| 1. |
- Borisov, S, et al.
(författare)
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Surveillance of adverse events in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: first global report
- 2019
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Ingår i: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 54:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that countries implement pharmacovigilance and collect information on active drug safety monitoring (aDSM) and management of adverse events.The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of adverse events to anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs in a cohort of consecutive TB patients treated with new (i.e. bedaquiline, delamanid) and repurposed (i.e. clofazimine, linezolid) drugs, based on the WHO aDSM project. Adverse events were collected prospectively after attribution to a specific drug together with demographic, bacteriological, radiological and clinical information at diagnosis and during therapy. This interim analysis included patients who completed or were still on treatment at time of data collection.Globally, 45 centres from 26 countries/regions reported 658 patients (68.7% male, 4.4% HIV co-infected) treated as follows: 87.7% with bedaquiline, 18.4% with delamanid (6.1% with both), 81.5% with linezolid and 32.4% with clofazimine. Overall, 504 adverse event episodes were reported: 447 (88.7%) were classified as minor (grade 1–2) and 57 (11.3%) as serious (grade 3–5). The majority of the 57 serious adverse events reported by 55 patients (51 out of 57, 89.5%) ultimately resolved. Among patients reporting serious adverse events, some drugs held responsible were discontinued: bedaquiline in 0.35% (two out of 577), delamanid in 0.8% (one out of 121), linezolid in 1.9% (10 out of 536) and clofazimine in 1.4% (three out of 213) of patients. Serious adverse events were reported in 6.9% (nine out of 131) of patients treated with amikacin, 0.4% (one out of 221) with ethionamide/prothionamide, 2.8% (15 out of 536) with linezolid and 1.8% (eight out of 498) with cycloserine/terizidone.The aDSM study provided valuable information, but implementation needs scaling-up to support patient-centred care.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Qin, D L, et al.
(författare)
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Research on the reliability and validity of postural workload assessment method and the relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders of workers
- 2018
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Ingår i: Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences. - 1671-167X. ; 50:3, s. 488-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To form a new assessment method to evaluate postural workload comprehensively analyzing the dynamic and static postural workload for workers during their work process to analyze the reliability and validity, and to study the relation between workers' postural workload and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).Methods: In the study, 844 workers from electronic and railway vehicle manufacturing factories were selected as subjects investigated by using the China Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (CMQ) to form the postural workload comprehensive assessment method. The Cronbach's α, cluster analysis and factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the new assessment method. Non-conditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the relation between workers' postural workload and WMSDs.Results: Reliability of the assessment method for postural workload: internal consistency analysis results showed that Cronbach's α was 0.934 and the results of split-half reliability indicated that Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.881 and the correlation coefficient between the first part and the second was 0.787. Validity of the assessment method for postural workload: the results of cluster analysis indicated that square Euclidean distance between dynamic and static postural workload assessment in the same part or work posture was the shortest. The results of factor analysis showed that 2 components were extracted and the cumulative percentage of variance achieved 65.604%. The postural workload score of the different occupational workers showed significant difference (P<0.05) by covariance analysis. The results of nonconditional Logistic regression indicated that alcohol intake (OR=2.141, 95%CI 1.337-3.428) and obesity (OR=3.408, 95%CI 1.629-7.130) were risk factors for WMSDs. The risk for WMSDs would rise as workers' postural workload rose (OR=1.035, 95%CI 1.022-1.048). There was significant different risk for WMSDs in the different groups of workers distinguished by work type, gender and age. Female workers exhibited a higher prevalence for WMSDs (OR=2.626, 95%CI 1.414-4.879) and workers between 30-40 years of age (OR=1.909, 95%CI 1.237-2.946) as compared with those under 30.Conclusion: This method for comprehensively assessing postural workload is reliable and effective when used in assembling workers, and there is certain relation between the postural workload and WMSDs.
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| 4. |
- Alffenaar, J. W. C., et al.
(författare)
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Clinical standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs
- 2022
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. - Paris, France : International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. - 1027-3719 .- 1815-7920. ; 26:6, s. 483-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Optimal drug dosing is important to ensure adequate response to treatment, prevent development of drug resistance and reduce drug toxicity. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on 'best practice' for dosing and management of TB drugs.Methods: A panel of 57 global experts in the fields of microbiology, pharmacology and TB care were identified; 51 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score draft standards. The final document represents the broad consensus and was approved by all participants.Results: Six clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, defining the most appropriate initial dose for TB treatment; Standard 2, identifying patients who may be at risk of sub-optimal drug exposure; Standard 3, identifying patients at risk of developing drug-related toxicity and how best to manage this risk; Standard 4, identifying patients who can benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM); Standard 5, highlighting education and counselling that should be provided to people initiating TB treatment; and Standard 6, providing essential education for healthcare professionals. In addition, consensus research priorities were identified.Conclusion: This is the first consensus-based Clinical Standards for the dosing and management of TB drugs to guide clinicians and programme managers in planning and implementation of locally appropriate measures for optimal person-centred treatment to improve patient care.
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| 5. |
- Singh, K. P., et al.
(författare)
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Clinical standards for the management of adverse effects during treatment for TB
- 2023
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Ingår i: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. - : International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. - 1027-3719 .- 1815-7920. ; 27:7, s. 506-519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Adverse effects (AE) to TB treatment cause morbidity, mortality and treatment interruption. The aim of these clinical standards is to encourage best practise for the diagnosis and management of AE.METHODS: 65/81 invited experts participated in a Delphi process using a 5-point Likert scale to score draft standards.RESULTS: We identified eight clinical standards. Each person commencing treatment for TB should: Standard 1, be counselled regarding AE before and during treatment; Standard 2, be evaluated for factors that might increase AE risk with regular review to actively identify and manage these; Standard 3, when AE occur, carefully assessed and possible allergic or hypersensitiv-ity reactions considered; Standard 4, receive appropriate care to minimise morbidity and mortality associated with AE; Standard 5, be restarted on TB drugs after a serious AE according to a standardised protocol that includes active drug safety monitoring. In addition: Standard 6, healthcare workers should be trained on AE including how to counsel people undertaking TB treatment, as well as active AE monitoring and management; Standard 7, there should be active AE monitoring and reporting for all new TB drugs and regimens; and Standard 8, knowledge gaps identified from active AE monitoring should be systematically addressed through clinical research.CONCLUSION: These standards provide a person -centred, consensus-based approach to minimise the impact of AE TB treatment.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bolk, J, et al.
(författare)
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Visual-motor integration and fine motor skills at 6½ years of age and associations with neonatal brain volumes in children born extremely preterm in Sweden: a population-based cohort study
- 2018
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 8:2, s. e020478-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This exploratory study aimed to investigate associations between neonatal brain volumes and visual–motor integration (VMI) and fine motor skills in children born extremely preterm (EPT) when they reached 6½ years of age.SettingProspective population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden, during 3 years.ParticipantsAll children born before gestational age, 27 weeks, during 2004–2007 in Stockholm, without major morbidities and impairments, and who underwent MRI at term-equivalent age.Main outcome measuresBrain volumes were calculated using morphometric analyses in regions known to be involved in VMI and fine motor functions. VMI was assessed with The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration—sixth edition and fine motor skills were assessed with the manual dexterity subtest from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children—second edition, at 6½ years. Associations between the brain volumes and VMI and fine motor skills were evaluated using partial correlation, adjusted for total cerebral parenchyma and sex.ResultsOut of 107 children born at gestational age <27 weeks, 83 were assessed at 6½ years and 66/83 were without major brain lesions or cerebral palsy and included in the analyses. A representative subsample underwent morphometric analyses: automatic segmentation (n=34) and atlas-based segmentation (n=26). The precentral gyrus was associated with both VMI (r=0.54, P=0.007) and fine motor skills (r=0.54, P=0.01). Associations were also seen between fine motor skills and the volume of the cerebellum (r=0.42, P=0.02), brainstem (r=0.47, P=0.008) and grey matter (r=−0.38, P=0.04).ConclusionsNeonatal brain volumes in areas known to be involved in VMI and fine motor skills were associated with scores for these two functions when children born EPT without major brain lesions or cerebral palsy were evaluated at 6½ years of age. Establishing clear associations between early brain volume alterations and later VMI and/or fine motor skills could make early interventions possible.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Gu, H., et al.
(författare)
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Ultra-high static magnetic fields cause immunosuppression through disrupting B-cell peripheral differentiation and negatively regulating BCR signaling
- 2023
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Ingår i: Medcomm. ; 4:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To increase the imaging resolution and detection capability, the field strength of static magnetic fields (SMFs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has significantly increased in the past few decades. However, research on the side effects of high magnetic field is still very inadequate and the effects of SMF above 1 T (Tesla) on B cells have never been reported. Here, we show that 33.0 T ultra-high SMF exposure causes immunosuppression and disrupts B cell differentiation and signaling. 33.0 T SMF treatment resulted in disturbance of B cell peripheral differentiation and antibody secretion and reduced the expression of IgM on B cell membrane, and these might be intensity dependent. In addition, mice exposed to 33.0 T SMF showed inhibition on early activation of B cells, including B cell spreading, B cell receptor clustering and signalosome recruitment, and depression of both positive and negative molecules in the proximal BCR signaling, as well as impaired actin reorganization. Sequencing and gene enrichment analysis showed that SMF stimulation also affects splenic B cells' transcriptome and metabolic pathways. Therefore, in the clinical application of MRI, we should consider the influence of SMF on the immune system and choose the optimal intensity for treatment. 33.0 T SMF treatment resulted in disturbance of B cell peripheral differentiation and antibody secretion, but lower magnetic fields, including 28.7, 17.8, or the 11.2 T SMFs had much less or no such effects. 33.0 T SMF treatment induced downregulate BCR proximal signaling and impaired F-actin remodeling related BCR clustering. SMF stimulation affected the transcriptome and metabolic pathways of B cells.image.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Kozlov, Mikhail, V, et al.
(författare)
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Climate shapes the spatiotemporal variation in color morph diversity and composition across the distribution range of Chrysomela lapponica leaf beetle
- 2022
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Ingår i: Insect Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1672-9609 .- 1744-7917. ; 29:3, s. 942-955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Color polymorphism offers rich opportunities for studying the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that drive the adaptations of local populations to heterogeneous and changing environments. We explored the color morph diversity and composition in a Chrysomela lapponica leaf beetle across its entire distribution range to test the hypothesis that environmental and climatic variables shape spatiotemporal variation in the phenotypic structure of a polymorphic species. We obtained information on 13 617 specimens of this beetle from museums, private collections, and websites. These specimens (collected from 1830-2020) originated from 959 localities spanning 33 degrees latitude, 178 degrees longitude, and 4200 m altitude. We classified the beetles into five color morphs and searched for environmental factors that could explain the variation in the level of polymorphism (quantified by the Shannon diversity index) and in the relative frequencies of individual color morphs. The highest level of polymorphism was found at high latitudes and altitudes. The color morphs differed in their climatic requirements; composition of colour morphs was independent of the geographic distance that separated populations but changed with collection year, longitude, mean July temperature and between-year temperature fluctuations. The proportion of melanic beetles, in line with the thermal melanism hypothesis, increased with increasing latitude and altitude and decreased with increasing climate seasonality. Melanic morph frequencies also declined during the past century, but only at high latitudes and altitudes where recent climate warming was especially strong. The observed patterns suggest that color polymorphism is especially advantageous for populations inhabiting unpredictable environments, presumably due to the different climatic requirements of coexisting color morphs.
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| 16. |
- Lind, C. M., et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness and usability of real-time vibrotactile feedback training to reduce postural exposure in real manual sorting work
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 66:2, s. 198-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vibrotactile feedback training may be used as a complementary strategy to reduce time in demanding postures in manual handling. This study evaluated the short- and medium-term effects of concurrent posture-correction vibrotactile feedback training on trunk inclination exposure in real manual sorting work. Fifteen warehouse workers completed the training and the follow-up sessions. Trunk inclination angles were recorded using the ambulatory Smart Workwear System. Questionnaires were used for assessing system usability, perceived physical exertion, and work ability. The results showed reduced time in trunk inclination >30°, >45°, and >60°, and reductions in the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentile trunk inclination angles, when receiving feedback and immediately after feedback withdrawal. No significant reduction was retained after one and three weeks. The wearer's comfort was scored high, and the feedback did not increase the perceived cognitive demands. No significant effects attributed to changed trunk inclination exposure were observed for perceived physical exertion or work ability. The training program has the potential of contributing to reduced trunk inclination exposure in the short term. Future studies are needed to evaluate if improvements in the feedback training can transfer the short-term results to retained median- and long-term effects. Practitioner summary: A two-day training program with concurrent posture-correction vibrotactile feedback can contribute to reduced exposure of trunk inclination in real manual sorting work in the short term. More research is needed on how to design the feedback training programs in order to be effective in the long term.
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| 17. |
- Mårtensson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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The Two Formyl Peptide Receptors Differently Regulate GPR84-Mediated Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Activity
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Innate Immunity. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-811X .- 1662-8128. ; 13:4, s. 242-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutrophils express the two formyl peptide receptors (FPR1 and FPR2) and the medium-chain fatty acid receptor GPR84. The FPRs are known to define a hierarchy among neutrophil G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), that is, the activated FPRs can either suppress or amplify GPCR responses. In this study, we investigated the position of GPR84 in the FPR-defined hierarchy regarding the activation of neutrophil nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, an enzyme system designed to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important regulators in cell signaling and immune regulation. When resting neutrophils were activated by GPR84 agonists, a modest ROS release was induced. However, vast amounts of ROS were induced by these GPR84 agonists in FPR2-desensitized neutrophils, and the response was inhibited not only by a GPR84-specific antagonist but also by an FPR2-specific antagonist. This suggests that the amplified GPR84 agonist response is achieved through a reactivation of desensitized FPR2s. In addition, the GPR84-mediated FPR2 reactivation was independent of beta-arrestin recruitment and sensitive to a protein phosphatase inhibitor. In contrast to FPR2-desensitized cells, FPR1 desensitization primarily resulted in a suppressed GPR84 agonist-induced ROS response, indicating a receptor hierarchical desensitization of GPR84 by FPR1-generated signals. In summary, our data show that the two FPRs in human neutrophils control the NADPH oxidase activity with concomitant ROS production by communicating with GPR84 through different mechanisms. While FPR1 desensitizes GPR84 and by that suppresses the release of ROS induced by GPR84 agonists, amplified ROS release is achieved by GPR84 agonists through reactivation of the desensitized FPR2.
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| 18. |
- Abed, Ayman, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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3D simulations of deep mixed columns under road embankment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Rakenteiden Mekaniikka. - 0783-6104 .- 1797-5301. ; 54:1, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When column stabilisation is meant to function as a ground improvement under an embankment, the design cases to be considered consist of overall stability, compression resistance of the column heads, arching of the embankment on the columns and settlements. This paper focuses on the compression resistance of the columns. The proper geotechnical design of deep mixed (deep stabilised) columns under road embankment requires good estimation of the stress-strain behaviour of the columns and the surrounding soil under the embankment and traffic loading. Earlier Finnish design approaches relied on an even traffic load of 10 kN/m2 on the road surface. The dimensioning methods for column stabilised soil are also based on the idea of an even traffic load. Due to Eurocode recommendations a more realistic scenario is introduced, which remarkably increases the magnitude of the traffic loading. After deriving suitable material properties and stiffness parameters for static and dynamic traffic loading, three-dimensional finite element calculations are performed to achieve better understanding of the mechanical interaction between the embankment, columns and soil under the new loading configuration. Even though more investigations are needed before delivering a final statement, the calculations show that, for the considered case in this paper, the new loading scenario has no relevant consequences on the design compared to the earlier design approach.
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| 19. |
- Ahlinder, J., et al.
(författare)
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Use of metagenomic microbial source tracking to investigate the source of a foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis
- 2022
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Ingår i: FOOD AND WATERBORNE PARASITOLOGY. - : Elsevier. - 2405-6766. ; 26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of global public health importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts, with many human outbreaks reported yearly, often from ingestion of contaminated water or food. Despite the major public health implications, little is typically known about sources of contamination of disease outbreaks caused by Cryptosporidium. Here, we study a national foodborne outbreak resulted from infection with Cryptosporidium parvum via romaine lettuce, with the main goal to trace the source of the parasite. To do so, we combined traditional outbreak investigation methods with molecular detection and characterization methods (i.e. PCR based typing, amplicon and shotgun sequencing) of romaine lettuce samples collected at the same farm from which the contaminated food was produced. Using 18S rRNA typing, we detected C. parvum in two out of three lettuce samples, which was supported by detections in the metagenome analysis. Microbial source tracking analysis of the lettuce samples suggested sewage water as a likely source of the contamination, albeit with some uncertainty. In addition, the high degree of overlap in bacterial species content with a public human gut microbial database corroborated the source tracking results. The combination of traditional and molecular based methods applied here is a promising tool for future source tracking investigations of food- and waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidium spp. and can help to control and mitigate contamination risks.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Broman, T, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Detection of Persistent Francisella tularensis Subspecies holarctica in Natural Waters
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Microbiology. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1687-918X .- 1687-9198. ; 2011, s. Article ID 851946-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tularemia, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, where F. tularensis subspecies holarctica has long been the cause of endemic disease in parts of northern Sweden. Despite this, our understanding of the natural life-cycle of the organism is still limited. During three years, we collected surface water samples (n = 341) and sediment samples (n = 245) in two areas in Sweden with endemic tularemia. Real-time PCR screening demonstrated the presence of F. tularenis lpnA sequences in 108 (32%) and 48 (20%) of the samples, respectively. The 16S rRNA sequences from those samples all grouped to the species F. tularensis. Analysis of the FtM19InDel region of lpnA-positive samples from selected sampling points confirmed the presence of F. tularensis subspecies holarctica-specific sequences. These sequences were detected in water sampled during both outbreak and nonoutbreak years. Our results indicate that diverse F. tularensis-like organisms, including F. tularensis subsp. holarctica, persist in natural waters and sediments in the investigated areas with endemic tularemia.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Champion, Mia D, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative genomic characterization of Francisella tularensis strains belonging to low and high virulence subspecies
- 2009
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Ingår i: PLoS pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7374. ; 5:5, s. e1000459-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tularemia is a geographically widespread, severely debilitating, and occasionally lethal disease in humans. It is caused by infection by a gram-negative bacterium, Francisella tularensis. In order to better understand its potency as an etiological agent as well as its potential as a biological weapon, we have completed draft assemblies and report the first complete genomic characterization of five strains belonging to the following different Francisella subspecies (subsp.): the F. tularensis subsp. tularensis FSC033, F. tularensis subsp. holarctica FSC257 and FSC022, and F. tularensis subsp. novicida GA99-3548 and GA99-3549 strains. Here, we report the sequencing of these strains and comparative genomic analysis with recently available public Francisella sequences, including the rare F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica FSC147 strain isolate from the Central Asian Region. We report evidence for the occurrence of large-scale rearrangement events in strains of the holarctica subspecies, supporting previous proposals that further phylogenetic subdivisions of the Type B clade are likely. We also find a significant enrichment of disrupted or absent ORFs proximal to predicted breakpoints in the FSC022 strain, including a genetic component of the Type I restriction-modification defense system. Many of the pseudogenes identified are also disrupted in the closely related rarely human pathogenic F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica FSC147 strain, including modulator of drug activity B (mdaB) (FTT0961), which encodes a known NADPH quinone reductase involved in oxidative stress resistance. We have also identified genes exhibiting sequence similarity to effectors of the Type III (T3SS) and components of the Type IV secretion systems (T4SS). One of the genes, msrA2 (FTT1797c), is disrupted in F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica and has recently been shown to mediate bacterial pathogen survival in host organisms. Our findings suggest that in addition to the duplication of the Francisella Pathogenicity Island, and acquisition of individual loci, adaptation by gene loss in the more recently emerged tularensis, holarctica, and mediasiatica subspecies occurred and was distinct from evolutionary events that differentiated these subspecies, and the novicida subspecies, from a common ancestor. Our findings are applicable to future studies focused on variations in Francisella subspecies pathogenesis, and of broader interest to studies of genomic pathoadaptation in bacteria.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Davies Forsman, L., et al.
(författare)
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Meropenem-Clavulanic Acid Has High In Vitro Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0066-4804 .- 1098-6596. ; 59:6, s. 3630-3632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the activity of meropenem-clavulanic acid (MEM-CLA) against 68 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. We included predominantly multi- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/XDR-TB) isolates, since the activity of MEM-CLA for resistant isolates has previously not been studied extensively. Using Middlebrook 7H10 medium, all but four isolates showed an MIC distribution of 0.125 to 2 mg/liter for MEM-CLA, below the non-species-related breakpoint for MEM of 2 mg/liter defined by EUCAST. MEM-CLA is a potential treatment option for MDR/XDR-TB.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Fan, X., et al.
(författare)
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Surgeons’ physical workload in open surgery versus robot-assisted surgery and nonsurgical tasks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Surgical Endoscopy. - : Springer Nature. - 0930-2794 .- 1432-2218. ; 36:11, s. 8178-8194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are common among surgeons, and its prevalence varies among surgical modalities. There are conflicting results concerning the correlation between adverse work exposures and MSD prevalence in different surgical modalities. The progress of rationalization in health care may lead to job intensification for surgeons, but the literature is scarce regarding to what extent such intensification influences the physical workload in surgery. The objectives of this study were to quantify the physical workload in open surgery and compare it to that in (1) nonsurgical tasks and (2) two surgeon roles in robot-assisted surgery (RAS). Methods: The physical workload of 22 surgeons (12 performing open surgery and 10 RAS) was measured during surgical workdays, which includes trapezius muscle activity from electromyography, and posture and movement of the head, upper arms and trunk from inertial measurement units. The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery was compared to that in nonsurgical tasks, and to the chief and assistant surgeons in RAS, and to the corresponding proposed action levels. Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the differences. Results: Open surgery constituted more than half of a surgical workday. It was associated with more awkward postures of the head and trunk than nonsurgical tasks. It was also associated with higher trapezius muscle activity levels, less muscle rest time and a higher proportion of sustained low muscle activity than nonsurgical tasks and the two roles in RAS. The head inclination and trapezius activity in open surgery exceeded the proposed action levels. Conclusions: The physical workload of surgeons in open surgery, which exceeded the proposed action levels, was higher than that in RAS and that in nonsurgical tasks. Demands of increased operation time may result in higher physical workload for open surgeons, which poses an increased risk of MSDs. Risk-reducing measures are, therefore, needed.
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| 33. |
- Forslund, Anna-Lena, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Direct repeat-mediated deletion of a type IV pilin gene results in major virulence attenuation of Francisella tularensis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Molecular Microbiology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0950-382X .- 1365-2958. ; 59:6, s. 1818-1830
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularaemia, is a highly infectious and virulent intracellular pathogen. There are two main human pathogenic subspecies, Francisella tularensis ssp. tularensis (type A), and Francisella tularensis ssp. holarctica (type B). So far, knowledge regarding key virulence determinants is limited but it is clear that intracellular survival and multiplication is one major virulence strategy of Francisella. In addition, genome sequencing has revealed the presence of genes encoding type IV pili (Tfp). One genomic region encoding three proteins with signatures typical for type IV pilins contained two 120 bp direct repeats. Here we establish that repeat-mediated loss of one of the putative pilin genes in a type B strain results in severe virulence attenuation in mice infected by subcutaneous route. Complementation of the mutant by introduction of the pilin gene in cis resulted in complete restoration of virulence. The level of attenuation was similar to that of the live vaccine strain and this strain was also found to lack the pilin gene as result of a similar deletion event mediated by the direct repeats. Presence of the pilin had no major effect on the ability to interact, survive and multiply inside macrophage-like cell lines. Importantly, the pilin-negative strain was impaired in its ability to spread from the initial site of infection to the spleen. Our findings indicate that this putative pilin is critical for Francisella infections that occur via peripheral routes.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Forsman, Anna K, et al.
(författare)
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Research priorities for public mental health in Europe: recommendations of the ROAMER project.
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 25:2, s. 249-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ROAdmap for MEntal health Research in Europe project aimed to create an integrated European roadmap for mental health research. Leading mental health research experts across Europe have formulated consensus-based recommendations for future research within the public mental health field.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Forsman, A, et al.
(författare)
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Resource dependent growth and body condition dynamics in juvenile snakes: An experiment
- 1996
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Ingår i: OECOLOGIA. - : SPRINGER VERLAG. - 0029-8549. ; 108:4, s. 669-675
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examined the manner in which animals adjust the proportion of energy allocated to growth and storage in response to food availability. We compared univariate growth and length-mass relationships between juvenile adders (Vipera berus) reared under two d
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Forsman, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Trade-off between growth and energy storage in male Vipera berus (L.) under different prey densities
- 1991
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Ingår i: Functional Ecology. ; 5, s. 717-723
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are constraints on the rate of energy intake of foraging animals, and allocation of energy, for example, to growth therefore must be at the expense of allocation to other purposes, such as energy storage. Moreover, the relative amount of energy allocated to different kinds of activities is likely to depend upon food availability. We have compared the patterns of energy allocation between adders, Vipera berus (L.), in populations inhabiting two different island groups in the Baltic Sea. These adders primarily feed on field voles, Microtus agrestis (L.), which undergo great population density fluctuations. In order to survive periods of low food supply adders allocate some energy to storage, and they can be expected to increase the proportion of energy devoted to storage when food levels and rate of energy intake decrease. Individuals allocating much energy to storage have less energy available for growth, reproduction and maintenance, and one can expect a trade-off between growth and energy storage, especially during resource shortage. Since the size of energy reserves influences fasting endurance, while body size influences future reproductive success, the pattern of energy allo- cation between growth and storage might have important fitness consequences for these animals. We compared the size of energy reserves (body mass in relation to body length) and the growth rates of individual male adders from two localities with different densities of field voles. Relative body mass was similar to both adder populations, but individuals grew faster where vole density was higher. This suggests that the pattern of energy allocation changed with resource availability. We also investigated the relationships between rela- tive growth rate and relative mass within the two adder populations. We found a significant nega- tive relationship where prey density was low, and a negative but non-significant relationship where prey density was high, indicating a trade-off between growth and energy storage in male adders that changes with food availability.
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| 41. |
- Forsman, Huamei, et al.
(författare)
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AZ2158 is a more potent formyl peptide receptor 1 inhibitor than the commonly used peptide antagonists in abolishing neutrophil chemotaxis.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biochemical pharmacology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2968 .- 0006-2952. ; 211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1), a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in phagocytes, recognizes short N-formylated peptides originating from proteins synthesized by bacteria and mitochondria. Such FPR1 agonists are important regulators of neutrophil functions and by that, determinants of inflammatory reactions. As FPR1 is implicated in promoting both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving responses associated with inflammatory diseases, characterization of ligands that potently and selectively modulate FPR1 induced functions might be of high relevance. Accordingly, a number of FPR1 specific antagonists have been identified and shown to inhibit agonist binding or receptor down-stream signaling as well as neutrophil functions such as granule secretion and NADPH oxidase activity. The inhibitory effect on neutrophil chemotaxis induced by FPR1 agonists has generally not been part of basic antagonist characterization. In this study we show that the inhibitory effects on neutrophil chemotaxis of established FPR1 antagonists (i.e., cyclosporin H, BOC1 and BOC2) are limited. Our data demonstrate that the recently described small molecule AZ2158 is a potent and selective FPR1 antagonist in human neutrophils. In contrast to the already established FPR1 antagonists, AZ2158 also potently inhibits chemotaxis. Whereas the cyclosporin H inhibition was agonist selective, AZ2158 inhibited the FPR1 response induced by both a balanced and a biased FPR1 agonist equally well. In accordance with the species specificity described for many FPR1 ligands, AZ2158 was not recognized by the mouse orthologue of FPR1. Our data demonstrate that AZ2158 may serve as an excellent tool compound for further mechanistic studies of human FPR1 mediated activities.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Forsman, Jukka T., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms and fitness effects of interspecific information use between migrant and resident birds
- 2007
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Ingår i: Behavioral Ecology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1045-2249 .- 1465-7279. ; 18:5, s. 888-894
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interactions with potential competitors are an important component of habitat quality. Due to the costs of coexistence with competitors, a breeding habitat selection strategy that avoids competitors is expected to be favored. However, many migratory birds appear to gain benefits from an attraction to the presence of resident birds, even though residents are assumed to be competitively dominant. Thus far the mechanisms of this habitat selection process, heterospecific attraction, are unknown, and the consequences for resident birds of migrant attraction remain untested. Through heterospecific attraction, migrants may gain benefits if the density or territory location of residents positively reflects habitat quality, and/or they gain benefits through increased frequency of social interactions with residents in foraging or predator detection. In this experiment, we examined the reciprocal effects of spatial proximity on fitness-related traits in migrant pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) and resident great tit (Parus major) by experimentally forcing them to breed either alone or in close proximity to each other. Surprisingly, great tits bore all the costs of coexistence while flycatchers were unaffected, even gaining slight benefits. In concert with an earlier study, these results suggest that flycatchers use tits as information about good-quality nest-site locations while benefits from social interactions with tits are possible but less important. We suggest that utilizing interspecific social information may be a common phenomenon between species sharing similar resource needs. Our results imply that the effects of interspecific information use can be asymmetric and may therefore have implications for the patterns and consequences of species coexistence.
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| 44. |
- Forsman, L. Davies, et al.
(författare)
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Intra- and Extracellular Activities of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole against Susceptible and Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0066-4804 .- 1098-6596. ; 58:12, s. 7557-7559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the activity of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB). The MIC distribution of SXT was 0.125/2.4 to 2/38 mg/liter for the 100 isolates tested, including multi- and extensively drug-resistant isolates (MDR/XDR-TB), whereas the intracellular MIC90 of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) for the pansusceptible strain H37Rv was 76 mg/liter. In an exploratory analysis using a ratio of the unbound area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h over MIC (fAUC(0-24)/MIC) using >= 25 as a potential target, the cumulative fraction response was >= 90% at doses of >= 2,400 mg of SMX. SXT is a potential treatment option for MDR/XDR-TB.
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| 45. |
- Forsman, M, et al.
(författare)
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A method for evaluation of manual work using synchronised video recordings and physiological measurements
- 2002
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Ingår i: Applied Ergonomics. - 1872-9126. ; 33:6, s. 533-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industrial interventions that focus on increased productivity may impair the ergonomics, on a workstation or individual level. This paper presents a method that characterises work time consumption and physical work load of manual work, using video recordings synchronised with physiological measurements of, e.g. muscular activity, and postures. The underlying idea was that it is possible to amalgamate technical and human aspects resulting in a synergetic evaluation. The method was developed through two case studies within the Swedish automotive industry, where manual materials handling was studied. A methodological result was that the synchronising procedure was sufficiently precise to allow work activities to be assigned significantly different levels of physical work load. These different levels may be used to predict physical work load in the design and change of production systems. It was concluded that the method is accurate enough to be a useful tool in industrial interventions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Forsman, Mikael, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Motor unit recruitment in the trapezius muscle with special reference to coarse arm movements.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology. - 1050-6411 .- 1873-5711. ; 11:3, s. 207-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic shoulder pain is common in a variety of occupations. The "Cinderella hypothesis" suggests that the pain originates from damaged type I muscle fibres driven into degenerative processes as a result of too long activation and too short recovery time. The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the same motor units are active during all phases of coarse arm movements. Eight healthy volunteers participated in the study. Intramuscular electromyographic signals were picked up with a four-lead fine wire electrode, during a unilateral straight arm movement. The movement started with either (part 1) an abduction or a flexion, then (2) a movement in the horizontal plane from the sagittal to the frontal plane or vice versa, and finally (3) an adduction or an extension to the start position. The movement cycle was performed in three different speeds, slow, medium, and high, with one, two or five cycles per 20 s, respectively. On an average, the motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) of 6 motor units (range, 1-15) were identified per trail. In total 94% of the MUAP trains that were identified showed firings in all 3 parts of the movements. The findings support the Cinderella hypothesis, although there is a need to further investigate the temporal pattern of long-term motor unit activity.
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