiration recovery, respectively) in a glasshouse experiment. To aid species selection, we also investigated the relationships between these three metrics and commonly measured plant traits, including leaf turgor loss point, wood density, and sapwood to leaf area ratio (Huber value). Only one species (Tristaniopsis laurina) exhibited a combination of high crop factor (>1.1 mm mm−1 d−1) indicating high transpiration, small hydroscape area (<3 MPa2) indicating drought avoidance, and high transpiration recovery (>85%) following water deficit. Hence, of the species measured, it had the greatest potential to reduce runoff from passive irrigation systems while avoiding drought stress. Nevertheless, several other species showed moderate transpiration, hydroscape areas and transpiration recovery, indicating a balanced strategy likely suitable for passive irrigation systems. Huber values were negatively related to crop factor and transpiration recovery and may therefore be a useful tool to aid species selection. We propose that selecting tree species with high transpiration rates that can avoid drought and recover well could greatly reduce stormwater runoff, while supporting broader environmental benefits such as urban cooling in cities.
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