| 1. |
- Antonson, Hans, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Transportrelaterad miljökvalitet : rapport från workshop den 10-11 september 2001
- 2001
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Under 10–11 september 2001 möttes 31 representanter från departement, myndigheter, forskningsfinansiärer och forskarsamhället på Scandic hotell Hasselbacken i Stockholm för att lyssna till föredragningar om och diskutera kring begreppet transportrelaterad miljökvalitet.Initiativet till workshopen togs av VTI (Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut) genom en delansökan i en bred ansökan kallad Tema miljökvalitet ställd till Vägverket, Banverket och KFB.Workshopens syfte var att diskutera begreppet miljökvalitet i relation till transportsektorn och att rekognosera intresset för bildandet av ett nätverk för transportrelaterad miljökvalitet. För att underlätta urvalsarbetet och göra workshopen hanterbar inbjöds ett antal gäster från departement, myndigheter, forskningsfinansiärer och forskarsamhället som alla hade relevanta kunskaper och erfarenheter inom området.
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| 2. |
- Antonson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Uppföljning av miljökonsekvenser av svenska väg- och järnvägsprojekt
- 2002
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Uppföljning av miljökonsekvenser har blivit allt vanligare sedan 1995. Det ständigt pågående utvecklingsarbetet med uppföljning av miljökonsekvenser, vid Vägverket och Banverket, visar många positiva resultat. Bland annat har flera genomgripande uppföljningsprogram tagits fram för några vägobjekt, även om enstaka uppföljningsformuleringar i miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) och arbetsplaner/järnvägsplaner fortfarande dominerar.Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) har studerat ca 70 uppföljningsarbeten, producerade under 1990-talet, huvudsakligen från 1996 och framåt. Materialet har eftersökts vid Vägverkets regionkontor Sydöst, Väst och Mitt samt inom hela Banverket. Det har varit svårt och tidskrävande att få tillgång till relevant material. För att underlätta eftersökningen har dessutom en rad initierade personer vid Vägverkets regionkontor kontaktats.Några av de viktigare slutsatserna är att:det sedan 1995 har blivit vanligare med uppföljningsformuleringar, uppföljning inte självklart omfattar såväl byggskede som tiden efter färdigställande,uppgifter om före-data är ovanliga,de vanligaste uppföljningsparametrarna är vatten, buller, djur och landskapsbild,mätmetoder sällan anges,kompetenskrav sällan anges,fastställda statistiska krav sällan anges,syftet med uppföljningen sällan anges, och attkommunikation med olika aktörsgrupper såsom allmänhet är en ovanlighet.Det material som insamlats, även om det är magert, kommer att kunna användas som en utgångspunkt i såväl upprättande av en handbok för uppföljning i samband med MKB, som vid utvecklandet av ett informationssystem om uppföljning.
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| 3. |
- Axelsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The Challenge of Transdisciplinary Research : A Case Study of Learning by Evaluation for Sustainable Transport Infrastructures
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:17, s. 1-24
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While transdisciplinary (TD) research is desired in order to solve real world sustainability issues, this may be challenging for both academic and non-academic participants. Supporting learning through evaluation, we analyzed a project aiming at sustainable transport infrastructures. After developing a TD research framework as a benchmark, two external independent evaluators interviewed all project researchers, representatives for end-users, and donors. The evaluators compared results with the framework, and evaluators and participants critically reflected on the results together. There were three inconsistencies relative to the framework: (1) limited understanding of TD research among project management, end-users, and most of the researchers; (2) no structured learning process among end-users; instead, they expressed very diverse opinions about what they expected from the project; (3) project leaders had limited understanding of the special challenges of TD research, did not fully understand the status of the project's social system, and thus did not act as facilitators of the required collaborative learning process. Non-academic participants saw themselves as customers and not as partners in the knowledge production process. We conclude that TD problem-solving research requires much time and needs facilitation and training. A preparatory phase with a lower level of funding would be helpful in preparing for TD processes.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Brenčič, M., et al.
(författare)
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Pollution mitigation
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water in Road Structures. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9781402085611 ; , s. 283-297
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bäckström, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Mobilisation of heavy metals by deicing salts in a roadside environment
- 2004
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 38:3, s. 720-732
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The seasonal variations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and principal anions in soil solutions were monitored as a function of distance from the road at two field sites in Sweden. During the winter, the conductivity, concentrations of dissolved sodium and chloride increased dramatically due to the application of deicing agents (i.e. NaCl). Due to ion exchange, the pH decreased one unit in the soil solutions, whereas the concentrations of total organic carbon decreased due to coagulation and/or sorption to stationary solids. The heavy metal concentrations increased during the winter, but through different mechanisms. Cadmium concentrations in the aqueous phase increased as a response to ion exchange, possibly also enhanced by the formation of chloride complexes. Similarly, the concentrations of zinc increased, due to ion exchange, with calcium and protons. The mechanisms of mobilisation for copper and lead were not that clear probably due to association with coagulated or sorbed organic matter in combination with colloid dispersion.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Faith-Ell, Charlotta, 1971-
(författare)
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The application of environmental requirements in procurement of road maintenance in Sweden
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Road Administration (SRA) is responsible for maintenance of the state-run roads in Sweden. The SRA also has an overarching responsibility for the state of the environment in the road transport sector. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine the implementation of environmental requirements in SRA road maintenance contracts and to develop an improved model for the implementation of environmental requirements, making it easier for the SRA to establish an optimal contracting strategy for routine road maintenance. Using several qualitative methodologies, the thesis is mainly based on a content analysis of 18 tender documents, two case studies consisting of five cases and a questionnaire. The study shows that the SRA have stipulated environmental requirements in procurements of routine road maintenance since 1997. The formulation of the environmental requirements was initially carried out at the Regional Road Management Directorates. However, in the case of trucks and construction vehicles relevant organisations were given the opportunity to actively participate in the development of environmental requirements. The contractors in the study fulfil about three-quarters of the environmental requirements in the contracts. The main reasons for not complying with the environmental requirements are: i) absence of consultation with municipalities and competent authorities, and ii) inadequate communication of environmental requirements to subcontractors. The benefit to the environment of laying down environmental requirements for road maintenance is difficult to assess, due to unclear environmental requirements and the fact that the SRA does not systematically follow up the environmental requirements. The findings of the research indicate that the SRA have made a serious effort to integrate environmental aspects in their maintenance contracts through the use of environmental requirements. However, the SRA need to adopt a more systematic approach towards road maintenance contracts in order to make green procurement an effective tool for environmental adaptation of road maintenance. The thesis proposes an improved process for development, implementation and follow-up of environmental requirements. The proposed process can be summarised in five criteria that need to be fulfilled in order to achieve an environmentally efficient application of environmental requirements: i) the environmental requirements have to be based on legislation, environmental quality objectives, identified environmental problems and/or research, ii) environmental indicators and baselines have to be established in order to facilitate follow-up of compliance with the requirements, iii) the environmental requirements have to be stated clearly in order to limit misinterpretations and to facilitate follow-up, iv) the contractors have to develop working processes, routines and training based on the environmental requirements, v) routines for following-up compliance with the requirements and the environmental effectiveness need to be developed, and there has to be a feedback of the results. Furthermore, the purchasing function needs to be integrated with the implementation of the contracts. Although, having faced several problems during the introduction of environmental requirements, the SRA have managed to meet the main arguments that are used for justification of green procurement. However, if slightly changed, the process of green procurement has the potential of becoming an important tool in the work for enhancing the environmental performance of the SRA.
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| 13. |
- Faith-Ell, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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The application of environmental requirements in Swedish road maintenance contracts
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 14:2, s. 163-171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports two studies of the implementation of environmental requirements in Swedish road maintenance contracts. It aims to examine the fulfillment and follow-up of the requirements, the client intentions behind the requirements, and factors influencing the contractors' environmental performance. The study shows that a serious effort to integrate environmental aspects into the contracts has been made. However, the application of the requirements is hampered by deficient information transfer to key actors and a lack of systematic follow-up of the requirements. In order to make green procurement effective, simpler and clearer requirements and effective follow-up routines are needed
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| 14. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of some indicators within an impact
- 2010
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Ingår i: Indicators of environmental sustainability in transport: an interdisciplinary approach to methods. - Bron : INRETS. - 9782857826842 ; , s. 141-189
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 15. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of some indicators within an impact
- 2010
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Ingår i: Indicators of environmental sustainability in transport. - Bron : INRETS. ; , s. 141-189
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chapter 5 'Assessment of some indicators within an impact' looks in detail at indicators for seven impacts on the environment: direct toxicity of air pollutants, natural habitat fragmentation, non-renewable resource use, loss of cultural heritage due to land take, noise as annoyance to humans, greenhouse effect, and waste. A review of potential indicators for each impact is undertaken using criteria and other elements provided in chapter 4 as a basic framework.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Folkeson, Lennart
(författare)
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Kumulativa effekter och konsekvenser : behandling i miljöbedömning och miljökonsekvensbeskrivning för vägar
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Swedish transport infrastructure planning, cumulative effects are not given the attention demanded by the Swedish Environmental Code and the European so-called SEA and EIA directives (Strategic Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment, respectively). In the Environmental Code, the formulations concerning cumulative effects are vague. The EIA handbook of the Swedish Road Administration does not give much guidance. There is thus a great need for development of procedures and methods adapted to Swedish road planning. The overall aim of the report is to contribute to the development of the treatment of cumulative effects in SEA and EIA of road planning in Sweden. Specific aims are to describe the concept of cumulative effects and to give advice on approaches and methods that can be used in cumulative effects analysis and assessment. The report mainly builds on American and Canadian literature. "Cumulative effects" are changes to the environment that are caused by an action or measure together with other past, present and future actions and measures.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Miljökonsekvenser av 2+1-väg : fokusgruppsstudie väg 23 och 47/195
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studien redovisad i denna rapport har som målsättning att bidra till utvecklingen av metodik för att beskriva miljökonsekvenser av 2+1-vägar. Studien har identifierat ett antal miljökonsekvenser som inte alltid uppmärksammas i de miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar som görs inför mittsepareringsprojekt. Med 2+1-vägar menas åtgärden att mittseparera en befintlig ”vanlig” väg för att åstadkomma en mötesseparerad väg med växelvis 2 körfält i ena och 1 körfält i andra körriktningen. Som studieobjekt valdes väg 23 Sandsbro–Drättinge och väg 47/195 Hedenstorp–Habo. Forskarna har i studien identifierat ett antal miljökonsekvenser som inte självskrivet uppmärksammas i miljökonsekvensbeskrivning av mittsepareringsprojekt. Framför allt framkom att man i planeringen hade försummat att beskriva miljökonsekvenser av den omledningstrafik som uppstår då den mittseparerade vägen av olika orsaker stängs av. Även vid enkla drift- och underhållsåtgärder stängs 2+1-vägarna av. Detta leder till otrygghet för personer som bor eller har sin dagliga verksamhet invid omledningsvägen. Forskarna identifierade också olägenheter som hade med föroreningar, buller och vibrationer att göra. Det framkom dessutom att omledningsvägarnas standard inte alltid är tillräcklig för att ta emot de trafikflöden som plötsligt kan uppstå. Miljökonsekvenser förknippade med själva 2+1-vägarna handlade om barriärverkan för kringboende, otrygghet för barnfamiljer, ökat behov att skjutsa barn till aktiviteter samt begränsad tillgänglighet till jordbruks- och skogsfastigheter på andra sidan vägen. På sikt kan sådana konsekvenser möjligen påverka lönsamheten för lokal företagsamhet och bidra till avfolkning av landsbygden. Beträffande cykeltrafiken uppmärksammades behovet av tydlig skyltning till cykelvägar, viss beläggningsstandard på cykelvägen och kontinuitet i cykelvägen utan avbrott som tvingar cyklister ut på 2+1-vägen.
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| 23. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Miljömål och mått avseende landskap inom väg- och järnvägsplaneringen : sammanställning och analys av skrivningar från sex länder
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det är ont om preciserade miljömål för landskapet i utländsk litteratur. Likaså finns det få mått på landskapets natur- och kulturvärden. Detta framgår av en genomgång av mål och mått i litteratur avseende väg- och järnvägsplanering i Finland, Danmark, Norge, Nederländerna, England och Kanada. Arbetet visar också på behov av FoU-insatser för – att utveckla metoder för identifiering och bedömning av landskapets samlade natur- och kulturvärden – att för olika planeringsnivåer vidareutveckla landskapsinriktade miljömål som tar hänsyn till hela landskapet och inte begränsas till enstaka intresseområden – att utveckla relevanta indikatorer och uppföljningsbara mått för miljömålen – att åstadkomma integrering av miljömålen i MKB-processen inom transportsektorn – att studera konsekvenserna av den nya miljölagstiftningen. Påträffade målskrivningar är ofta allmänt hållna. De mest preciserade formuleringarna finns i litteratur från England och Norge. Målskrivningar är vanligare för natur- än för kulturmiljön men ibland inbegrips båda i samma skrivning. Få mål är försedda med mått, vilket försvårar uppföljning. Landskapsinriktade miljömål är vanligare för nyplanering av infrastruktur än för åtgärder på befintlig infrastruktur. Målen för befintlig infrastruktur inriktas vanligen mot kulturmiljön, särskilt infrastrukturens egna kulturvärden. Den ringa mängden mål avseende befintlig infrastruktur indikerar ett problem eftersom mängden befintlig infrastruktur är så mycket större än den infrastruktur som planeras. Projektets syfte är att analysera utländska miljömålsskrivningar och mått för landskapet och dess natur- och kulturvärden. Arbetet begränsas till landsbygdsförhållanden och intressena natur- och kulturmiljövård samt rekreation, friluftsliv och turism. Relevanta citat har påträffats i 50 av cirka 120 genomgångna skrifter. Målskrivningarna har indelats i sju grupper: Miljö allmänt, Landskapet som helhet, Landskapsbild, Naturmiljö, Kulturmiljö, Historiska sevärdheter, Rekreationsområden. Formuleringarna har bearbetats ur tre aspekter: a) grad av konkretion i åtgärderna eller grad av aktivt ställningstagande som krävs av beslutsfattaren; b) huruvida målen gäller befintlig eller planerad infrastruktur; c) avsedd beslutsnivå. Arbetet avses utgöra ett hjälpmedel i Vägverkets och Banverkets arbete för att operationalisera de övergripande miljömålen för transportpolitiken. Mer preciserade miljömål för landskapet kräver metodutveckling för identifiering av landskapets natur- och kulturvärden. För uppföljning behöver mått utarbetas. Bristen på mått och mätmetoder bör dock inte hindra tillskapandet av miljömål. Att miljömål etableras medför ökade krav på innehållet i de miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar som upprättas inför infrastrukturåtgärder. Detta är ett viktigt led i uppfyllandet av miljöbalkens höga krav på miljöhänsyn.
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| 24. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Planners' views on cumulative effects : A focus-group study concerning transport infrastructure planning in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 30:1, s. 243-253
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cumulative effects (CE) still receive little attention in the Swedish processes for road and railway infrastructure planning. This article seeks to analyse how CE are treated by professionals engaged in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment of roads and railways. The aims were (i) to analyse views of CE held by professionals with long planning practice, (ii) to analyse how planners experience the handling of CE in their daily planning practice, and (iii) to identify means to strengthen the assessment of CE in the Swedish road and railway planning process. The study was performed as an international literature review and two focus groups among planners. Discussions revealed little knowledge and use of the term CE, partly due to lack of incentives and guidance. Little mention was made of research. Participants said EIA work was much directed towards the environmental compartments/aspects listed in the Environmental Code. Environmental impacts designated as significant demanded much work. The discussions revealed a need of more collaboration between various actors in EIA and of novel methods of public participation. Spatial and temporal scales were chosen with little concern of CE. The European Landscape Convention was hoped to enhance CE treatment in EIA. Improvement suggestions include (i) use of the term CE in regulatory instruments, (ii) development of the interplay between CEA practice and CE science, (iii) co-ordination of management of baseline, monitoring and follow-up data, (iv) assessment of CE in relation to project-specific environmental objectives, developed in a bottom-up process, (v) inclusion of CE, within and across environmental aspects, in determining the significance of environmental impacts, (vi) advice on CE treatment in EIA guidelines, (vii) requirement of CE assessment in EIA procurement, (viii) strengthened generalist competence in environmental assessment, and (ix) enhancing skills in stepwise analyses and indirect environmental effects. Research needs include adaptation of the Swedish EIA procedure to international state of the art, knowledge support of quantification in CE assessment, and development of innovative means of public consultation in transport infrastructure planning.
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| 25. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Sources and fate of water contaminants in roads
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water in Road Structures. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9781402085611 ; , s. 107-146
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Folkeson, Lennart
(författare)
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Spridning och effekter av tungmetaller från vägar och vägtrafik : litteraturöversikt
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Large amounts of heavy metals originating in the road transportation system enter the environment. Vehicles, traffic, cargo, pavement material, road equipment and road operation and maintenance activities are important sources. Tyre rubber contains much zinc, brake linings much copper. Corrosion of vehicle components introduces iron, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, tungsten and zinc, etc into the environment. Galvanised road equipment is a source of zinc. Heavy metal fluxes are governed by the volume and composition of traffic, pavement type, runoff handling, topography, weather conditions, vegetation structure, etc. Snow lying in urban environments accumulates heavy metals that will be introduced into ecosystems serving as snow deposits. Car wash facilities discharge large amounts of heavy metals. Many heavy metals are constituents of enzymes necessary for life. Heavy metals, also the essential ones, are toxic in high concentrations. Metal mobility in soils is governed by many soil factors. Cadmium and zinc are mobile whereas lead is immobile. The uppermost soil layer close to roads has elevated heavy metal concentrations. Animals in roadside habitats can have high levels of heavy metals. Sediments in watercourses which receive runoff are often metal polluted. The health effects of engine exhaust lead are well documented. Owing to the phase-out of petrol lead, the lead load on humans and the environment has decreased considerably. Heavy metals in high concentrations cause damage to the respiratory organs and the neural system. Catalytic converters contain platinum, palladium and rhodium. Of these, palladium has the highest soil mobility but all three are relatively biologically inert and accumulate in the soil surface. The health effects of catalyst metals have not been documented so far, but little is known about long-term health and environmental effects. The review primarily concerns palladium, platinum, rhodium, antimony, lead, cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium and zinc but also cerium, iridium, iron, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, thallium, tin, vanadium, bismuth and tungsten. Gaps in knowledge have been identified.
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| 28. |
- Folkeson, Lennart, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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State of preparedness for climate change adaptation in operations and maintenance of transport infrastructure in eight Swedish municipalities
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study analysed the preparedness for climate change adaptation (CCA) of transport infrastructure in eight municipalities in Sweden. The study focused on municipal officials’ role in organizing and implementing CCA measures. The interviews were done in 2011. Many respondents confused CCA with climate change mitigation. Three of the municipalities had performed vulnerability analyses but apart from that, well-documented decision support in long-term adaptation was largely lacking. Adaptation measures were often based on day-to-day problems and recently experienced weather incidents. Strategic work with long-term CCA seemed to be largely lacking. The placing of the responsibility for CCA in the municipal organization was often unclear. Six of the respondents found there were no actual hindrances to their work with CCA and no conflicts with other municipal aims. However, several responses indicated budgetary competition with environmental aims or other societal strivings. The planning and implementation of CCA measures seemed to be highly dependent on individual officials, their engagement, their passivity/activity regarding this issue, their defined responsibility and the boundaries for their current position in the municipality organization.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Folkeson, Lennart
(författare)
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Uppföljning av naturmiljöeffekter i MKB för väg- och järnvägsprojekt : utgångspunkter och uppläggning
- 1999
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Uppföljning är ett eftersatt område i arbetet med miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) för väg- och järnvägsprojekt i Sverige. Meddelandet avser att bidra till utvecklingen av metodik för MKB-uppföljning inom väg- och järnvägssektorn genom att diskutera behov av och utgångspunkter för uppföljning i MKB. Arbetet begränsas till naturmiljön och behandlar inte uppföljning i ekonomisk mening.Effektuppföljning kan göras i syfte att kontrollera att miljöeffekterna är acceptabla och i linje med en hållbar utveckling; att uppmärksamma risken för oförutsedda effekter; att skydda och utveckla naturvärden och ekologiska samband; att öka säkerheten i beslutsunderlaget; att öka effektiviteten hos miljöanpassningsåtgärder; att höja aktörernas miljömedvetenhet samt att återföra erfarenheter till framtida infrastrukturplanering. Uppföljningsbehovet bör bedömas från ett helhetsperspektiv där uppföljningsinsatserna ger en samlad bild av miljöeffekterna av vägar och järnvägar. Byggskedet samt irreversibla effekter kan kräva särskild uppmärksamhet. Metodik behöver utvecklas för hur kvalitativt uttryckta uppföljningsdata kan behandlas gentemot kvantitativa data. Goda före-data måste säkras och befintligt inventeringsmaterial bedömas kritiskt. Nollalternativet måste ges en behandling likvärdig med utbyggnadsalternativen. I rapporten behandlas effektuppföljning rörande fauna, vegetation, mark, vatten och landskap samt samspelet dem emellan. Vidare diskuteras behandlingen av kumulativa effekter.Processuppföljning har som mål att granska MKB-arbetets effektivitet och ändamålsenlighet. Uppföljningen kan exempelvis gälla hur beslut med miljöimplikationer implementerades i senare planeringsskeden.Kvalitetsgranskning fokuseras ofta på MKB-dokumentet, exempelvis vad gäller överskådlighet och lättillgänglighet, metodikbeskrivning, resultatpresentation, nollalternativets behandling samt behov av effektuppföljning. Granskningen kan också avse datakvalitet och -osäkerhet samt hantering av brist på information. Vidare granskas om de avgörande miljökonsekvenserna fokuserats.
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| 31. |
- Gustafsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Att överväga geologin. En idéskrift om geovetenskapliga värden i vägplaneringen
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Landskapets geologi, former och andra naturgivna egenskaper har en förhållandevis undanskymd roll i dagens infrastrukturplanering jämfört med den vikt som läggs vid biologiska och ekologiska företeelser och egenskaper. Många gånger är det dessutom endast extremföreteelser som lyfts fram i samband med infrastrukturplaneringen medan det så kallade vardagslandskapet får träda tillbaka, trots att det har en viktig roll för förståelsen av landskapet. Föreliggande rapport visar ett angreppssätt där geovetenskapliga värden inom ett givet geografiskt område definieras i olika teman utifrån en kombination av fältstudier samt historiska och moderna kartor. De tema som används i rapporten baseras delvis på begreppet geodiversitet och omfattar geovetenskapliga egenvärden/pedagogiska värden, ekologiska geovärden, kulturhistoriska geovärden samt geovärden med betydelse för fritid och rekreation. Arbetet har utförts inom det geologiska kartbladet Linköping NV.
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| 32. |
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Habitat fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure : COST 341 national state-of-the-art report Sweden
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fragmentation of landscapes and habitats is a major cause of the impoverishment of biodiversity in Europe. Transportation infrastructure, notably roads and railways, strongly contribute to the fragmentation. This is an important issue in infrastructure planning in the densely populated countries in Europe. Increasing attention is being paid to landscape fragmentation also in Sweden. Landscape fragmentation comprises the splitting of habitats and ecosystems in smaller and more isolated units. Habitat loss and isolation are important features of the complicated fragmentation process. Land take for transportation infrastructure destroys habitats of animals and plants. Infrastructure and traffic create barriers to animal movement and plant dispersal in the landscape. Other effects are disturbance caused by pollution and noise. Traffic also kills many animals. This publication gives an overview of transportation and landscape fragmentation in Europe and Sweden. The report reviews on-going research as well as planning procedures and methods. Measures to strengthen the ecological functions in the landscape are described. The effectivity of ecoducts and other fauna passages are discussed, and follow-up methods and results are presented. Only an interdisciplinary approach involving planners, economists, engineers, ecologists, landscape architects, etc. can provide all the necessary tools for addressing fragmentation successfully. The approaches need to be integrated at all levels of the transportation network.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Henningsson, Marianne, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived landscape values and public participation in a road-planning process - a case study in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 58:4, s. 631-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The European Landscape Convention indicates that assessment of different dimensions that exist in landscapes should be taken into account in planning. In this study, we first investigated ecological, cultural and social values as perceived by the local people in a highway-planning process in Sweden. Next, we explored which factors influenced the local people's participation in the road-planning process. We used questionnaires, planning documents and the Theory of Planned Behavior to investigate the relations between different factors and local people's participation in the planning process. The results showed that people presumed the ecological values in the landscape to be adversely affected by the new road, while the social values would remain the same. Landowners had heard of the participatory-process, but few participated. Those who lived within 300m of the road were more active in the planning process than people living further away. The findings suggest that people living within a few hundred metres of the road should be treated as key stakeholders in the planning process. The involvement of other stakeholders, and when in the public participation process stakeholders should be involved, is also discussed.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Joumard, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Framework for assessing indicators of environmental impacts in the transport sector
- 2011
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Record. - Washington DC : SAGE Publications. - 0361-1981 .- 2169-4052. ; 2242, s. 55-63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The following questions were addressed in this study: How can environmental impacts of transport be identified? How can the impacts be represented by operational indicators? How can several indicators be considered jointly? How can indicators be used in planning and decision making? First, a definition of the phrase "indicator of environmental impacts in the transport sector" was derived. The concept of a chain of causality between a source and a final target was developed as a common reference for indicators and their assessment. Criteria and methods for the assessment and selection of indicators were derived in terms of measurement, monitoring, and management. Finally, examples of the application of the criteria for individual indicators of seven chains of causality and for selected aggregated indicators were developed and are presented in this paper.
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| 37. |
- Joumard, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Transport, environment and sustainability
- 2010
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Ingår i: Indicators of environmental sustainability in transport. - Bron : INRETS. ; , s. 45-78
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 38. |
- Jägerbrand, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Planering och beslutsprocesser för energieffektivare väg- och gatubelysning i svenska kommuner
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trots att det under många år har funnits betydligt energieffektivare väg- och gatubelysning (VGB) att tillgå på marknaden än den belysning som idag dominerar i svenska kommuner, sker det relativt få ny- och reinvesteringar i sådan energieffektivare och modernare belysning. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera faktorer som utgör hinder respektive drivkrafter för ny- och reinvesteringar i energieffektivare VGB genom att analysera planerings- och beslutsprocesser, ansvarsfrågor och aktörer i ett antal svenska kommuner. Vi undersökte hinder och drivkrafter i 12 svenska kommuner av olika storlek genom att intervjua de ansvariga för VGB. Denna undersökning visar att de studerade kommunerna har varierande grad av energieffektiv VGB och olika andel kvicksilverbelysning kvar. De skiljer sig också åt avsevärt i hur de organiserat ansvarsfrågor, beslutsprocesser och hur de arbetar strategiskt med energifrågor. Våra resultat tyder på att det kan utgöra ett hinder för förnyelse när ansvaret för planeringen och förnyelsen av VGB läggs ut på entreprenad, medan brist på kunskap och brist på ekonomiska medel inte framställs som betydande hinder mot förnyelse. Det strategiska sammanhanget, i detta fall målsättningar om energibesparingar, förefaller ha mycket stor betydelse för beslut om investeringar i VGB.
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| 39. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
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A method for mapping flood hazard along roads
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 133, s. 69-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method was developed for estimating and mapping flood hazard probability along roads using road and catchment characteristics as physical catchment descriptors (PCDs). The method uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) to derive candidate PCDs and then identifies those PCDs that significantly predict road flooding using a statistical modelling approach. The method thus allows flood hazards to be estimated and also provides insights into the relative roles of landscape characteristics in determining road-related flood hazards. The method was applied to an area in western Sweden where severe road flooding had occurred during an intense rain event as a case study to demonstrate its utility. The results suggest that for this case study area three categories of PCDs are useful for prediction of critical spots prone to flooding along roads: i) topography, ii) soil type, and iii) land use. The main drivers among the PCDs considered were a topographical wetness index, road density in the catchment, soil properties in the catchment (mainly the amount of gravel substrate) and local channel slope at the site of a roadstream intersection. These can be proposed as strong indicators for predicting the flood probability in ungauged river basins in this region, but some care is needed in generalising the case study results other potential factors are also likely to influence the flood hazard probability. Overall, the method proposed represents a straightforward and consistent way to estimate flooding hazards to inform both the planning of future roadways and the maintenance of existing roadways.
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| 40. |
- Kalantari, Zahra
(författare)
-
Adaptation of road drainage structures to climate change
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change is expected to lead to more frequent extreme precipitation events, floods and changes in frost/thawing cycles. The frequency of road closures and other incidents such as flooding, landslides and roads being washed away will probably increase. Stronger demands will be placed on the function of road drainage systems. The overall aim of this thesis was to produce scientifically well-founded suggestions on adaptation of road drainage systems to climate change involving more frequent floods. The work began by examining current practice for road drainage systems in Sweden and gathering experience from professionals working with various problems concerning surface and subsurface drainage systems. Various hydrological models were then used to calculate the runoff from a catchment adjacent to a road and estimate changes in peak discharge and total runoff resulting from simulated land use measures. According to these survey and hydrological modelling studies, adaptation of road drainage systems to climate change can be grouped into two categories: i) institutional adaptation; and ii) technical adaptation. The main approaches in institutional adaptation are to: i) raise the awareness of expected climate change and its impact on drainage systems in transport administration and relevant stakeholders; ii) include adaptation measures in the existing funding programme of the transport administration; and iii) develop an evaluation tool and action plans concerning existing road drainage systems. Technical adaptation will involve ensuring that road constructions are adapted to more frequent extreme precipitation events and responsive to changes in activities and land use in areas adjacent to roads. Changes in climate variables will have effects on watershed hydrological responses and consequently influence the amount of runoff reaching roads. There is a great need for tools such as hydrological models to assess impacts on discharge dynamics, including peak flows. Improved communication between road managers and local actors in the forestry and agriculture sectors can be a means to reduce the impacts of, e.g., clear-cutting or badly managed farmland ditches.
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| 41. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating the effects of simulated land use changes on peak discharge of a catchment adjoining a road
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The consequences of heavy rainfall and other extreme weather events are strongly influenced by land use within watersheds. The tested catchment consists of arable land, forest, living areas, and a creek which crosses a main road at the bottom of the catchment. The theoretical hydrological responses to different land use changes and four different extreme events were quantified by model simulations using MIKE-SHE. Land use composition and configuration was found to affect discharge; clear-cutting on 30% of the catchment area produced a 60% increase in peak discharge and a 10% increase in total runoff during a 50-year summer event. There were only small effects on peak discharge during smaller storms. Reforestation of 60% of basin area was the most effective measure to reduce peak flow, mainly for smaller (2-, 5- and 10-year) storms. Grassed waterways reduced water velocity in the stream and resulted in a 28% reduction in peak flow at the catchment outlet with the same 50-year event. A smaller degree of reforestation (30%) of the basin area was the most efficient measure to decrease total runoff. Hence different measures may be the most efficient for peak discharges and total runoff from the area. The specific effect of land use measures on catchment discharge depends on their spatial distribution and on the size and time of storm events.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
-
Modeller subjectivity and calibration impacts on hydrological model applications : an event-based comparison for a road-adjacent catchment in South-East Norway
- 2015
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 502, s. 315-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Identifying a ‘best’ performing hydrologic model in a practical sense is difficult due to the potential influences of modeller subjectivity on, for example, calibration procedure and parameter selection. This is especially true for model applications at the event scale where the prevailing catchment conditions can have a strong impact on apparent model performance and suitability. In this study, two lumped models (CoupModel and HBV) and two physically-based distributed models (LISEM and MIKE SHE) were applied to a small catchment upstream of a road in south-eastern Norway. All models were calibrated to a single event representing typical winter conditions in the region and then applied to various other winter events to investigate the potential impact of calibration period and methodology on model performance. Peak flow and event-based hydrographs were simulated differently by all models leading to differences in apparent model performance under this application. In this case-study, the lumped models appeared to be better suited for hydrological events that differed from the calibration event (i.e., events when runoff was generated from rain on non-frozen soils rather than from rain and snowmelt on frozen soil) while the more physical-based approaches appeared better suited during snowmelt and frozen soil conditions more consistent with the event-specific calibration. This was due to the combination of variations in subsurface conditions over the eight events considered, the subsequent ability of the models to represent the impact of the conditions (particularly when subsurface conditions varied greatly from the calibration event), and the different approaches adopted to calibrate the models. These results indicate that hydrologic models may not only need to be selected on a case-by-case basis but also have their performance evaluated on an application-by-application basis since how a model is applied can be equally important as inherent model structure.
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| 44. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
-
On the utilization of hydrological modelling for road drainage design under climate and land use change
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 475, s. 97-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road drainage structures are often designed using methods that do not consider process-based representations of a landscape's hydrological response. This may create inadequately sized structures as coupled land cover and climate changes can lead to an amplified hydrological response. This study aims to quantify potential increases of runoff in response to future extreme rain events in a 61 km(2) catchment (40% forested) in southwest Sweden using a physically-based hydrological modelling approach. We simulate peak discharge and water level (stage) at two types of pipe bridges and one culvert, both of which are commonly used at Swedish road/stream intersections, under combined forest clear-cutting and future climate scenarios for 2050 and 2100. The frequency of changes in peak flow and water level varies with time (seasonality) and storm size. These changes indicate that the magnitude of peak flow and the runoff response are highly correlated to season rather than storm size. In all scenarios considered, the dimensions of the current culvert are insufficient to handle the increase in water level estimated using a physically-based modelling approach. It also appears that the water level at the pipe bridges changes differently depending on the size and timing of the storm events. The findings of the present study and the approach put forward should be considered when planning investigations on and maintenance for areas at risk of high water flows. In addition, the research highlights the utility of physically-based hydrological models to identify the appropriateness of road drainage structure dimensioning
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| 45. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
-
Quantifying the hydrological impact of simulated changes in land use on peak discharge in a small catchment
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 466, s. 741-754
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A physically-based, distributed hydrological model (MIKE SHE) was used to quantify overland runoff in response to four extreme rain events and four types of simulated land use measure in a catchment in Norway. The current land use in the catchment comprises arable lands, forest, urban areas and a stream that passes under a motorway at the catchment outlet. This model simulation study demonstrates how the composition and configuration of land use measures affect discharge at the catchment outlet differently in response to storms of different sizes. For example, clear-cutting on 30% of the catchment area produced a 60% increase in peak discharge and a 10% increase in total runoff resulting from a 50-year storm event in summer, but the effects on peak discharge were less pronounced during smaller storms. Reforestation of 60% of the catchment area was the most effective measure in reducing peak flows for smaller (2-, 5- and 10-year) storms. Introducing grassed waterways reduced water velocity in the stream and resulted in a 28% reduction in peak flow at the catchment outlet for the 50-year storm event. Overall, the results indicate that the specific effect of land use measures on catchment discharge depends on their spatial distribution and on the size and timing of storm events.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
-
Road drainage in Sweden : Current practice and suggestions for adaptation to climate change
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Infrastructure Systems. - 1076-0342 .- 1943-555X. ; 19:2, s. 147-156
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes current practice in road surface and subsurface drainage in Sweden and analyzes the necessity for adaptation of the planning, construction, operation, maintenance and monitoring of road drainage measures to climate change. Based on a survey of professionals working with various aspects of road drainage, the study sought to identify: (1) problems experienced concerning road drainage, focusing on the current Swedish climate; (2) future problems regarding climate change impacts such as flooding and high flows; and (3) suggestions for adaptation measures concerning road drainage systems, taking future climate change into account. Suggested improvements concerning management and planning included clarification of responsibility for drainage issues, better overview of the location and condition of drainage facilities, inclusion of drainage system maintenance in procurement of operation contracts, maintenance plans for drainage facilities, and monitoring and inspection of drainage measures. Suggestions concerning drainage system construction, operation and maintenance included increasing the capacity of drainage facilities, stabilizing ditch slopes and various measures to prevent clogging of culverts
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| 48. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, 1979-
(författare)
-
Road structures under climate and land use change : Bridging the gap between science and application
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Future changes in climate and land use are likely to affect catchment hydrological responses and consequently influence the amount of runoff reaching roads. Blockages and damage to under-dimensioned infrastructure can be extremely costly for the regions affected. This study aims to produce scientifically well-founded suggestions on adaptation of road drainage systems to climate changes resulting in more frequent floods. This thesis demonstrates the need to integrate aspects of climate change and land use impacts into the planning and practice of road construction and maintenance in Sweden. Tools such as hydrological models are needed to assess impacts on discharge dynamics. Identifying a ‘best’ practically performing hydrological model is often difficult due to the potential influence of modeller subjectivity on calibration procedure, parameter selection, etc. Hydrological models may need to be selected on a case-by-case basis and have their performance evaluated on an application-by-application basis.The work presented here began by examining current practice for road drainage systems in Sweden. Various hydrological models were then used to calculate the runoff from a catchment adjacent to a road and estimate changes in peak discharge and total runoff resulting from simulated land use measures. Overall, the results indicate that the specific effect of land use measures on catchment discharge depend on their spatial distribution and on the size and timing of storm events. Scenarios comprising a changing climate up to 2050 or to 2100 and forest clear-cutting were used to determine whether the current design of road drainage construction is sufficient for future conditions. Based on the findings, the approach developed can be used for similar studies, e.g. by the Swedish Transport Administration in dimensioning future road drainage structures to provide safe and robust infrastructure.Furthermore, a statistical method was developed for estimating and mapping flood hazard probability along roads using road and catchment characteristics. The method allows flood hazards to be estimated and provides insight into the relative roles of landscape characteristics in determining road-related flood hazards. Overall, this method provides an efficient way to estimate flooding hazards and to inform the planning of future roadways and the maintenance of existing roadways.
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| 49. |
- Kalantari, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
-
Usefulness of four hydrological models in simulating high-resolution discharge dynamics of a adjacent to a road
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Four hydrological models (LISEM, MIKE SHE, CoupModel and HBV) were compared with respect to their capability to predict peak flow in a small catchment upstream of a road in SE Norway on an hourly basis. All four models were calibrated using hourly observed streamflow. Simulated and observed discharge generated during three types of hydrological situations characteristic of winter/spring conditions causing overland flow were considered: snowmelt, partially frozen soil and heavy rain events. Using parameter sets optimised for winter/spring conditions, flows simulated by HBV coupled with CoupModel were comparable to measured discharge from the catchment in corresponding periods. However, this combination was best when all the parameters were calibrated in HBV. For ungauged basins with no real-time monitoring of discharge and when the spatial distribution is important, MIKE SHE may be more suitable than the other models, but the lack of detailed input data and the uncertainty in physical parameters should be considered. LISEM is potentially capable of calculating runoff from small catchments during winter/spring but requires better description of snowmelt, infiltration into frozen layers and tile drainage. From a practical road maintenance perspective, the usefulness and accuracy of a model depends on its ability to represent site-specific processes, data availability and calibration requirements.
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| 50. |
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