| 1. |
- Franic, Iva, et al.
(författare)
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Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.
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| 2. |
- Franic, Iva, et al.
(författare)
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High Variability of Fungal Communities Associated with the Functional Tissues and Rhizosphere Soil of Picea abies in the Southern Baltics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change, which leads to higher temperatures, droughts, and storms, is expected to have a strong effect on both health of forest trees and associated biodiversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and composition of fungal communities associated with the functional tissues and rhizosphere soil of healthy-looking Picea abies to better understand these fungal communities and their potential effect on tree health in the process of climate change. The study sites included 30 P. abies stands, where needles, shoots, roots, and the rhizosphere soil was sampled. DNA was isolated from individual samples, amplified using ITS2 rRNA as a marker and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. The sequence analysis showed the presence of 232,547 high-quality reads, which following clustering were found to represent 2701 non-singleton fungal OTUs. The highest absolute richness of fungal OTUs was in the soil (1895), then in the needles (1049) and shoots (1002), and the lowest was in the roots (641). The overall fungal community was composed of Ascomycota (58.3%), Basidiomycota (37.2%), Zygomycota (2.5%), Chytridiomycota (1.6%), and Glomeromycota (0.4%). The most common fungi based on sequence read abundance were Aspergillus pseudoglaucus (7.9%), Archaeorhizomyces sp. (3.6%), and Rhinocladiella sp. (2.0%). Pathogens were relatively rare, among which the most common were Phacidium lacerum (1.7%), Cyphellophora sessilis (1.4%), and Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii (1.4%). The results showed that the detected diversity of fungal OTUs was generally high, but their relative abundance varied greatly among different study sites, thereby highlighting the complexity of interactions among the host trees, fungi, and local environmental conditions.
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| 3. |
- Franic, Iva, et al.
(författare)
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The Biosecurity Risks of International Forest Tree Seed Movements
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current Forestry Reports. - 2198-6436. ; 10, s. 89–102-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of ReviewBecause tree seeds have been considered a low-risk pathway for the spread of plant pathogenic fungi, their international movement is not subject to strict phytosanitary regulation. However, recent studies have provided scientific evidence that the biosecurity risk of seed trade may not be as negligible as assumed. This review summarises current knowledge about seed trade activity across the world and seed-borne plant pathogenic fungi and highlights knowledge gaps that need to be filled to mitigate the risk of spreading tree pathogens via seeds.Recent FindingsSeveral outbreaks of severe tree diseases in natural forests and plantations worldwide have been linked to fungal pathogens spread by seed trade. Indeed, recent studies based on modern sequencing technologies have shown that tree seeds harbour highly diverse fungal communities, including well-known pathogens and fungal taxa belonging to unknown species. While it has become clear that even apparently healthy seeds can carry potentially pathogenic fungi, the likelihood of seed-borne pathogens being introduced and becoming established, spreading and causing impact in the new environment is still unclear which challenges the assessment of the phytosanitary risk posed by seed trade.SummaryOur analyses show that large amounts of tree seeds have been traded among countries and continents. Based on published literature, the risk of spreading pathogenic fungi via tree seed movement is high. However, the role of the taxonomically and functionally diverse fungal communities associated with seeds is still poorly understood. In particular, more research is needed to assess the likelihood of seed-borne fungi being transmitted to the seedlings and spreading and causing impact in the new environment.
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| 4. |
- Franic, Iva, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2052-4463. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.
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