| 1. |
- Dürr, João, et al.
(författare)
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Interbull survey on parentage verification
- 2011
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Ingår i: Bulletin / International Bull Evaluation Service. - 1011-6079. ; 44, s. xiv-xvii
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Dürr, João, et al.
(författare)
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Interbull survey on sequencing of cattle
- 2011
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Ingår i: Bulletin / International Bull Evaluation Service. - 1011-6079. ; 44, s. xviii-xxii
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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An algorithm for the identification of genetically modified animals
- 2013
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Ingår i: Trends in Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7799 .- 1879-3096. ; 31, s. 272-274
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The diffusion of genetically modified (GM) animals has generated a demand for accurate and unique identification to assure compliance with relevant national and international legislation. Individual identification of GM animals is essential to improve safety and traceability, as well as to fulfill the present and future expectations of producers, consumers, and authorities.
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| 4. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the value of international genetic evaluations for yield in predicting domestic breeding values for foreign Holstein bulls
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 94, s. 2601-2612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International genetic evaluations are a valuable source of information for decisions about the importation of (the semen of) foreign bulls. This study analyzed data from 6 countries (Australia, Canada, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and the United States) and compared international evaluations for production traits of foreign bulls (i.e., when no national daughter information was available) to their national breeding values in August 2009, which were based only on domestic daughters' data. A total of 821 bulls with highly reliable estimated breeding values (EBV) for milk, fat, and protein yield were analyzed. No evidence of systematic over- or underestimation was found in most of the countries analyzed. Observed correlations between national and international evaluations were close to 0.9 and, for most countries, generally close to their expected values (calculated from national and international EBV reliabilities). In Italy, however, higher differences between observed and expected correlations and significant mean differences between EBV for more than one trait were observed in bulls progeny-tested in the United States and in other European countries (with differences up to 33.1% of the genetic standard deviation). These results were probably induced by a relatively recent change in the model for national evaluation. The findings in this study reflect a conservative estimate of the real value of international evaluations, as changes in methodologies in either the national or the international evaluations decreased the ability of past international evaluations to predict current national evaluations. Nevertheless, our results indicate that international evaluations based on foreign information for Holstein bulls were reasonably accurate predictors of the future national breeding values based only upon domestic daughters.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Forabosco, Flavio
(författare)
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Cluster analysis on across country genetic correlations for conformation traits in Holstein cattle breed
- 2011
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Ingår i: Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus. - 1331-7768 .- 1331-7776. ; 76, s. 267-270
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Th e aim of this paper is to investigate across country genetic correlations of conformation traits of 21 Holstein bull populations, using cluster analysis. Data consisted of across country genetic correlations of 18 conformation traits estimated by Interbull for the April 2011 routine genetic evaluation. For cluster analysis, the distance measure (dij) between countries i and j was calculated as dij=1-rG2 ij, where rGij is the genetic correlation between countries i and j. Traits showed diff erent mean distances with the lowest value for udder depth (0.062) and the highest for locomotion (0.441). For traits with similar defi nition further investigation is needed to understand diff erences within cluster. Also, more attention needs to be paid to countries that defi ne or record traits diff erently from what is suggested by World Holstein Friesian Federation.
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| 7. |
- Forabosco, Flavio
(författare)
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Cluster analysis on across country genetic correlations for overall traits and body condition score in Holstein bulls
- 2013
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Ingår i: Livestock Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1413 .- 1878-0490. ; 151, s. 108-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study is to examine the progress in trait harmonization among member countries participating in the International Bull Evaluation Service Organization (Interbull) for overall conformation score (OCS), overall udder score (OUS), overall feet and legs (OFL), and body condition score (BCS) of Holstein bulls. Input values for the cluster analysis were across-country genetic correlations estimated among 8 countries from 2001 to 2011 for overall type traits and among 12 countries from 2009 to 2011 for BCS. Changes in evaluation procedure and trait definition affected the clustering of countries. For OCS, the evolution was clear, particularly for Australia; the genetic correlations between this country and the majority of other members decreased during the years. Other changes in clustering were due to modifications in trait definitions introduced by France (2004), Germany (2007) and United Kingdom-Ireland (2005, 2008 and 2011). The genetic correlations for OUS were generally higher than those for OCS, and changes in clustering were less pronounced: the structure of clusters remained unchanged from 2004 to 2007. For OFL, Australia was even more distant than for the other two composite traits, probably due to the use of "side view foot diagonal" as best predictor of OFL. The changes in trait definition introduced by France Black and White Holstein (2001) and Italy (2003 and 2007) entailed modifications in the structure of dendrograms. The cluster analysis well depicts the difference among countries that sent information on BCS to Interbull and countries that sent angularity as predictor of BCS, as they were grouped in two distinct clusters and the correlations between them were negative. Major effort is needed to harmonize the traits among countries.
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| 8. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of genetic variation in the international Brown Swiss population
- 2013
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Ingår i: Animal. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 7, s. 1060-1066
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The international Brown Swiss cattle population pedigree was studied to measure genetic variations and to identify the most influential animals. Twenty-two countries provided pedigree information on 71 497 Brown Swiss bulls used for artificial insemination (AI). The total number of animals with the pedigree is 181 094. The mean inbreeding coefficient for the pedigree population was 0.77%. There was, in most cases, an increase in the mean inbreeding coefficient, with the highest value at 2.89% during the last 5-year period (2000 to 2004). The mean average relatedness for the pedigree population was 1.1%. The effective population size in 2004 was 204. There was notable variation between average generation intervals for the four parental pathways. The longest average generation interval, at 8.73 years, was observed in the sire son pathway. The average generation interval for the whole population was 6.53 years. Most genetically influential individuals were sires. The highest contributing founder was a sire with a 3.22% contribution, and the highest contributing founder dam made a contribution of 1.75%. The effective number of founders and the effective number of ancestors were 141 and 88, respectively. The study showed that genetic variation within the pedigree population has been decreasing over recent years. Increasing the number of AI bulls with a low individual coefficient of inbreeding could help to maintain a good level of genetic variation in the Brown Swiss population.
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| 9. |
- Forabosco, Flavio
(författare)
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Genetic structure of the European Charolais and Limousin cattle metapopulations using pedigree analyses
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 89, s. 1719-1730
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pedigree collected by the Interbeef service allowed genetic diversity to be assessed by using pedigree analyses for the European Charolais (CHA) and Limousin (LIM) cattle populations registered in national herdbooks in Denmark (DNK), France (FRA), Ireland (IRL), Sweden (SWE), and, solely for the LIM breed, the United Kingdom (UK). The CHA data set included 2,563,189 calves with weaning performance, of which 96.1% were recorded in FRA, 3.0% in SWE, 0.5% in IRL, and 0.4% in DNK. The LIM data set included 1,652,734 calves with weaning performance, of which 91.9% were recorded in FRA, 4.9% in UK, 1.8% in DNK, 0.9% SWE, and 0.5% in IRL. Pedigree files included 3,191,132 CHA and 2,409,659 LIM animals. Gene flows were rather limited between populations, except from FRA toward other countries. Pedigree completeness was good in all subpopulations for both breeds and allowed the pedigree to be traced back to the French population. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was assessed in each CHA and LIM subpopulation by estimating either effective population sizes (N(e) >244 and N(e) >345 in the CHA and LIM subpopulations, respectively), relationship coefficients within subpopulations (<1.3% in both breeds), or probability of gene origins. However, in each subpopulation, it was shown that founders and also ancestors had unbalanced genetic contributions, leading to a moderate but continuous reduction in genetic diversity. Analyses between populations suggested that all European CHA and LIM populations were differentiated very little. The Swedish CHA population was assessed as genetically more distant from the other CHA populations because of fewer gene flows from other countries and because of the use of North American sires to introgress the polled phenotype. In each European subpopulation, most of the main ancestors, which explained 50% of gene origin, were born in FRA. However, those main ancestors were different between countries. Moreover, in both breeds, the main ancestors, which explained 50% of the gene origin in DNK, IRL, SWE, and UK for the LIM breed, were found to be infrequently used in FRA. Those results were consistent with the low relationship coefficients estimated between subpopulations (<0.6% in both the CHA and LIM breeds). Therefore, in both breeds, each subpopulation may constitute a reservoir of genetic diversity for the other ones.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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Genetically modified farm animals and fish in agriculture : A review
- 2013
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Ingår i: Livestock Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1871-1413 .- 1878-0490. ; 153:1-3, s. 1-9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Developments in biotechnology over the past 25 years have allowed scientists to engineer genetically modified (GM) animals for use in various areas of agriculture and medicine. The great majority of GM animals and fish are currently only at the research stage. However, some animals with an anticipated use in food production are close to reaching the grocery shelf at least, they will be soon available for marketing. GM livestock include many different kinds of animals and species modified with the intention of improving economically important traits such as growth-rate, quality of meat, milk composition, disease resistance and survival. Pigs have been engineered to grow faster and to produce more meat with less feed; the composition of pork has also been improved for healthier human consumption. Scientists have paid particular attention to pig health, raising piglet survival rates, reducing the risks of infectious disease, and fortifying the porcine immune system. Sheep have been modified to improve wool production and immunity, and to reduce the risk of mortality following infections by bacteria and lethal viruses. Growth-rate in chickens has been increased with only limited success, because conventional selection has already improved this trait close to its biological limit. However, disease resistance (e.g. to H5N1) and the survival of newly hatched chicks have been improved. Udder health and survival are the most important traits improved by transgenic technology in cattle. GM cows with resistance to BSE have been bred. Similar traits are targeted in fish, dominated by salmon, carp and tilapia species, where the focus is on meat production, meat quality, and disease resistance. The number of GM farm animals and fish developed in laboratories is increasing, but for the present the number of species close to entering the market remains small.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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International genetic evaluation for direct longevity in dairy bulls
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 92, s. 2338-2347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of this study were to document, present, and discuss the procedure used to calculate the international estimated breeding value (EBV) for longevity for Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey, Red Dairy Cattle, and Simmental breeds. Data from 19 countries and 123,833 national sires' breeding value were used for this purpose. Trait definitions and national genetic evaluation procedures were first summarized; and this showed that differences among countries existed. International breeding values for direct longevity were calculated using a multi-trait across-country evaluation model. The data editing method was identical to the one used for the February 2007 routine international genetic evaluation. Estimated genetic correlations presented in this study were similar to those presented in the literature and, in general, differed from unity because of differences in trait definitions, culling reasons, data included, evaluation procedures, genotype-environment interactions, and weak genetic ties among countries. The average genetic correlations for Holstein ranged from 0.49 to 0.76. The genetic correlations for Brown Swiss and Guernsey ranged from 0.29 to 0.95 and from 0.30 to 0.89, respectively. For Jersey and Red Dairy Cattle the genetic correlations ranged from 0.39 to 0.61 and from 0.30 to 0.96, respectively. For Simmental the genetic correlation was 0.59. Different predictors were used at national levels to define combined longevity. These predictors were combined using economic and empirical weights. Three out of 15 countries published international EBV of direct longevity only and 12 out of 15 countries combined direct longevity with predictors (combined longevity). International breeding values for longevity were combined into the total merit index by most of the member organizations and made available to breeders across the world through magazines and Web sites. Even if some breeders are not familiar with longevity EBV, they will select for this trait automatically if they use the published total merit indexes.
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| 14. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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International genetic evaluation of Holstein bulls for overall type traits and body condition score
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 95, s. 4721-4731
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study documents the procedures used to estimate genetic correlations among countries for overall conformation (OCS), overall udder (OUS), overall feet and legs (OFL), and body condition score (BCS) of Holstein sires. Major differences in traits definition are discussed, in addition to the use of international breeding values (IBV) among countries involved in international genetic evaluations, and similarities among countries through hierarchical clustering. Data were available for populations from 20 countries for OCS and OUS, 18 populations for OFL, and 11 populations for BCS. The IBV for overall traits and BCS were calculated using a multi-trait across-country evaluation model. Distance measures, obtained from genetic correlations, were used as input values in the cluster analysis. Results from surveys sent to countries participating in international genetic evaluation for conformation traits showed that different ways of defining traits are used: the overall traits were either computed from linear or composite traits or defined as general characteristics. For BCS, populations were divided into 2 groups: one scored and evaluated BCS, and one used a best predictor. In general, populations were well connected except for Estonia and French Red Holstein. The average number of common bulls for the overall traits ranged from 19 (OCS and OUS of French Red Holstein) to 514 (OFL of United States), and for BCS from 17 (French Red Holstein) to 413 (the Netherlands). The average genetic correlation (range) across countries was 0.75 (0.35 to 0.95), 0.80 (0.41 to 0.95), and 0.68 (0.12 to 0.89) for OCS, OUS, and OFL, respectively. Genetic correlations among countries that used angularity as best predictor for BCS and countries that scored BCS were negative. The cluster analysis provided a clear picture of the countries distances; differences were due to trait definition, trait composition, and weights in overall traits, genetic ties, and genotype by environment interactions. Harmonization of trait definition and increasing genetic ties could improve genetic correlations across countries and reduce the distances. In each national selection index, all countries, except Estonia and New Zealand, included at least one overall trait, whereas none included BCS. Out of 18 countries, 9 have started genomic evaluation of conformation traits. The first were Canada, France, New Zealand, and United States in 2009, followed by Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands in 2010, and Australia and Denmark-Finland-Sweden (joint evaluation) in 2011. Six countries are planning to start soon.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Forabosco, Flavio, et al.
(författare)
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The current status and future prospects of genetically modified farm animals in Europe
- 2012
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Ingår i: Genomics and Quantitative Genetics. - 2157-9903. ; 5, s. 1-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transgenic farm animal is a genetically modified (GM) animal with genetic material that has been engineered using recombinant technology. Over the past 25 years the European Union (EU) has taken a process-based, case-by-case approach to risk assessment. Within the EU today GM organisms are authorized only if they have passed a rigorous safety assessment. Procedures for the release of GM organisms into the environment, and the requirements of evaluation and authorization, are set out in EU Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation 1829/2003, respectively. Currently the EU's official list of approved genetically modified food, feed and organisms contains 42 registered plants and two GM microorganisms, with the latter recently joining the list. No GM mammals, birds, insects, fish or derived food products of animal origin are on the EU market. The European Food Safety Authority, under the mandate of the EU Commission, is developing an environmental risk assessment procedure for mammals, birds, insects and fish with the aim of assessing the possible direct or indirect, as well as immediate or delayed, risks to human health and the environment. The EU market is closed to GM farm animals, but will soon open for those who pass the environmental risk assessment.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Kolseth, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of genetically modified organisms on agro-ecosystem processes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2305 .- 0167-8809. ; 214, s. 96-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biotechnology offers extensive possibilities to incorporate new traits into organisms. Genetically modified (GM) traits relevant for agro-ecosystems include traits such as pest resistance and herbicide tolerance in crop plants, increased growth rate in fish and livestock, and enhanced nitrogen-fixation capabilities of soil microbes. In this review, we evaluated the direct and indirect trait-specific effects of GM plants, microbes, and animals on ecosystem processes and found that most of the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on ecosystem processes are indirect and are the result of associated changes in management strategy rather than a direct effect of the GMOs. Conflicting results on the performance and effects of GMOs are frequently reported, especially regarding crop yield and impacts on soil organisms. This is partly because methods with different levels of resolution have been used in different ecological contexts. Overall, there is little evidence that the effects of GM traits on ecosystem processes act with different mechanisms from those of traits modified using conventional methods. However, little is known about trait-specific effects of GMOs on ecosystem processes even though GMOs have been used for more than three decades. In particular, studies linking genetically modified traits to ecosystem processes at longer time scales are rare, but needed for evaluating trait effects, especially in an evolutionary context. In addition, biotechnology may provide a unique tool for gaining insights into the links between traits and ecosystem processes when integrated into basic ecological research. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Lehrman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Framtidens mat - om husdjursavel och växtförädling
- 2014
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Du har kanske inte funderat över varför tomater ser ut som de gör, varför våra husdjur är så lugna och vänliga, eller hur det är möjligt att köpa en vattenmelon utan kärnor. Trots att växtförädling och djuravel har format det mesta vi äter, är det få människor som är medvetna om vilka vetenskapliga upptäckter och vilket omfattande arbete som ligger bakom maten vi lägger på våra tallrikar. Med den här boken vill vi ge en översikt över domesticeringens och förädlingens bakgrund, från jordbrukets början för mer än 10 000 år sedan till dagens molekylära arbete. Vi beskriver grunderna för genernas strukturer och funktioner, varför och hur olika avels- och förädlingsmetoder används och ger en inblick i lagstiftningen kring användning av genteknik i Sverige och EU. Vi ger också en överblick över olika produkter som tagits fram genom genetisk modifiering (GM) och en sammanfattning av de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av GM-grödor. Vidare diskuterar vi etiska frågor som rör avel och förädling i allmänhet och genetisk modifiering i synnerhet.
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| 22. |
- Lehrman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Shaping our food – an overview of crop and livestock breeding
- 2014
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- You may not have thought about why tomatoes look the way they do, why our pets and farm animals are so calm and friendly, or how it is possible to get a watermelon without any seeds in it. Although the breeding of plants and livestock have shaped more or less everything we eat, few people know about the scientific achievements and the tedious work that results in the food we see on our plates every day. With this book we wish to give an overview of the background of domestication and breeding, from the beginning of farming more than 10,000 years ago to the molecular work of today. We present the basics of the structures and functions of genes, describe why and how different breeding methods are applied to crops and livestock, and give some insight into legislation surrounding the use of biotechnology in breeding in the EU and in Sweden. We also provide an overview of different products produced through genetic modification, a summary of the economic impact of such crops, and some ethical issues related to breeding in general and to genetic modification in particular.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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