| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bernal, Ximena E., et al.
(författare)
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Empowering Latina scientists
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 363:6429, s. 825-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Pennells, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Equalization of four cardiovascular risk algorithms after systematic recalibration : individual-participant meta-analysis of 86 prospective studies
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 40:7, s. 621-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: There is debate about the optimum algorithm for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimation. We conducted head-to-head comparisons of four algorithms recommended by primary prevention guidelines, before and after ‘recalibration’, a method that adapts risk algorithms to take account of differences in the risk characteristics of the populations being studied.Methods and results: Using individual-participant data on 360 737 participants without CVD at baseline in 86 prospective studies from 22 countries, we compared the Framingham risk score (FRS), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), pooled cohort equations (PCE), and Reynolds risk score (RRS). We calculated measures of risk discrimination and calibration, and modelled clinical implications of initiating statin therapy in people judged to be at ‘high’ 10 year CVD risk. Original risk algorithms were recalibrated using the risk factor profile and CVD incidence of target populations. The four algorithms had similar risk discrimination. Before recalibration, FRS, SCORE, and PCE over-predicted CVD risk on average by 10%, 52%, and 41%, respectively, whereas RRS under-predicted by 10%. Original versions of algorithms classified 29–39% of individuals aged ≥40 years as high risk. By contrast, recalibration reduced this proportion to 22–24% for every algorithm. We estimated that to prevent one CVD event, it would be necessary to initiate statin therapy in 44–51 such individuals using original algorithms, in contrast to 37–39 individuals with recalibrated algorithms.Conclusion: Before recalibration, the clinical performance of four widely used CVD risk algorithms varied substantially. By contrast, simple recalibration nearly equalized their performance and improved modelled targeting of preventive action to clinical need.
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| 7. |
- Phillips, Helen R. P., et al.
(författare)
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Global distribution of earthworm diversity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 366:6464, s. 480-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, their distribution, and the threats affecting them. We compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries as a basis for predicting patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We found that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, displaying patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, high species dissimilarity across tropical locations may cause diversity across the entirety of the tropics to be higher than elsewhere. Climate variables were found to be more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and for the functions they provide.
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| 8. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(författare)
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Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at root S-NN=5.02 TeV
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 719:1-3, s. 29-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Angular correlations between charged trigger and associated particles are measured by the ALICE detector in p-Pb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV for transverse momentum ranges within 0.5 < P-T,P-assoc < P-T,P-trig < 4 GeV/c. The correlations are measured over two units of pseudorapidity and full azimuthal angle in different intervals of event multiplicity, and expressed as associated yield per trigger particle. Two long-range ridge-like structures, one on the near side and one on the away side, are observed when the per-trigger yield obtained in low-multiplicity events is subtracted from the one in high-multiplicity events. The excess on the near-side is qualitatively similar to that recently reported by the CMS Collaboration, while the excess on the away-side is reported for the first time. The two-ridge structure projected onto azimuthal angle is quantified with the second and third Fourier coefficients as well as by near-side and away-side yields and widths. The yields on the near side and on the away side are equal within the uncertainties for all studied event multiplicity and p(T) bins, and the widths show no significant evolution with event multiplicity or p(T). These findings suggest that the near-side ridge is accompanied by an essentially identical away-side ridge. (c) 2013 CERN. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of prompt J/psi and beauty hadron production cross sections at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479. ; :11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied J/psi production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV through its electron pair decay on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity L-int = 5.6 nb(-1). The fraction of J/psi from the decay of long-lived beauty hadrons was determined for J/psi candidates with transverse momentum p(t) > 1,3 GeV/c and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9. The cross section for prompt J/psi mesons, i.e. directly produced J/psi and prompt decays of heavier charmonium states such as the psi(2S) and chi(c) resonances, is sigma(prompt J/psi) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 8.3 +/- 0.8(stat.) +/- 1.1 (syst.)(-1.4)(+1.5) (syst. pol.) mu b. The cross section for the production of b-hadrons decaying to J/psi with p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c and vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9 is a sigma(J/psi <- hB) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 1.46 +/- 0.38 (stat.)(-0.32)(+0.26) (syst.) mu b. The results are compared to QCD model predictions. The shape of the p(t) and y distributions of b-quarks predicted by perturbative QCD model calculations are used to extrapolate the measured cross section to derive the b (b) over bar pair total cross section and d sigma/dy at mid-rapidity.
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| 10. |
- Abelev, Betty, et al.
(författare)
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Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics. - 1029-8479. ; :7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at root s = 0 : 9 and 7 TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p(T),L-T in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p(T) thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV/c. In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2-3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p(T) threshold considered. Data are compared to PYTHIA 6.4, PYTHIA 8.1 and PHOJET. On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p(T) in the Transverse region by about 10-30%.
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| 11. |
- Amici, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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A Roadmap for Transforming Research to Invent the Batteries of the Future Designed within the European Large Scale Research Initiative BATTERY 2030
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 12:17
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This roadmap presents the transformational research ideas proposed by "BATTERY 2030+," the European large-scale research initiative for future battery chemistries. A "chemistry-neutral" roadmap to advance battery research, particularly at low technology readiness levels, is outlined, with a time horizon of more than ten years. The roadmap is centered around six themes: 1) accelerated materials discovery platform, 2) battery interface genome, with the integration of smart functionalities such as 3) sensing and 4) self-healing processes. Beyond chemistry related aspects also include crosscutting research regarding 5) manufacturability and 6) recyclability. This roadmap should be seen as an enabling complement to the global battery roadmaps which focus on expected ultrahigh battery performance, especially for the future of transport. Batteries are used in many applications and are considered to be one technology necessary to reach the climate goals. Currently the market is dominated by lithium-ion batteries, which perform well, but despite new generations coming in the near future, they will soon approach their performance limits. Without major breakthroughs, battery performance and production requirements will not be sufficient to enable the building of a climate-neutral society. Through this "chemistry neutral" approach a generic toolbox transforming the way batteries are developed, designed and manufactured, will be created.
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| 12. |
- Andersson, Rasmus, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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CHAMPION: Chalmers hierarchical atomic, molecular, polymeric and ionic analysis toolkit
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Computational Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0192-8651 .- 1096-987X. ; 42:23, s. 1632-1642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present CHAMPION (Chalmers hierarchical atomic, molecular, polymeric, and ionic analysis toolkit): a software developed to automatically detect time-dependent bonds between atoms based on their dynamics, classify the local graph topology around them, and analyze the physicochemical properties of these topologies by statistical physics. In stark contrast to methodologies where bonds are detected based on static conditions such as cut-off distances, CHAMPION considers pairs of atoms to be bound only if they move together and act as a bound pair over time. Furthermore, the time-dependent global bond graph is possible to split into dynamically shifting connected components or subgraphs around a certain chemical motif and thereby allow the physicochemical properties of each such topology to be analyzed by statistical physics. Applicable to condensed matter and liquids in general, and electrolytes in particular, this allows both quantitative and qualitative descriptions of local structure, as well as dynamical processes such as speciation and diffusion. We present here a detailed overview of CHAMPION, including its underlying methodology, implementation, and capabilities.
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| 13. |
- Andersson, Rasmus, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Ion Transport Mechanisms via Time-Dependent Local Structure and Dynamics in Highly Concentrated Electrolytes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1945-7111 .- 0013-4651. ; 167:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) are attracting interest as safer and more stable alternatives to current lithium-ion battery electrolytes, but their structure, solvation dynamics and ion transport mechanisms are arguably more complex. We here present a novel general method for analyzing both the structure and the dynamics, and ultimately the ion transport mechanism(s), of electrolytes including HCEs. This is based on automated detection of bonds, both covalent and coordination bonds, including how they dynamically change, in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories. We thereafter classify distinct local structures by their bond topology and characterize their physicochemical properties by statistical mechanics, giving both a qualitative and quantitative description of the structure, solvation and coordination dynamics, and ion transport mechanism(s). We demonstrate the method by in detail analyzing an ab initio MD simulation trajectory of an HCE consisting of the LiTFSI salt dissolved in acetonitrile at a 1:2 molar ratio. We find this electrolyte to form a flexible percolating network which limits vehicular ion transport but enables the Li+ ions to move between different TFSI coordination sites along with their first solvation shells. In contrast, the TFSI anions are immobilized in the network, but often free to rotate which further facilitates the Li+ hopping mechanism.Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) are attracting interest as safer and more stable alternatives to current lithium-ion battery electrolytes, but their structure, solvation dynamics and ion transport mechanisms are arguably more complex. We here present a novel general method for analyzing both the structure and the dynamics, and ultimately the ion transport mechanism(s), of electrolytes including HCEs. This is based on automated detection of bonds, both covalent and coordination bonds, including how they dynamically change, in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories. We thereafter classify distinct local structures by their bond topology and characterize their physicochemical properties by statistical mechanics, giving both a qualitative and quantitative description of the structure, solvation and coordination dynamics, and ion transport mechanism(s). We demonstrate the method by in detail analyzing an ab initio MD simulation trajectory of an HCE consisting of the LiTFSI salt dissolved in acetonitrile at a 1:2 molar ratio. We find this electrolyte to form a flexible percolating network which limits vehicular ion transport but enables the Li+ ions to move between different TFSI coordination sites along with their first solvation shells. In contrast, the TFSI anions are immobilized in the network, but often free to rotate which further facilitates the Li+ hopping mechanism. Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) are attracting interest as safer and more stable alternatives to current lithium-ion battery electrolytes, but their structure, solvation dynamics and ion transport mechanisms are arguably more complex. We here present a novel general method for analyzing both the structure and the dynamics, and ultimately the ion transport mechanism(s), of electrolytes including HCEs. This is based on automated detection of bonds, both covalent and coordination bonds, including how they dynamically change, in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation trajectories. We thereafter classify distinct local structures by their bond topology and characterize their physicochemical properties by statistical mechanics, giving both a qualitative and quantitative description of the structure, solvation and coordination dynamics, and ion transport mechanism(s). We demonstrate the method by in detail analyzing an ab initio MD simulation trajectory of an HCE consisting of the LiTFSI salt dissolved in acetonitrile at a 1:2 molar ratio. We find this electrolyte to form a flexible percolating network which limits vehicular ion transport but enables the Li+ ions to move between different TFSI coordination sites along with their first solvation shells. In contrast, the TFSI anions are immobilized in the network, but often free to rotate which further facilitates the Li+ hopping mechanism.
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| 14. |
- El-Bousiydy, Hassna, et al.
(författare)
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LIBAC: An Annotated Corpus for Automated “Reading” of the Lithium-Ion Battery Research Literature
- 2023
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Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5002 .- 0897-4756. ; 35:5, s. 1849-1857
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lithium-ion battery (LIB) research literature has increased very rapidly of late. While this is an immense source of valuable knowledge and facts for the community, these are also partly “buried” in the literature. To truly make the most possible use of the information available and automate “reading”, special tools are required. Named entity recognition (NER) is one such tool, which uses supervised machine learning for information extraction. To enable efficient NER, however, a large and high-quality annotated corpus is crucial. Here, we report on our generated, semi-automatically annotated lithium-ion battery annotated corpus, “LIBAC”, for 28 different entities of LIBs, which was used for training and evaluating Tok2vec and Transformer-based models, resulting in high general accuracies for these with F1-scores of 81 and 83%, respectively. LIBAC itself was created from 6985 paragraphs randomly chosen from ca. 11,000 LIB research papers and contains 73,300 annotated spans (627,428 tokens). This is the prime stepping-stone needed to develop a large-scale information extraction system designed for the LIB research literature.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Fichtner, Maximilian, et al.
(författare)
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Rechargeable Batteries of the Future-The State of the Art from a BATTERY 2030+Perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 12:17
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of new batteries has historically been achieved through discovery and development cycles based on the intuition of the researcher, followed by experimental trial and error-often helped along by serendipitous breakthroughs. Meanwhile, it is evident that new strategies are needed to master the ever-growing complexity in the development of battery systems, and to fast-track the transfer of findings from the laboratory into commercially viable products. This review gives an overview over the future needs and the current state-of-the art of five research pillars of the European Large-Scale Research Initiative BATTERY 2030+, namely 1) Battery Interface Genome in combination with a Materials Acceleration Platform (BIG-MAP), progress toward the development of 2) self-healing battery materials, and methods for operando, 3) sensing to monitor battery health. These subjects are complemented by an overview over current and up-coming strategies to optimize 4) manufacturability of batteries and efforts toward development of a circular battery economy through implementation of 5) recyclability aspects in the design of the battery.
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| 17. |
- Franco, Alejandro A., et al.
(författare)
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Boosting Rechargeable Batteries R&D by Multiscale Modeling: Myth or Reality?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemical Reviews. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0009-2665 .- 1520-6890. ; 119:7, s. 4569-4627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review addresses concepts, approaches, tools, and outcomes of multiscale modeling used to design and optimize the current and next generation rechargeable battery cells. Different kinds of multiscale models are discussed and demystified with a particular emphasis on methodological aspects. The outcome is compared both to results of other modeling strategies as well as to the vast pool of experimental data available. Finally, the main challenges remaining and future developments are discussed.
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| 18. |
- Lombardo, Teo, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence Applied to Battery Research: Hype or Reality?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemical Reviews. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0009-2665 .- 1520-6890. ; 122:12, s. 10899 -10969
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This is a critical review of artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) methods applied to battery research. It aims at providing a comprehensive, authoritative, and critical, yet easily understandable, review of general interest to the battery community. It addresses the concepts, approaches, tools, outcomes, and challenges of using AI/ML as an accelerator for the design and optimization of the next generation of batteries - a current hot topic. It intends to create both accessibility of these tools to the chemistry and electrochemical energy sciences communities and completeness in terms of the different battery RD aspects covered.
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| 19. |
- Sáez-Espinosa, Paula, et al.
(författare)
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Morphological and ultrastructural alterations of zebrafish (Danio rerio) spermatozoa after motility activation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Theriogenology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0093-691X. ; 188, s. 108-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spermatozoa motility in freshwater and marine fish is mainly controlled by the difference in osmotic pressure. Specifically, zebrafish (Danio rerio) spermatozoa undergo hypoosmotic shock due to the decrease in extracellular potassium, which leads to membrane hyperpolarization and activation of flagellar motility. Previous studies have concluded that motility activation has a negative effect on the spermatozoa structure. However, no evidence exists about ultrastructural changes in zebrafish spermatozoa after motility activation. In this study, spermatozoa samples were obtained from ten adult zebrafish individuals before and 60 s after motility activation and analyzed using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Results showed dramatic morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the zebrafish spermatozoa after activation. In particular, the spermatozoa head underwent severe morphological distortion, including swelling of the nucleus, the bursting of the plasma membrane, and the alteration of the genetic material. Midpieces were also affected after activation since rupture of the cell membrane and lysis of mitochondria occurred. Furthermore, after the hypoosmotic shock, most spermatozoa showed a coiled flagellum and a disaggregated plasma membrane. Overall, our findings show that the activation of motility leads to substantial zebrafish spermatozoa morphological and ultrastructural changes, which could modify their physiology and decrease the fertilizing potential.
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| 20. |
- Thangavel, Vigneshwaran, et al.
(författare)
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A microstructurally resolved model for Li-S batteries assessing the impact of the cathode design on the discharge performance
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1945-7111 .- 0013-4651. ; 163:13, s. A2817-A2829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports a discharge model for lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery cells, supported by a multi-scale description of the composite C/S cathode microstructure. The cathode is assumed to be composed of mesoporous carbon particles with inter-particular pores in-between and the sulfur impregnated into both types of pores. The electrolyte solutes such as sulfur, polysulfides and lithium ions, produced during the discharge, are allowed to exchange between the pores. Furthermore, the model describes the Li2S(solid) precipitation and its effects on transport and reduction reaction kinetics. Hereby it provides fundamental insights on the impact on the Li-S discharge curve of practically modifiable manufacturing parameters and operation designs, such as current density, carbon porosity, C/S ratio and sizes of carbon particles and pores.
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| 21. |
- Årén, Fabian, 1994, et al.
(författare)
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Global and Local Structure of Lithium Battery Electrolytes: Origin and Onset of Highly Concentrated Electrolyte Behavior
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - 1945-7111 .- 0013-4651. ; 170:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs), created simply by increasing the lithium salt concentration from the conventional 1 M to 3-5 M, have been suggested as a path towards safer and more stable lithium batteries. Their higher thermal and electrochemical stabilities and lower volatilities are usually attributed to the unique solvation structure of HCEs with not enough solvent available to fully solvate the Li+ ions—but much remains to be understood. Here the structural features that characterize the behavior of electrolytes in general and HCEs in particular, and especially the transition from conventional to highly concentrated behavior, are reported for lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in acetonitrile (ACN), a common HCE system. We analyze four different salt concentrations using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and the CHAMPION software, to obtain trends in global and local structure, as well as configurational entropy, to elucidate what truly sets apart the highly concentrated regime.
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