| 1. |
- Almevall, Albin Dahlin, et al.
(författare)
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Accepting the inevitable : A mixed method approach with assessment and perceptions of well-being in very old persons within the northern Sweden Silver-MONICA study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Archives of gerontology and geriatrics (Print). - : Elsevier. - 0167-4943 .- 1872-6976. ; 92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAs the group of very old persons will form an increasing part of society, the study of how well-being is described and affected by specific factors will be of importance to meet the future needs of these persons. The aim of the study was to increase knowledge of well-being in very old persons by combining assessments and perceptions using the Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale (PGCMS).MethodIn a mixed method, convergent parallel design, 52 persons 80 years or older were assessed and interviewed using the PGCMS to combine assessment of morale and descriptions of perceptions of well-being using a mixed method approach.ResultsQuantitative and qualitative results converged in four areas: not feeling lonely and being included, rating and perceiving health as good, high physical function/ability and being physically active, living in own house and feeling at home. Areas perceived as important to well-being captured only in qualitative analysis were having freedom and engagement. An example of insights not achievable from the quantitative or qualitative analysis alone was that individuals with high morale expressed anxiety about losing their health due to potential ageing-related threats and that individuals with low morale struggled with acceptance. Acceptance was the key strategy for handling adverse consequences of ageing in all described areas.ConclusionWhen using standardized assessment scales in clinical practice, it could be useful to combine quantitative and qualitative data. Acceptance was key for well-being; however, acceptance could be resigned or reorienting in nature.
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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 4. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie
(författare)
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A second chance at life : A study about people suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- AimThe overall aim of this thesis was to describe people’s lives before and aftersuffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology (OHCA-V). The following specific aims were formulated: describe trends in incidence, outcome and background characteristics among people who suffered OHCA-V (I), describe risk factors and thoughts about lifestyle among survivors(II),elucidate meanings of people’s lived experiences of surviving 1month after the event (III),and elucidate meanings of people’s lived experiencesof surviving 6 and 12 months after the event (IV)MethodsData were collected from the Northern Sweden MONICA myocardial registryand from interviews with people surviving OHCA-V. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used for analysis.ResultsThe incidence of OHCA-V decreased during the 19 years studied, and people aged 25-64 had an increased survival rate. The proportion of people with a history of ischemic heart disease (IHD) before the event decreased over theyears. Among people surviving OHCA-V, 60% had no prior history of IHD, but 20% had three cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus,hypercholesterolemia and/or lipid lowering medication, current smoker). People surviving were aware of their risk factors and their descriptions of their lifestylefocused on the importance of having people around, feeling happy and having a positive outlook on life. They made their own choices regarding how to livetheir lives, which they often referred to as “living a good life.” Meanings of surviving during the first year can be understood as a pendulum ́s motion.Participants narrated they thought about the fact that they had been dead and returned to life. They also expressed they wished to know what had happened tothem while they were dead, but at the same time they wanted to put the event behind them and look forward. People surviving OHCA-V were striving to gettheir ordinary life back, but they also wondered if life would be the same. The cardiac arrest affected their body, which felt unfamiliar to them, and they felt they had to learn to feel secure in their body again. People survivingexpressed they had been given a second chance at life, and they described the event had affected their outlook on life.ConclusionThis thesis shows that people suffering OHCA-V are the most likely to die, but the survival rate is increasing. Many people had no known history of IHD beforethe event, but some had known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To address these facts it is important for health care to focus both on primary andsecondary preventive measures to avoid complications connected to cardiovascular disease. Participants described their thoughts about their lifestyle,which was connected to what they found important in their lives; preventive 3 measures should be linked to those things to be more successful. People thatsurvived experienced pendulum emotions during their first year, and amovement back and forth in time was expressed. Health care personnel could support people surviving OHCA-V by talking with them about their thoughts connected to the past, present and future.Keywordsincidence, myocardial infarction, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, survival, trends,life experiences, qualitative research
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| 8. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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A second chance at life : People's lived experiences of surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0283-9318 .- 1471-6712. ; 31:4, s. 878-886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThere is more to illuminate about people's experiences of surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and how such an event affects people's lives over time.AimsThis study aimed to elucidate meanings of people's lived experiences and changes in everyday life during their first year after surviving OHCA.MethodsA qualitative, longitudinal design was used. Eleven people surviving OHCA from northern Sweden agreed to participate and were interviewed 6 and 12 months after the event. A phenomenological hermeneutic interpretation was used to analyse the transcribed texts.FindingsThe structural analysis resulted in two themes: (i) striving to regain one's usual self and (ii) a second chance at life, and subthemes (ia) testing the body, (ib) pursuing the ordinary life, (ic) gratitude for help to survival, (iia) regaining a sense of security with one's body, (iib) getting to know a new self, and (iic) seeking meaning and establishing a future.ConclusionTo conclude, we suggest that people experienced meanings of surviving OHCA over time as striving to regain their usual self and getting a second chance at life. The event affected them in many ways and resulted in a lot of emotions and many things to think about. Participants experienced back-and-forth emotions, when comparing their present lives to both their lives before cardiac arrest and those lives they planned for the future. During their first year, participants’ daily lives were still influenced by ‘being dead’ and returning to life. As time passed, they wanted to resume their ordinary lives and hoped for continued lives filled with meaning and joyous activities.
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| 9. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie
(författare)
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Att ha överlevt hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus
- 2014. - 2
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Ingår i: Att leva med sjukdom. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144097336 ; , s. 61-69
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 10. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Meanings of people's lived experiences of surviving an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 1 month after the event
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. - 0889-4655 .- 1550-5049. ; 29:5, s. 464-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival rate has been poor and stable for a long time, but more recent studies describe its increase. However, there are few studies in which people narrate their experiences from surviving. Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate meanings of people's lived experiences of surviving an OHCA with validated myocardial infarction (MI) etiology, 1 month after the event. Methods: A purposive sample of 2 women and 9 men was interviewed between February 2011 and May 2012. A phenomenological hermeneutical method was used for analysis, which involved 3 steps: naive reading and understanding, structural analysis, and comprehensive understanding. Results: There were 2 themes, (1) returning to life and (2) revaluing life, and five subthemes, (1a) waking up and missing the whole picture, (1b) realizing it was not time to die, (2a) wondering why and seeking explanations, (2b) feeling ambiguous in relations, and (2c) wondering whether life will be the same. All were constructed from the analysis. Conclusions: Surviving an OHCA with validated MI etiology meant waking up and realizing that one had experienced a cardiac arrest and had been resuscitated. These survivors had memory loss and a need to know what had happened during the time they were dead/unconscious. They searched for a reason why they experienced an MI and cardiac arrest and had gone from being "heart-healthy'' to having a lifelong illness. They all had the experience of passing from life to death and back to life again. For the participants, these differences led to a revaluation of what is important in life.
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| 11. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie
(författare)
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Preventing cardiac death in diabetes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nursing Times. - 0954-7762 .- 1338-6263. ; 107:40, s. 34-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors among people surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and their thoughts about lifestyle
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. - 1474-5151 .- 1873-1953. ; 12:Suppl. 1, s. S13-S14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To describe risk factors among people surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and their thoughts about lifestyle.Design: An explanatory mixed methods design was used.Methods: All people registered in the northern Sweden Monica myocardial registry between the year 1989 to 2007 who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology and were alive at the 28th day after the onset of symptoms (n=71) were included in the quantitative analysis. Thirteen of them participated in interviews conducted in 2011 and analysed via a qualitative manifest content analysis.Results: The quantitative results showed that about 60% of the people had no history of ischemic heart disease or hypertension before the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest whereas 25% and 17% had been diagnosed with myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Eighty percent of the people had total cholesterol levels greater than 5.0 mmol/l and/or were taking lipid lowering medications. Almost half were smokers and overweight. The qualitative results are presented in three categories ‘descriptions of lifestyle after surviving’, ‘modifying the lifestyle to the new life situation’ and ‘a changed view on life’. The participants described that their lifestyle focused on the importance of being needed and meaning something to others, feeling well and doing things of their choice. They tried to find a reason why the cardiac arrest happened and make appropriate lifestyle changes although they made their own assessmnet of risk behaviours. The participants expressed being grateful for a second chance at life and tried to have a positive outlook on life.Conclusions: For most people in this study out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was the first symptom of coronary heart disease. In the interviews the participants expressed that they were well informed about their cardiovascular risk factors and the benefits of risk factor treatment. In spite of that, some of the patricipants chose to ignore this knowledge to some extent and preferred to live a ‘good life’. A life where risk factor treatment played a minor part. The results of this study indicates that health care workers and patients should focus more on the meaningful and joyful things in life and try to adopt healthy behaviours and lifestyle changes linked to these things.
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| 13. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors among people surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and their thoughts about what lifestyle means to them : a mixed methods study
- 2013
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Ingår i: BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2261 .- 1471-2261. ; 13:August
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The known risk factors for coronary heart disease among people prior suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology and their thoughts about what lifestyle means to them after surviving have rarely been described. Therefore the aim of the study was to describe risk factors and lifestyle among survivors. Methods An explanatory mixed methods design was used. All people registered in the Northern Sweden MONICA myocardial registry between the year 1989 to 2007 who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology and were alive at the 28th day after the onset of symptoms (n = 71) were included in the quantitative analysis. Thirteen of them participated in interviews conducted in 2011 and analysed via a qualitative manifest content analysis. Results About 60 % of the people had no history of ischemic heart disease before the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, but 20 % had three cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol of more or equal 5 mmol/l or taking lipid lowering medication, and current smoker). Three categories (i.e., significance of lifestyle, modifying the lifestyle to the new life situation and a changed view on life) and seven sub-categories emerged from the qualitative analysis. Conclusions For many people out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was the first symptom of coronary heart disease. Interview participants were well informed about their cardiovascular risk factors and the benefits of risk factor treatment. In spite of that, some chose to ignore this knowledge to some extent and preferred to live a "good life", where risk factor treatment played a minor part. The importance of the support of family members in terms of feeling happy and having fun was highlighted by the interview participants and expressed as being the meaning of lifestyle. Perhaps the person with illness together with health care workers should focus more on the meaningful and joyful things in life and try to adopt healthy behaviours linked to these things.
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| 14. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Sudden cardiac death among people with diabetes : Preventive measures documented in their medical records
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Nursing. - : Wiley. - 0962-1067 .- 1365-2702. ; 19:23-24, s. 3401-3409
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine how prevention of complications for people with diabetes mellitus had been conducted, as described in their medical records, focusing particularly on sudden cardiac death. A further aim was to compare the documentation with guidelines for diabetes care. Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, death and sudden cardiac death. About half of those affected by sudden cardiac death are assumed to have had one or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease that could have been treated effectively resulting in a reduced risk of sudden death. Design: Survey. Method: Fifty-six people diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, who had died of a sudden cardiac arrest between the years 2003-2005, from the Northern Sweden MONICA myocardial registry were included. These people's medical records were examined with regard to documentation of the care given during the year prior to the person's sudden cardiac death. Results: The qualitative content analysis resulted in four categories: individualised goals for diabetes care; prevention of complications; self-care; and factors which may affect ability to adhere to treatment. The quantitative analysis showed that few people with diabetes mellitus achieved goals for metabolic control, compared with those set in guidelines for diabetes mellitus care.Conclusion. To prevent complications for people with diabetes mellitus, it is a challenge for nurses and physicians to involve people with diabetes mellitus in their own care to improve the prognosis. Relevance to clinical practice: Examination of medical records of people with diabetes mellitus showed that documentation could be more informative and systematic. It is important to achieve better adherence to treatment and to increase people's understanding of their illness. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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| 15. |
- Forslund, Ann-Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in incidence and outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among people with validated myocardial infarction
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - London, England : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-4873 .- 2047-4881 .- 1741-8267 .- 1741-8275. ; 20:2, s. 260-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To describe trends in incidence, outcome, and background characteristics among people who suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology (OHCA-V).Methods and results: People from the northern Sweden MONICA myocardial registry (1989–2007) with OHCA-V (n = 2977) were divided in two age groups (25–64 and 65–74 years). Both those who were resuscitated outside hospital and those who died before resuscitation was started were included in the study. The younger age group was studied during 1989–2007 and the older group during 2000–2007. The incidence of OHCA-V decreased in both the younger group (men p < 0.0001, women p = 0.04) and the older group (men p < 0.0001, women p < 0.0007, respectively). The proportion with a history of ischaemic heart disease prior to the event decreased (p < 0.0001). The proportion of previous myocardial infarction decreased (p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus increased (p = 0.001), coronary interventions increased (p < 0.0001), and survival after OHCA-V increased (p < 0.0001) in the younger group but not in the older group. Long-term survival after OHCA-V was better in the younger than in the older group (p = 0.026).Conclusion: The incidence of OHCA-V decreased in both sexes. The proportion surviving after OHCA-V was small but increased, and long-term survival (≥28 days) was better in the younger age group. Primary preventive measures may explain most of the improvements. However, the effects of secondary preventive measures cannot be excluded.
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| 16. |
- Höglund, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Prodromal symptoms and health care consumption prior to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients without previously known ischaemic heart disease
- 2014
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Ingår i: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 85:7, s. 864-868
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To describe prodromal symptoms and health care consumption prior to an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in patients without previously known ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Background: The most common lethal event of cardiovascular disease is sudden cardiac death, and the majority occur outside hospital. Little is known about prodromal symptoms and health care consumption associated with OHCAs. Design: Case-crossover study. Methods: Medical records of 403 OHCA cases without previously known IHD, age 25-74 years in the MONICA myocardial registry in Norrbotten County 2000-2008, were reviewed. Presenting symptoms and emergency visits at public primary care facilities and internal medicine clinics in Norrbotten County were analyzed from the week prior to the OHCA and from the same week one year previously, which served as a control week. Unlike most studies we included unwitnessed arrests and those where no cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted. Results: Emergency visits were more common during the week prior to the OHCA than during the control week, both for visits to primary care (29 vs. 6, p < 0.001) and to internal medicine clinics (16 vs. 0, p < 0.001). Symptoms were more prevalent during the week prior to the OHCA (36.7 vs. 6.7%, p < 0.001). The most prevalent symptoms were chest pain (14.6 vs. 0%, p < 0.001), gastrointestinal symptoms (7.7 vs. 1.2%, p < 0.001) and dyspnoea/peripheral oedema (6.9 vs. 0.2%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients who suffer an OHCA seek health care and present prodromal symptoms significantly more often the week prior to the event than the same week one year earlier.
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| 17. |
- Jallow, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated cardiac cause
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1401-7431 .- 1651-2006. ; 52:3, s. 149-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Temporal variations in the occurrence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been shown. Most previous studies have in common that they include individuals whom have received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and thus excluding a great number of all the actual cases of OHCA when conducting a study. Therefore the aim of this study was to describe temporal variations of OHCA, regardless of whether CPR was performed or not.Design: All individuals aged 25-74 years in northern Sweden, 1989-2009, who suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with validated myocardial infarction aetiology (OHCA-V), regardless of whether CPR was performed or not, were included in this study, which resulted in 3357 individuals.Results: Regarding the diurnal variation, a daytime excess of OHCA-V was seen, with most occurring between 12:00-17:59 (29%) closely followed by the 06:00-11:59 time block (27%). In terms of the weekly variation, most OHCA-V was seen on Saturdays (17%), while January (11%), followed by December (9%), saw the highest incidence of the months.Conclusion: A temporal variation in OHCA-V is seen even when including cases where no CPR is attempted. However, this variation differs in some aspects to what some previous studies have shown, in that no clear morning or Monday peaks were seen. In order to explore potential triggers and underlying factors that influence OHCA, more studies like these are needed, preferably following standardized inclusion criteria and definitions of OHCA to better be able to compare results, all in order to develop the best possible preventive strategies.
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| 18. |
- Jarbin, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Pervasive Refusal Syndrome : Three Case Reports - Autism as a Predisposing Factor and Gentle Coercion to Shorten Duration of Disorder?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Case Reports in Psychiatry. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-682X .- 2090-6838. ; 2022
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) is a severe child psychiatric syndrome not yet included in the international classification and mostly affecting girls aged 7-15 years. Hospital admission and severe loss of function extend for many months and years but most recover. Autism has been suggested as a predisposing factor but largely lacks support for typical cases of PRS. Treatment is not evidence-based and described as requiring a lengthy inpatient stay with a very gradual and sensitive rehabilitation program. Case Presentations. Three cases of pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) in girls aged 9-16 years are presented to report autism as a predisposing factor and to discuss gentle coercion as part of the management strategy to speed up the lengthy recovery. The cases, which met the proposed criteria and typical background characteristics, were noted with the addition of undiagnosed autism in two cases. The duration of inpatient admission was 8-14 months. Disease duration was 15-36 months. An adequate but negative lorazepam trial to rule out catatonia was carried out. Treatment was in one case successfully expedited with gentle coercion within a transparent management plan. Rehabilitation was slower in PRS with comorbid autism; additionally, accommodations to school and living support needed to be put in place. Conclusions. PRS is a useful clinical entity and best perceived as a primitive reaction to overwhelming stress rather than as catatonia. Autism might be another predisposing factor and needs to be assessed. A psychoeducational approach and a clear management plan support rehabilitation. A gentle coercion might hasten recovery.
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| 19. |
- Kim, Jaewon, 1978-
(författare)
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Trade, Unemployment and Labour Market Institutions
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis consists of three papers, summarized as follows. "The Determinants of Labour Market Institutions: A Panel Data Study" This paper analyses the argument that labour market institutions can be thought of as devices for social insurance. It investigates the hypotheses that a country's exposure to external risk and ethnic fractionalisation are correlated with labor market institutions. Extreme bounds analysis with panel data of fourty years indicates that countries that are more open to international trade have stricter employment protection, strong unions, and a more coordinated wage bargaining process. Moreover, there is evidence that union density is negatively associated with the degree of ethnic fracationalisation. "Why do Some Studies Show that Generous Unemployment Benefits Increase Unemployment Rates? A Meta-Analysis of Cross-Country Studies" This paper investigates the hypothesis that generous unemployment benefits give rise to high levels of unemployment by systematically reviewing 34 cross-country studies. In contrast to conventional literature surveys, I perform a meta-analysis which applies regression techniques to a set of results taken from the existing literature. The main finding is that the choice of the primary data and estimation method matter for the final outcome. The control variables in the primary studies also affect the results. "The Effects of Trade on Unemployment: Evidence from 20 OECD countries" This study empirically investigates if international trade has an impact on aggregate unemployment in the presence of labour market institutions. Using data for twenty OECD countries for the years 1961-2008, this study finds that an increase in trade leads to higher aggregate unemployment as it interacts with rigid labour market institutions, whereas it may reduce aggregate unemployment if the labour market is characterised by flexibility. In a country with the average degree of the labour market rigidities, an increase in trade has no significant effect on unemployment rates.
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| 20. |
- Ricci, Cristian, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol intake in relation to non-fatal and fatal coronary heart disease and stroke : EPIC-CVD case-cohort study
- 2018
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Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1756-1833 .- 0959-8138. ; 361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between alcohol consumption (at baseline and over lifetime) and non-fatal and fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. DESIGN Multicentre case-cohort study. SETTING A study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) determinants within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition cohort (EPIC-CVD) from eight European countries. PARTICIPANTS 32 549 participants without baseline CVD, comprised of incident CVD cases and a subcohort for comparison. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Non-fatal and fatal CHD and stroke (including ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke). RESULTS There were 9307 non-fatal CHD events, 1699 fatal CHD, 5855 non-fatal stroke, and 733 fatal stroke. Baseline alcohol intake was inversely associated with non-fatal CHD, with a hazard ratio of 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.92 to 0.96) per 12 g/day higher intake. There was a J shaped association between baseline alcohol intake and risk of fatal CHD. The hazard ratios were 0.83 (0.70 to 0.98), 0.65 (0.53 to 0.81), and 0.82 (0.65 to 1.03) for categories 5.0-14.9 g/day, 15.0-29.9 g/day, and 30.0-59.9 g/day of total alcohol intake, respectively, compared with 0.1-4.9 g/ day. In contrast, hazard ratios for non-fatal and fatal stroke risk were 1.04 (1.02 to 1.07), and 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) per 12 g/day increase in baseline alcohol intake, respectively, including broadly similar findings for ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. Associations with cardiovascular outcomes were broadly similar with average lifetime alcohol consumption as for baseline alcohol intake, and across the eight countries studied. There was no strong evidence for interactions of alcohol consumption with smoking status on the risk of CVD events. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol intake was inversely associated with non-fatal CHD risk but positively associated with the risk of different stroke subtypes. This highlights the opposing associations of alcohol intake with different CVD types and strengthens the evidence for policies to reduce alcohol consumption.
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| 21. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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