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Numrering	Referens	Omslagsbild	Hitta
1.	Aier, Stephan, et al. (författare) A Survival Analysis of Application Life Spans based on Enterprise Architecture Models 2009 Ingår i: Proc. 3rd International Workshop on Enterprise Modelling and Information Systems Architectures, EMISA 2009. ; , s. 141-154 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Modern enterprises face the challenge to survive in an ever changing environment. One commonly accepted means to address this challenge and further enhance survivability is enterprise architecture (EA) management, which provides a holistic model-based approach to business/IT alignment. Thereby, the decisions taken in the context of EA management are based on accurate documentation of IT systems and business processes. The maintenance of such documentation causes high investments for enter-prises, especially in the absence of information on the change rates of different systems and processes. In this paper we propose a method for gathering and analyzing such in-formation. The method is used to analyze the life spans of the application portfolio of three companies from different industry sectors. Based on the results of the three case studies implications and limitations of the method are discussed.
2.	Andreasson, Annika, et al. (författare) A Census of Swedish Government Administrative Authority Employee Communications on Cybersecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020 Ingår i: 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). - : IEEE. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Cybersecurity is the backbone of a successful digitalization of society, and cyber situation awareness is an essential aspect of managing it. The COVID-19 pandemic has sped up an already ongoing digitalization of Swedish government agencies, but the cybersecurity maturity level varies across agencies. In this study, we conduct a census of Swedish government administrative authority communications on cybersecurity to employees at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The census shows that the employee communications in the beginning of the pandemic to a greater extent have focused on first-order risks, such as video meetings and telecommuting, rather than on second-order risks, such as invoice fraud or social engineering. We also find that almost two thirds of the administrative authorities have not yet implemented, but only initiated or documented, their cybersecurity policies.
3.	Andreasson, Annika, et al. (författare) A Census of Swedish Public Sector Employee Communication on Cybersecurity during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2021 Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment, CyberSA 2021. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 1-8 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the digitalization of the Swedish public sector, and to ensure the success of this ongoing process cybersecurity plays an integral part. While Sweden has come far in digitalization, the maturity of cybersecurity work across entities covers a wide range. One way of improving cybersecurity is through communication, thereby enhancing employee cyber situation awareness. In this paper, we conduct a census of Swedish public sector employee communication on cybersecurity at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic using questionnaires. The study shows that public sector entities find the same sources of information useful for their cybersecurity work. We find that nearly two thirds of administrative authorities and almost three quarters of municipalities are not yet at the implemented cybersecurity level. We also find that 71 % of municipalities have less than one dedicated staff for cybersecurity.
4.	Axelsson, Jakob, et al. (författare) Towards the architecture of a decision support ecosystem for system component selection 2017 Ingår i: 11th Annual IEEE International Systems Conference, SysCon 2017 - Proceedings. - 9781509046225 - 9781509046232 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract When developing complex software-intensive systems, it is nowadays common practice to base the solution partly on existing software components. Selecting which components to use becomes a critical decision in development, but it is currently not well supported through methods and tools. This paper discusses how a decision support system for this problem could benefit from a software ecosystem approach, where participants share knowledge across organizations both through reuse of analysis models, and through partially disclosed past decision cases. We show how the ecosystem architecture becomes fundamental to deal with efficient knowledge sharing, while respecting constraints on integrity of intellectual property. A concrete architecture proposal is outlined, which is a web-based distributed system-of-systems. Experiences of a proof-of-concept implementation are also described.
5.	Badampudi, Deepika, 1984-, et al. (författare) A decision-making process-line for selection of software asset origins and components 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 135, s. 88-104 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Selecting sourcing options for software assets and components is an important process that helps companies to gain and keep their competitive advantage. The sourcing options include: in-house, COTS, open source and outsourcing. The objective of this paper is to further refine, extend and validate a solution presented in our previous work. The refinement includes a set of decision-making activities, which are described in the form of a process-line that can be used by decision-makers to build their specific decision-making process. We conducted five case studies in three companies to validate the coverage of the set of decision-making activities. The solution in our previous work was validated in two cases in the first two companies. In the validation, it was observed that no activity in the proposed set was perceived to be missing, although not all activities were conducted and the activities that were conducted were not executed in a specific order. Therefore, the refinement of the solution into a process-line approach increases the flexibility and hence it is better in capturing the differences in the decision-making processes observed in the case studies. The applicability of the process-line was then validated in three case studies in a third company. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
6.	Bahsi, Hayretdin, et al. (författare) The cyber-insurance market in Norway 2019 Ingår i: Information and Computer Security. - Bingley, West Yorkshire, England, UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2056-4961. ; 28:1, s. 54-67 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract PurposeThis paper aims to describe the cyber-insurance market in Norway but offers conclusions that are interesting to a wider audience.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on semi-structured interviews with supply-side actors: six general insurance companies, one marine insurance company and two insurance intermediaries.FindingsThe Norwegian cyber-insurance market supply-side has grown significantly in the past two years. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is found to have had a modest effect on the market so far but has been used by the supply-side as an icebreaker to discuss cyber-insurance with customers. The NIS Directive has had little or no impact on the Norwegian cyber-insurance market until now. Informants also indicate that Norway is still the least mature of the four Nordic markets.Practical implicationsSome policy lessons for different stakeholders are identified.Originality/valueEmpirical investigation of cyber-insurance is still rare, and the paper offers original insights on market composition and actor motivations, ambiguity of coverage, the NIS Directive and GDPR.
7.	Barreto, Carlos, et al. (författare) Duopoly insurers’ incentives for data quality under a mandatory cyber data sharing regime 2023 Ingår i: Computers & security (Print). - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0167-4048 .- 1872-6208. ; 131 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We study the impact of data sharing policies on cyber insurance markets. These policies have been proposed to address the scarcity of data about cyber threats, which is essential to manage cyber risks. We propose a Cournot duopoly competition model in which two insurers choose the number of policies they offer (i.e., their production level) and also the resources they invest to ensure the quality of data regarding the cost of claims (i.e., the data quality of their production cost). We find that enacting mandatory data sharing sometimes creates situations in which at most one of the two insurers invests in data quality, whereas both insurers would invest when information sharing is not mandatory. This raises concerns about the merits of making data sharing mandatory.
8.	Besker, Terese, et al. (författare) Navigating the Cyber-Security Risks and Economics of System-of-Systems 2023 Ingår i: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350327236 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Cybersecurity is an important concern in systems-of-systems (SoS), where the effects of cyber incidents, whether deliberate attacks or unintentional mistakes, can propagate from an individual constituent system (CS) throughout the entire SoS. Unfortunately, the security of an SoS cannot be guaranteed by separately addressing the security of each CS. Security must also be addressed at the SoS level. This paper reviews some of the most prominent cybersecurity risks within the SoS research field and combines this with the cyber and information security economics perspective. This sets the scene for a structured assessment of how various cyber risks can be addressed in different SoS architectures. More precisely, the paper discusses the effectiveness and appropriateness of five cybersecurity policy options in each of the four assessed SoS archetypes and concludes that cybersecurity risks should be addressed using both traditional design-focused and more novel policy-oriented tools.
9.	Birgersson, Marcus, 1988, et al. (författare) Data Integration Using Machine Learning 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings - IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Workshop, EDOCW. - 1541-7719. ; 2016-September, s. 313-322, s. 313-322 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Today, enterprise integration and cross-enterprise collaboration is becoming evermore important. The Internet of things, digitization and globalization are pushing continuous growth in the integration market. However, setting up integration systems today is still largely a manual endeavor. Most probably, future integration will need to leverage more automation in order to keep up with demand. This paper presents a first version of a system that uses tools from artificial intelligence and machine learning to ease the integration of information systems, aiming to automate parts of it. Three models are presented and evaluated for precision and recall using data from real, past, integration projects. The results show that it is possible to obtain Fo.5 scores in the order of 80% for models trained on a particular kind of data, and in the order of 60%-70% for less specific models trained on a several kinds of data. Such models would be valuable enablers for integration brokers to keep up with demand, and obtain a competitive advantage. Future work includes fusing the results from the different models, and enabling continuous learning from an operational production system.
10.	Borg, Markus, et al. (författare) Digitalization of Swedish Government Agencies : Detailed Census Description and Analysis 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Software engineering is at the core of the digitalization of society. Ill-informed decisions can have major consequences, as made evident in the 2017 government crisis in Sweden, originating in a data breach caused by an outsourcing deal made by the Swedish Transport Agency. Many Government Agencies (GovAgs) in Sweden are rapidly undergoing a digital transition, thus it is important to overview how widespread, and mature, software development is in this part of the public sector. We present a software development census of Swedish GovAgs, complemented by document analysis and a survey. We show that 39.2% of the GovAgs develop software internally, some matching the number of developers in large companies. Our findings suggest that the development largely resembles private sector counterparts, and that established best practices are implemented. Still, we identify improvement potential in the areas of strategic sourcing, openness, collaboration across GovAgs, and quality requirements. The Swedish Government has announced the establishment of a new digitalization agency next year, and our hope is that the software engineering community will contribute its expertise with a clear voice.
11.	Borg, Markus, et al. (författare) Digitalization of Swedish Government Agencies : A Perspective Through the Lens of a Software Development Census 2018 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. ; , s. 37-46 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Software engineering is at the core of the digitalization of society. Ill-informed decisions can have major consequences, as made evident in the 2017 government crisis in Sweden, originating in a data breach caused by an outsourcing deal made by the Swedish Transport Agency. Many Government Agencies (GovAgs) in Sweden are rapidly undergoing a digital transition, thus it is important to overview how widespread, and mature, software development is in this part of the public sector. We present a software development census of Swedish GovAgs, complemented by document analysis and a survey. We show that 39.2% of the GovAgs develop software internally, some matching the number of developers in large companies. Our findings suggest that the development largely resembles private sector counterparts, and that established best practices are implemented. Still, we identify improvement potential in the areas of strategic sourcing, openness, collaboration across GovAgs, and quality requirements. The Swedish Government has announced the establishment of a new digitalization agency next year, and our hope is that the software engineering community will contribute its expertise with a clear voice.
12.	Borg, Markus, et al. (författare) Illuminating a Blind Spot in Digitalization - Software Development in Sweden's Private and Public Sector 2020 Ingår i: Proceedings - 2020 IEEE/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops, ICSEW 2020. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. - 9781450379632 ; , s. 299-302 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract As Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen famously remarked in 2011, software is eating the world - becoming a pervasive invisible critical infrastructure. Data on the distribution of software use and development in society is scarce, but we compile results from two novel surveys to provide a fuller picture of the role software plays in the public and private sectors in Sweden, respectively. Three out of ten Swedish firms, across industry sectors, develop software in-house. The corresponding figure for Sweden's government agencies is four out of ten, i.e., the public sector should not be underestimated. The digitalization of society will continue, thus the demand for software developers will further increase. Many private firms report that the limited supply of software developers in Sweden is directly affecting their expansion plans. Based on our findings, we outline directions that need additional research to allow evidence-informed policy-making. We argue that such work should ideally be conducted by academic researchers and national statistics agencies in collaboration. © 2020 ACM.
13.	Brynielsson, Joel, 1974-, et al. (författare) Cyber Situational Awareness Testing 2016 Ingår i: Combatting Cybercrime and Cyberterrorism. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer International Publishing AG. ; , s. 209-233 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract In the cyber security landscape, the human ability to comprehend and adapt to existing and emerging threats is crucial. Not only technical solutions, but also the operator’s ability to grasp the complexities of the threats affect the level of success or failure that is achieved in cyber defence. In this paper we discuss the general concept of situation awareness and associated measurement techniques. Further, we describe the cyber domain and how it differs from other domains, and show how predictive knowledge can help improve cyber defence. We discuss how selected existing models and measurement techniques for situation awareness can be adapted and applied in the cyber domain to measure actual levels of cyber situation awareness. We identify generic relevant criteria and other factors to consider, and propose a methodology to set up cyber situation awareness measurement experiments within the context of simulated cyber defence exercises. Such experiments can be used to test the viability of different cyber solutions. A number of concrete possible experiments are also suggested.
14.	Brynielsson, Joel, 1974-, et al. (författare) Using Cyber Defense Exercises to Obtain Additional Data for Attacker Profiling 2016 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI 2016). - Piscataway, New Jersey : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781509038657 ; , s. 37-42 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In order to be able to successfully defend an IT system it is useful to have an accurate appreciation of the cyber threat that goes beyond stereotypes. To effectively counter potentially decisive and skilled attackers it is necessary to understand, or at least model, their behavior. Although the real motives for untraceable anonymous attackers will remain a mystery, a thorough understanding of their observable actions can still help to create well-founded attacker profiles that can be used to design effective countermeasures and in other ways enhance cyber defense efforts. In recent work empirically founded attacker profiles, so-called attacker personas, have been used to assess the overall threat situation for an organization. In this paper we elaborate on 1) the use of attacker personas as a technique for attacker profiling, 2) the design of tailor-made cyber defense exercises for the purpose of obtaining the necessary empirical data for the construction of such attacker personas, and 3) how attacker personas can be used for enhancing the situational awareness within the cyber domain. The paper concludes by discussing the possibilities and limitations of using cyber defense exercises for data gathering, and what can and cannot be studied in such exercises.
15.	Buckl, S., et al. (författare) A pattern-based approach to quantitative enterprise architecture analysis 2009 Ingår i: 15th Americas Conference on Information Systems 2009, AMCIS 2009. - 9781615675814 ; , s. 2314-2324 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Enterprise Architecture (EA) management involves tasks that substantially contribute to the operations of an enterprise, and to its sustainable market presence. One important aspect of this is the availability of services to customers. However, the increasing interconnectedness of systems with other systems and with business processes makes it difficult to get a clear view on change impacts and dependency structures. While management level decision makers need this information to make sound decisions, EA models often do not include quality attributes (such as availability), and very rarely provide quantitative means to assess them. We address these shortcomings by augmenting an information model for EA modeling with concepts from Probabilistic Relational Models, thus enabling quantitative analysis. A sample business case is evaluated as an example of the technique, showing how decision makers can benefit from information on availability impacts on enterprise business services.
16.	Buschle, Markus, et al. (författare) A tool for enterprise architecture analysis using the PRM formalism 2010 Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Enterprise architecture advocates model-based decision-making on enterprise-wide information system issues. In order to provide decisionmaking support, enterprise architecture models should not only be descriptive but also enable analysis. This paper presents a software tool, currently under development, for the evaluation of enterprise architecture models. In particular, the paper focuses on how to encode scientific theories so that they can be used for model-based analysis and reasoning under uncertainty. The tool architecture is described, and a case study shows how the tool supports the process of enterprise architecture analysis.
17.	Buschle, Markus, et al. (författare) A Tool for Enterprise Architecture Analysis Using the PRM Formalism 2011 Ingår i: INFORMATION SYSTEMS EVOLUTION. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783642177217 ; , s. 108-121 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Enterprise architecture advocates for model-based decision-making on enterprise-wide information system issues. In order to provide decision-making support, enterprise architecture models should not only be descriptive but also enable analysis. This paper presents a software tool, currently under development, for the evaluation of enterprise architecture models. In particular, the paper focuses on how to encode scientific theories so that they can be used for model-based analysis and reasoning under uncertainty. The tool architecture is described, and a case study shows how the tool supports the process of enterprise architecture analysis.
18.	Dexe, Jacob, et al. (författare) An Empirical Investigation of the Right to Explanation Under GDPR in Insurance 2020 Ingår i: Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business : TrustBus 2020 - TrustBus 2020. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030589851 - 9783030589868 ; 12395, s. 125-139, s. 125-139 Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract The GDPR aims at strengthening the rights of data subjects and to build trust in the digital single market. This is manifested by the introduction of a new principle of transparency. It is, however, not obvious what this means in practice: What kind of answers can be expected to GDPR requests citing the right to “meaningful information”? This is the question addressed in this article. Seven insurance companies, representing 90–95% of the Swedish home insurance market, were asked by consumers to disclose information about how premiums are set. Results are presented first giving descriptive statistics, then characterizing the pricing information given, and lastly describing the procedural information offered by insurers as part of their answers. Overall, several different approaches to answering the request can be discerned, including different uses of examples, lists, descriptions of logic, legal basis as well as data related to the process of answering the requests. Results are analyzed in light of GDPR requirements. A number of potential improvements are identified—at least three responses are likely to fail the undue delay requirement. The article is concluded with a discussion about future work.
19.	Dexe, Jacob, et al. (författare) Explaining automated decision-making: a multinational study of the GDPR right to meaningful information 2022 Ingår i: Geneva papers on risk and insurance. Issues and practice. - : Springer Nature. - 1018-5895 .- 1468-0440. Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) establishes a right for individuals to get access to information about automated decision-making based on their personal data. However, the application of this right comes with caveats. This paper investigates how European insurance companies have navigated these obstacles. By recruiting volunteering insurance customers, requests for information about how insurance premiums are set were sent to 26 insurance companies in Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Poland and Sweden. Findings illustrate the practice of responding to GDPR information requests and the paper identifies possible explanations for shortcomings and omissions in the responses. The paper also adds to existing research by showing how the wordings in the different language versions of the GDPR could lead to different interpretations. Finally, the paper discusses what can reasonably be expected from explanations in consumer oriented information.
20.	Dexe, Jacob, et al. (författare) Nordic lights? National AI policies for doing well by doing good 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Cyber Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2373-8871 .- 2373-8898. ; 5, s. 332-349 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Getting ahead on the global stage of AI technologies requires vast resources or novel approaches. The Nordic countries have tried to find a novel path, claiming that responsible and ethical AI is not only morally right but confers a competitive advantage. In this article, eight official AI policy documents from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden are analysed according to the AI4People taxonomy, which proposes five ethical principles for AI: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice and explicability. The principles are described in terms such as growth, innovation, efficiency gains, cybersecurity, malicious use or misuse of AI systems, data use, effects on labour markets, and regulatory environments. The authors also analyse how the strategies describe the link between ethical principles and a competitive advantage, and what measures are proposed to facilitate that link. Links such as a first-mover advantage and measures such as influencing international standards and regulations are identified. The article concludes by showing that while ethical principles are present, neither the ethical principles nor the links and measures are made explicit in the policy documents.
21.	Dexe, Jacob, et al. (författare) Towards increased transparency with value sensitive design 2020 Ingår i: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. volume 12217. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030503338 ; , s. 3-15, s. 3-15 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In the past few years, the ethics and transparency of AI and other digital systems have received much attention. There is a vivid discussion on explainable AI, both among practitioners and in academia, with contributions from diverse fields such as computer science, human-computer interaction, law, and philosophy. Using the Value Sensitive Design (VSD) method as a point of departure, this paper explores how VSD can be used in the context of transparency. More precisely, it is investigated (i) if the VSD Envisioning Cards facilitate transparency as a pro-ethical condition, (ii) if they can be improved to realize ethical principles through transparency, and (iii) if they can be adapted to facilitate reflection on ethical principles in large groups. The research questions are addressed through a two-fold case study, combining one case where a larger audience participated in a reduced version of VSD with another case where a smaller audience participated in a more traditional VSD workshop. It is concluded that while the Envisioning Cards are effective in promoting ethical reflection in general, the realization of ethical values through transparency is not always similarly promoted. Therefore, it is proposed that a transparency card be added to the Envisioning Card deck. It is also concluded that a lightweight version of VSD seems useful in engaging larger audiences. The paper is concluded with some suggestions for future work. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
22.	Dexe, Jacob, et al. (författare) Transparency and insurance professionals : a study of Swedish insurance practice attitudes and future development 2021 Ingår i: Geneva papers on risk and insurance. Issues and practice. - : Springer Nature. - 1018-5895 .- 1468-0440. ; 46:4, s. 547-572 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The insurance industry is being challenged by increased adoption of automated decision-making. AI advances could conceivably automate everything: marketing, customer service, underwriting and claims management alike. However, such automation challenges consumer trust, as there is considerable public and scholarly debate over the ‘black box’ character of many algorithms. Insurance being a business of trust, this suggests a dilemma. One suggested solution involves adopting algorithms in a transparent manner. This article reports a study of how Swedish insurers deal with this dilemma, based on (i) eight interviews with insurance professionals representing four companies with a joint market share of 45–50% of the Swedish property insurance market and (ii) a questionnaire answered by 71 professionals in a Swedish insurance company. The results show that while transparency is seen as potentially valuable, most Swedish insurers do not use it to gain a competitive advantage or identify clear limits to transparency and are not using AI extensively.
23.	Dexe, Jacob (författare) Transparent but incomprehensible : Investigating the relation between transparency, explanations, and usability in automated decision-making 2022 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Transparency is almost always seen as a desirable state of affairs. Governments should be more transparent towards their citizens, and corporations should be more transparent towards both public authorities and their customers. More transparency means more information which citizens can use to make decisions about their daily lives, and with increasing amounts of information in society, those citizens would be able to make more and more choices that align with their preferences. It is just that the story is slightly too good to be true. Instead, citizens are skeptical towards increased data collection, demand harsher transparency requirements and seem to lack both time and ability to properly engage with all the information available.In this thesis the relation between transparency, explanations and usability is investigated within the context of automated decision-making. Aside from showing the benefits that transparency can have, it shows a wide array of different problems with transparency, and how transparency can be harder to accomplish than most assume. This thesis explores the explanations, which often make up the transparency, and their limitations, developments in automation and algorithmic decisions, as well as how society tends to regulate such things. It then applies these frameworks and investigates how human-computer interaction in general, and usability in particular, can help improve how transparency can bring the many benefits it promises.Four papers are presented that study the topic from various perspectives. Paper I looks at how governments give guidance in achieving competitive advantages with ethical AI, while Paper II studies how insurance professionals view the benefits and limitations of transparency. Paper III and IV both study transparency in practice by use of requests for information according to GDPR. But while Paper III provides a comparative study of GDPR implementation in five countries, Paper IV instead shows and explores how transparency can fail and ponders why.The thesis concludes by showing that while transparency does indeed have many benefits, it also has limitations. Companies and other actors need to be aware that sometimes transparency is simply not the right solution, and explanations have limitations for both automation and in humans. Transparency as a tool can reach certain goals, but good transparency requires good strategies, active choices and an awareness of what users need.
24.	Ekstedt, Mathias, et al. (författare) A Tool for Enterprise Architecture Analysis of Maintainability : CSMR 2009, PROCEEDINGS 2009 Ingår i: EUR CON SFTWR MTNCE REENGR. - Los Almitos : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. - 9780769535890 ; , s. 327-328 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract A tool for Enterprise Architecture analysis using a probabilistic mathematical framework is demonstrated. The Model-View-Controller tool architecture is outlined, before the use of the tool is considered. A sample abstract maintainability model is created, showing the dependence of system maintainability on documentation quality. developer expertise, etc. Finally, a concrete model of an ERP system is discussed.
25.	Fazlollahi, Ariyan, et al. (författare) Benefits of enterprise integration : Review, classification, and suggestions for future research 2012 Ingår i: Enterprise Interoperability. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642330674 ; , s. 34-45 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This article reports the findings of a literature review concerning the potential benefits of Enterprise Integration (EI) for organizations. The review reveals the current state of the scientific literature concerning the potential benefits of EI, classified using a conceptual model of the enterprise. We believe that the results provide a consolidated and comprehensive picture of such potential benefits, useful as a baseline for future research. Additionally, the review is expected to assist practitioners in establishing business cases for EI by means of scientifically grounded reasoning about how EI benefits can contribute to the achievement of certain business goals. Additionally, results could be employed to develop methods or models capable of measuring such benefits in financial terms.
26.	Fazlollahi, Ariyan, et al. (författare) Measuring the impact of enterprise integration on firm performance using data envelopment analysis 2018 Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273 .- 1873-7579. ; 200, s. 119-129 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Today, with rapidly developing technology and changing business models, organizations face rapid changes in both internal and external environments. To be able to rapidly respond to such changing environments, integration of software systems has become a top priority for many organizations. However, despite extensive use of software systems integration, quantitative methods for estimating the business value of such integrations are still missing. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the microeconomic concept of marginal rates, this study proposes a method for quantifying the effects of enterprise integration on the firm performance. In the paper, we explain how DEA can be used to evaluate the marginal benefits of enterprise integration. Our proposed method is to measure and compare the productive efficiency of firms using enterprise integration, specifically by relating the benefits produced to the resources consumed in the process. The method is illustrated on data collected from 12 organizations. The defined method has a solid theoretical foundation, eliminating the need for a priori information about the relationship between different measures. Furthermore, the framework could be used not only to quantify the business value of enterprise integration, but also to estimate trade-offs and impacts of other subjective managerial goals on the results. The major limitation of the proposed method is the absence of a comprehensive theory relating IT architecture changes to organizational outcomes. The underlying model is strongly dependent on the relevancy and accuracy of the included variables, as well as number of data units, introducing uncertainties to the outcomes of the model.
27.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) A formal method for cost and accuracy trade-off analysis in software assessment measures 2009 Ingår i: RCIS 2009. - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9781424428649 ; , s. 295-302 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Creating accurate models of information systems is an important but challenging task. It is generally well understood that such modeling encompasses general scientific issues, but the monetary aspects of the modeling of software systems are not equally well acknowledged. The present paper describes a method using Bayesian networks for optimizing modeling strategies, perceived as a trade-off between these two aspects. Using GeNIe, a graphical tool with the proper Bayesian algorithms implemented, decision support can thus be provided to the modeling process. Specifically, an informed trade-off can be made, based on the modeler's prior knowledge of the predictive power of certain models, combined with his projection of their costs. It is argued that this method might enhance modeling of large and complex software systems in two principal ways: Firstly, by enforcing rigor and making hidden assumptions explicit. Secondly, by enforcing cost awareness even in the early phases of modeling. The method should be used primarily when the choice of modeling can have great economic repercussions.
28.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) A Method for Choosing Software Assessment Measures using Bayesian Networks and Diagnosis : CSMR 2009, PROCEEDINGS 2009 Ingår i: 13TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE AND REENGINEERING: CSMR 2009, PROCEEDINGS. - LOS ALAMITOS, CA. : IEEE COMPUTER SOC.. - 9780769535890 ; , s. 241-245 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Creating accurate models of information systems is an important but challenging task. While the scienti c aspects of such modeling are generally acknowledged, the monetary aspects of the modeling of software systems are not. The present paper describes a Bayesian method for optimizing modeling strategies, perceived as a trade-off between these two aspects. Speci cally, an informed trade-off can be made, based on the modeler's prior knowledge of the predictive power of certain models, combined with her projection of the costs. It is argued that this method enhances modeling of large and complex software systems in two principal ways: Firstly, by enforcing rigor and making hidden assumptions explicit. Secondly, by enforcing cost awareness even in the early phases of modeling. The method should be used primarily when the choice of modeling can have great economic repercussions.
29.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981-, et al. (författare) A survey of cyber security in the Swedish manufacturing industry 2020 Ingår i: 2020 International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics And Assessment (Cyber SA). - : IEEE. - 9781728166902 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper we explore cyber security practices in Swedish manufacturing firms. Manufacturing is being transformed by new technologies under the label of smart industry or industry 4.0. Most of these technologies are either digital themselves or depend on digital connectivity. Their use is made possible by electronic sensors, actuators, and other devices as well as by data-driven analysis. This technological change entails a fundamental shift in risk and security as devices become interconnected, making information and control transmissible both within and to varying degree outside the firm's organization. These issues must be addressed to prevent both unintentional and intentional security incidents. Thus, there will be no smart industry without cyber security. Based on a sector-wide survey with 649 respondents (17% response rate) carried out in collaboration with the Association of Swedish Engineering Industries, we map risk perception and the controls put in place to address these risks across firms. We present three primary findings: (i) Compared to how firms value further investments in digitalization, risk perception related to cyber security issues is fairly low and business interruption is a greater cause for worry than data breach, (ii) there is a gap between the anticipated impact of digitalization and the perceived need for cyber security measures across business functions within firms, and (iii) the implementation of cyber security measures is still in its infancy with a significant bias towards technological measures, leaving organizational and social cyber security measures underrepresented. The paper is concluded with the identification of a few interesting follow-up questions for future work.
30.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Algorithmic Fairness, Risk, and the Dominant Protective Agency 2023 Ingår i: Philosophy & Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 2210-5433 .- 2210-5441. ; 36:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract With increasing use of automated algorithmic decision-making, issues of algorithmic fairness have attracted much attention lately. In this growing literature, existing concepts from ethics and political philosophy are often applied to new contexts. The reverse—that novel insights from the algorithmic fairness literature are fed back into ethics and political philosophy—is far less established. However, this short commentary on Baumann and Loi (Philosophy & Technology, 36(3), 45 2023) aims to do precisely this. Baumann and Loi argue that among algorithmic group fairness measures proposed, one—sufficiency (well-calibration) is morally defensible for insurers to use, whereas independence (statistical parity or demographic parity) and separation (equalized odds) are not normatively appropriate in the insurance context. Such a result may seem to be of relatively narrow interest to insurers and insurance scholars only. We argue, however, that arguments such as that offered by Baumann and Loi have an important but so far overlooked connection to the derivation of the minimal state offered by Nozick (1974) and thus to political philosophy at large.
31.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Algorithmic Political Bias—an Entrenchment Concern 2022 Ingår i: Philosophy & Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 2210-5433 .- 2210-5441. ; 35:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This short commentary on Peters (Philosophy & Technology 35, 2022) identifies the entrenchment of political positions as one additional concern related to algorithmic political bias, beyond those identified by Peters. First, it is observed that the political positions detected and predicted by algorithms are typically contingent and largely explained by “political tribalism”, as argued by Brennan (2016). Second, following Hacking (1999), the social construction of political identities is analyzed and it is concluded that algorithmic political bias can contribute to such identities. Third, following Nozick (1989), it is argued that purist political positions may stand in the way of the pursuit of all worthy values and goals to be pursued in the political realm and that to the extent that algorithmic political bias entrenches political positions, it also hinders this healthy “zigzag of politics”. © 2022, The Author(s).
32.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Algorithmic Transparency, Manipulation, and Two Concepts of Liberty 2024 Ingår i: Philosophy & Technology. - : Springer Nature. - 2210-5433 .- 2210-5441. ; 37 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract As more decisions are made by automated algorithmic systems, the transparency of these systems has come under scrutiny. While such transparency is typically seen as beneficial, there is a also a critical, Foucauldian account of it. From this perspective, worries have recently been articulated that algorithmic transparency can be used for manipulation, as part of a disciplinary power structure. Klenk (Philosophy & Technology 36, 79, 2023) recently argued that such manipulation should not be understood as exploitation of vulnerable victims, but rather as indifference to whether the information provided enhances decision-making by revealing reasons. This short commentary on Klenk uses Berlin’s (1958) two concepts of liberty to further illuminate the concept of transparency as manipulation, finding alignment between positive liberty and the critical account.
33.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981-, et al. (författare) An architecture framework for enterprise IT service availability analysis 2014 Ingår i: Software and Systems Modeling. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1619-1366 .- 1619-1374. ; 13:4, s. 1417-1445 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This paper presents an integrated enterprise architecture framework for qualitative and quantitative modeling and assessment of enterprise IT service availability. While most previous work has either focused on formal availability methods such as fault trees or qualitative methods such as maturity models, this framework offers a combination. First, a modeling and assessment framework is described. In addition to metamodel classes, relationships and attributes suitable for availability modeling, the framework also features a formal computational model written in a probabilistic version of the object constraint language. The model is based on 14 systemic factors impacting service availability and also accounts for the structural features of the service architecture. Second, the framework is empirically tested in nine enterprise information system case studies. Based on an initial availability baseline and the annual evolution of the 14 factors of the model, annual availability predictions are made and compared with the actual outcomes as reported in SLA reports and system logs. The practical usefulness of the method is discussed based on the outcomes of a workshop conducted with the participating enterprises, and some directions for future research are offered.
34.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) An Enterprise Architecture Framework for Application Consolidation in the Swedish Armed Forces 2009 Ingår i: 2009 13TH ENTERPRISE DISTRIBUTED OBJECT COMPUTING CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS (EDOCW 2009). - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9781424455638 ; , s. 264-273 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract In this paper, application consolidation using Enterprise Architecture methods is considered, with an ongoing project in the Swedish Armed Forces as the point of departure. The decision-making features of application consolidation are first analyzed and formalized from the perspective of decision theory. Applying these insights, a more practical framework is then proposed, based primarily on the ISO/IEC 9126 standard, the Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework (MODAF), and the formalism of Probabilistic Relational Models (PRM). This framework supports cost-benefit analysis of application consolidation decision-making, thus helping to make these decisions more structured and transparent.
35.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Analysis of enterprise IT service availability : Enterprise architecture modeling for assessment, prediction, and decision-making 2012 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Information technology has become increasingly important to individuals and organizations alike. Not only does IT allow us to do what we always did faster and more effectively, but it also allows us to do new things, organize ourselves differently, and work in ways previously unimaginable. However, these advantages come at a cost: as we become increasingly dependent upon IT services, we also demand that they are continuously and uninterruptedly available for use. Despite advances in reliability engineering, the complexity of today's increasingly integrated systems offers a non-trivial challenge in this respect. How can high availability of enterprise IT services be maintained in the face of constant additions and upgrades, decade-long life-cycles, dependencies upon third-parties and the ever-present business-imposed requirement of flexible and agile IT services?The contribution of this thesis includes (i) an enterprise architecture framework that offers a unique and action-guiding way to analyze service availability, (ii) identification of causal factors that affect the availability of enterprise IT services, (iii) a study of the use of fault trees for enterprise architecture availability analysis, and (iv) principles for how to think about availability management.This thesis is a composite thesis of five papers. Paper 1 offers a framework for thinking about enterprise IT service availability management, highlighting the importance of variance of outage costs. Paper 2 shows how enterprise architecture (EA) frameworks for dependency analysis can be extended with Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Bayesian networks (BN) techniques. FTA and BN are proven formal methods for reliability and availability modeling. Paper 3 describes a Bayesian prediction model for systems availability, based on expert elicitation from 50 experts. Paper 4 combines FTA and constructs from the ArchiMate EA language into a method for availability analysis on the enterprise level. The method is validated by five case studies, where annual downtime estimates were always within eight hours from the actual values. Paper 5 extends the Bayesian prediction model from paper 3 and the modeling method from paper 4 into a full-blown enterprise architecture framework, expressed in a probabilistic version of the Object Constraint Language. The resulting modeling framework is tested in nine case studies of enterprise information systems.
36.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Att utveckla och implementera cybersäkerhetspolicy : Lärdomar från den finansiella sektorn 2024 Ingår i: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift. - 0039-0747. ; 126:2, s. 251-272 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Modern society is increasingly dependent on digital services, making their dependability a top priority. But while there is a consensus that cybersecurity is important, there is no corresponding agreement on the true extent of the problem, the most effective countermeasures, or the proper division of labor and responsibilities. This makes cybersecurity policy very difficult. This article addresses this issue based on observations and experiences from a period of guest research at the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (Finansinspektionen), which made it possible to study how cybersecurity policy is developed and implemented in the Swedish financial sector. Observations include policy implementation challenges related to squaring different roles and perspectives mandated by different laws, and to collaboration between independent government authorities, but also policy development challenges: How can the full range of perspectives and tools be included in cybersecurity policy development? As Sweden now revises its cybersecurity policy, this is a key issue.
37.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Availability of enterprise IT systems : an expert-based Bayesian model 2010 Ingår i: Proc. Fourth International Workshop on Software Quality and Maintainability. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Ensuring the availability of enterprise IT systems is a challenging task. The factors that can bring systems down are numerous, and their impact on various system architectures is difficult to predict. At the same time, maintaining high availability is crucial in many applications, ranging from control systems in the electric power grid, over electronic trading systems on the stock market to specialized command and control systems for military and civilian purposes. The present paper desccribes a Bayesian decision support model, designed to help enterprise IT systems decision makers evaluate the consequences of their decisions by analyzing various scenarios. The model is based on expert elicitation from 50 academic experts on IT systems availability, obtained through an electronic survey. The Bayesian model uses a leaky Noisy-OR method to weigh together the expert opinions on 16 factors affecting systems availability. Using this model, the effect of changes to a system can be estimated beforehand, providing decision support for improvement of enterprise IT systems availability.
38.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Availability of enterprise IT systems : an expert-based Bayesian framework 2012 Ingår i: Software quality journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0963-9314 .- 1573-1367. ; 20:2, s. 369-394 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Ensuring the availability of enterprise IT systems is a challenging task. The factors that can bring systems down are numerous, and their impact on various system architectures is difficult to predict. At the same time, maintaining high availability is crucial in many applications, ranging from control systems in the electric power grid, over electronic trading systems on the stock market to specialized command and control systems for military and civilian purposes. This paper describes a Bayesian decision support model, designed to help enterprise IT systems decision makers evaluate the consequences of their decisions by analyzing various scenarios. The model is based on expert elicitation from 50 experts on IT systems availability, obtained through an electronic survey. The Bayesian model uses a leaky Noisy-OR method to weigh together the expert opinions on 16 factors affecting systems availability. Using this model, the effect of changes to a system can be estimated beforehand, providing decision support for improvement of enterprise IT systems availability. The Bayesian model thus obtained is then integrated within a standard, reliability block diagram-style, mathematical model for assessing availability on the architecture level. In this model, the IT systems play the role of building blocks. The overall assessment framework thus addresses measures to ensure high availability both on the level of individual systems and on the level of the entire enterprise architecture. Examples are presented to illustrate how the framework can be used by practitioners aiming to ensure high availability.
39.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Characterization of trade-off preferences between non-functional properties 2018 Ingår i: Information Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4379 .- 1873-6076. ; 74, s. 86-102 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Efficient design and evolution of complex software intensive systems rely on the ability to make informed decisions as early as possible in the life cycle. Such informed decisions should take both the intended functional and non-functional properties into account. Especially regarding the latter, it is both necessary to be able to predict properties and to prioritize them according to well-defined criteria. In this paper we focus on the latter problem, that is to say how to make trade-offs between non-functional properties of software intensive systems. We provide an approach based on the elicitation of utility functions from stake-holders and subsequent checks for consistency among these functions. The approach is exploitable through an easy-to-use GUI, which is also presented. Moreover, we describe the setup and the outcome of our two-fold validation based on exploratory elicitations with students and practitioners
40.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Cyber Insurance Against Electronic Payment Service Outages : A Document Study of Terms and Conditions from Electronic Payment Service Providers and Insurance Companies 2018 Ingår i: Security and Trust Management. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer Nature Switzerland AG. - 9783030011406 - 9783030011413 ; , s. 73-84 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Society is becoming increasingly dependent on IT services. One example is the dependence of retailers on electronic payment services. This article investigates the terms and conditions offered by three electronic payment service providers, finding that they only guarantee best effort availability. As potential mitigation, five cyber insurance policies are studied from the perspective of coverage of electronic payment service outages. It is concluded that cyber insurance does indeed give some protection, but that coverage differs between insurers and between different policy options offered. Thus, a retailer who wishes to purchase cyber insurance should take care to understand what is on offer and actively select appropriate coverage.
41.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981-, et al. (författare) Cyber situational awareness issues and challenges 2022 Ingår i: Cybersecurity and Cognitive Science. - : Elsevier. - 9780323905701 - 9780323906968 ; , s. 235-265 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Today, most enterprises are increasingly reliant on information technology to carry out their operations. This also entails an increasing need for cyber situational awareness—roughly, to know what is going on in the cyber domain, and thus be able to adequately respond to events such as attacks or accidents. This chapter argues that cyber situational awareness is best understood by combining three complementary points of view: the technological, the socio-cognitive, and the organizational perspectives. In addition, the chapter investigates the prospects for reasoning about adversarial actions. This part also reports on a small empirical investigation where participants in the Locked Shields cyber defense exercise were interviewed about their information needs with respect to threat actors. The chapter is concluded with a discussion regarding important challenges to be addressed along with suggestions for further research.
42.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Cybersäkerhet för en uppkopplad ekonomi 2020 Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
43.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) Dags för cybersäkerhetsekonomi 2022 Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 50:2, s. 71-74 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
44.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Decision Support oriented Enterprise Architecture Metamodel Management using Classification Trees 2009 Ingår i: 2009 13TH ENTERPRISE DISTRIBUTED OBJECT COMPUTING CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS (EDOCW 2009). - NEW YORK : IEEE. ; , s. 328-335 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Models are an integral part of the discipline of Enterprise Architecture (EA). To stay relevant to management decision-making needs, the models need to be based upon suitable metamodels. These metamodels, in turn, need to be properly and continuously maintained. While there exists several methods for metamodel development and maintenance, these typically focus on internal metamodel qualities and metamodel engineering processes, rather than on the actual decision-making needs and their impact on the metamodels used. The present paper employs techniques from information theory and learning classification trees to propose a method for metamodel management based upon the value added by entities and attributes to the decision-making process. This allows for the removal of those metamodel parts that give the least "bang for the bucks" in terms of decision support. The method proposed is illustrated using real data from an ongoing research project on systems modifiability
45.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Defense graphs and Enterprise Architecture for Information Assurance analysis 2008 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 26th Army Science Conference. Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract The JQRR metrics for Information Assurance (IA)and Computer Network Defense (CND) are combinedwith a framework based on defense graphs. This enablesthe use of architectural models for rational decision making,based on the mathematical rigor of extended influencediagrams. A sample abstract model is provided,along with a simple example of its usage to assess accesscontrol vulnerability.
46.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Demand side expectations of cyber insurance 2019 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Cyber insurance has attracted much attention fromboth practitioners, policymakers and academics in the past fewyears. However, it also faces some challenges before it can reachits full potential as a tool for better cyber risk management. Onesuch challenge is the gap between what customers expect andwhat insurers really offer.This paper investigates this gap empirically, based on interviewswith informant companies in Norway and Sweden consideringcyber insurance. The expectations expressed in the interviewsare compared to anonymized incident claims reports and claimsstatistics for 2018 from a global insurance intermediary.The results show no obvious pattern of discrepancies betweendifferent domains. However, informant expectations on businessinterruption coverage are much greater than one would expectfrom its share of claims. In this respect, informant expectationson business interruption coverage are more aligned with somerecently published scenarios on possible major business interruptions.
47.	Franke, Ulrik (författare) Driftavbrott i samhällsviktiga it-tjänster 2018 Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Det moderna samhället är beroende av it-tjänster. Driftavbrott kan leda till allt från kortare elavbrott till brist på livsmedel eller läkemedel. Projektet DRISTIG har under drygt två år studerat driftavbrott i samhällsviktiga it-tjänster. Rapporten redovisar kort några forskningsresultat relaterade till kostnader för avbrott, försäkringar mot avbrott och så kallade Service Level Agreements(SLA).
48.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) EAF(2) - A Framework for Categorizing Enterprise Architecture Frameworks 2009 Ingår i: SNPD 2009. - LOS ALAMITOS : IEEE COMPUTER SOC. ; , s. 327-332 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract What constitutes an enterprise architecture framework is a contested subject. The contents of present enterprise architecture frameworks thus differ substantially. This paper aims to alleviate the confusion regarding which framework contains what by proposing a meta framework for enterprise architecture frameworks. By using this meta framework, decision makers are able to express their requirements on what their enterprise architecture framework must contain and also to evaluate whether the existing frameworks meets these requirements. An example classification of common EA frameworks illustrates the approach.
49.	Franke, Ulrik, 1981- (författare) En oavslutad dikt om ett oavslutat uppror 2023 Ingår i: Slovo. - Uppsala : Uppsala universitet. - 2001-7359. ; 63, s. 64-73 Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract The legendary Russian literary critic Belinsky famously described Pushkin’s novel in verse Eugene Onegin as an encyclopedia of Russian life. However, this encyclopedia seems seriously incomplete in that it largely leaves out elements of oppression, war, and insurrection. There are many valid explanations for this, but one, very blunt and prosaic, is that oppression and censorship actually worked – that it is absent in the fiction because it was present in reality. As a case in point, this article presents a novel translation into Swedish, with rhymes and meter preserved, of the fragments remaining of the unfinished tenth chapter of Eugene Onegin. This tenth chapter deals with the failed Decembrist uprising of 1825, and the misrule precipitating it, and it is not surprising that it could not be published at the time it was written. Though well known in the academic community, this fragment is rarely published in foreign translations, and as far as known, this is the first translation into a Scandinavian language. The article offers some commentary on the translation and concludes with a few remarks on the value of reading the classics even in times of turmoil.
50.	Franke, Ulrik, et al. (författare) Enterprise Architecture analysis using Fault Trees and MODAF 2009 Ingår i: Proceedings of the Forum at the CAiSE 2009 Conference. ; , s. 61-66 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Analysis of dependencies between information systems, business processes, and strategic goals is an important part of the discipline of Enterprise Architecture (EA). However, EA models typically provide only visual and qualitative decision support. This paper shows how EA frameworks for dependency analysis can be extended into the realm of quantitative methods by the use of techniques from Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Using MODAF, the UK Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework as an example, we give a list of criteria for the extraction of a metamodel for FTA use, and provide such a metamodel for MODAF. Furthermore, we use this MODAF FTA metamodel to perform dependency analysis on a sample MODAF model.

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