| 1. |
- Andersson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Vässa växtskyddet för framtidens klimat – hur vi förebygger och hanterar ökade problem i ett förändrat klimat : Metodutveckling för fortlöpande inventering av ogräsflorans sammansättning
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sammanfattning återkommande inventeringar av jordbruksmarkens ogräsflora är av stor betydelse för att på ett tidigt stadium upptäcka förändringar i förekomst av en viss art. I vissa fall kan det också ge underlag för att förklara hur ogräsfloran påverkas av t.ex. klimatförändringar och ändrade odlingsåtgärder. Syftet med denna rapport är att den ska utgöra ett beslutsunderlag för att välja metod för uppföljande inventering av ogräsfloran. Som underlag för de två förslag vi presenterar har vi i) sammanställt och värderat tidigare erfarenheter, främst från Danmark och Finland, ii) med hjälp av befintliga och nyinsamlade data, beräknat statistisk styrka samt tidsåtgång, och iii) beräknat kostnader för ogräsinventeringarna. I Danmark har tre ogräsinventeringar genomförts sedan 1960-talet, i kampanjer under 3-7 år. Vid sista tillfället ingick 240 gårdar och 11 grödor. På varje fält inventerades 10 obehandlade rutor. Inventeringen kunde genomföras relativt snabbt eftersom frekvens i provytorna enbart baserades på förekomst/icke-förekomst. En nackdel är de långa uppehållen mellan kampanjerna, 11-17 år, och vidare är urvalet av fält inte väl definierat. I Finland har fyra inventeringar genomförts, i 3- till 4-åriga kampanjer. Här har man koncentrerat sig på en typ av gröda (vårsäd) men istället lagt stora resurser på vägning av biomassa och jordprovtagning samt insamlande av kringdata. Värdet av denna arbetskrävande metod kan dock ifrågasättas, eftersom mycket av dessa data bara har använts i begränsad omfattning. Utifrån våra nordiska kollegors resultat och erfarenheter beslöt vi att testa den statistiska styrkan i en metod som utgör en variant av den danska, baserad på registrering av enbart förekomst/icke-förekomst i provytor. Styrkeanalyserna gjordes huvudsakligen i syfte att besvara frågeställningen: Givet en viss variation i data, hur många fält behövs för att detektera en given förändring med önskad statistisk säkerhet? Genom analys av äldre data samt data från nygjord inventering fick vi fram siffror på mellanfältsvariation för ett antal vanliga ogräsarter. En tydlig slutsats var att variationen i förekomst mellan fälten är betydligt större än variationen inom fälten. Antalet inventerade fält är alltså viktigare än antalet inventeringsrutor per fält för att kunna upptäcka en förändring i förekomst. Ett exempel från den statistiska analysen för en art med relativt stor mellanfältsvariation: Om förekomsten i provytorna ökar från 10% till 20% under ett år, krävs provtagning av 106 fält för att i 95 fall av 100 kunna påvisa denna ökning som signifikant (på 5%-nivån). är ökningen från 10% till 40% räcker det med 15 fält för att uppnå samma statistiska säkerhet. Rimligtvis ökar säkerheten om inventeringarna återkommer årligen, och framför allt finns då möjligheten att snabbare kunna detektera en effekt jämfört med om kampanjer genomförs. Utformandet av en resurseffektiv och tillförlitlig metod förutsätter ett antal val vad gäller urval och omfattning: 4 Vi anser att det finns två huvudalternativ för urval av fält; i) Växtskyddscentralens prognosrutor (Alternativ 1 nedan), och ii) slumpvis utvalda gårdar men med en jämn fördelning inom regioner (Alternativ 2). Inventering bör återkomma på samma gård, medan fältvalet avgörs av grödan. Vi rekommenderar notering av endast frekvens i provytor, eftersom (i) det är en mycket snabb metod, som genererar data som (ii) är mindre känsliga för inventeringstidpunkt på säsongen, och (iii) mindre beroende av årsmån och gröda. Det är önskvärt att inventera både behandlat och obehandlat om resurserna finns. Det kan ske genom i) inventering av obehandlade rutor i fält med Växtskyddcentralens prognosrutor, eller ii) avtala med lantbrukaren/sprutföraren att stänga av sprutan för en viss yta. Vad gäller inventeringsfrekvensen rekommenderar vi årliga inventeringar. Ett system baserat på kampanjer kan inte generera någon kunskap förrän andra omdrevet slutförts, medan en årlig inventering kan analyseras redan efter andra säsongen. Vidare, om ett system skall kunna fungera som ”alarmklocka”, är årliga inventeringar motiverat eftersom mycket kan hända mellan kampanjerna. årliga inventeringar möjliggör också att upprätthålla kompetens och en fungerande organisation för fältarbete, datahantering och rapportering. Inventeringen föreslås begränsad till höstsäd och vårsäd. Finns det ekonomiskt utrymme för att inkludera ytterligare någon gröda föreslår vi någon oljeväxt, och/eller någon gröda med avvikande konkurrensförmåga, som till exempel majs. Vi förordar att inventeringarna utförs i tre regioner: Skåne, Västergötland/östergötland och Mälardalen. Det motiveras av i) att det är betydande odlingsområden, och ii) att det innebär en gradient vad gäller temperatur och nederbörd. Ett relativt litet stickprov beräknas räcka för att ge en representativ bild av ett fälts artsammansättning. I provinventeringen beräknades tiden till ca 1h/fält (12 rutor). Den största tidsåtgången består i resorna mellan fält/gårdar. Om valet står mellan ett stort antal fält med 5 provytor per fält, och färre fält med 10 provytor, rekommenderar vi det första alternativet. Följande data MåSTE registreras: Koordinater; gröda; ekologisk/konventionell. Följande data BöR registreras: Jordart; förfrukt; förförfrukt; vall/ej vall i växtföljden; plöjningsfrekvens (t.ex. plöjning X år av fem); herbicidbehandlingsfrekvens (behandling X år av fem); skördestatistik för området; väderdata. De två sistnämnda inhämtas i efterhand. Slutsatserna från arbetet summeras i nedanstående två alternativ till metod för ogräsinventering. På grund av svårigheten att kunna förutsäga eventuella problem i inventeringsmetodiken, föreslår vi att båda alternativen testas under en prövotid på två år, förslagsvis begränsat till en region. Det skapar möjlighet att bedöma kostnad, kvalitet, tillförlitlighet och eventuella problem. Jämförelsen mellan de två alternativen ger möjlighet att svara på frågan vilket alternativ som är mest kostnadseffektivt. 5 Alternativ 1 – Inventering i växtskyddscentralernas utökade prognos- och varningsrutor Regelbundenhet: Inventeringarna utförs årligen. Inventeringarna startar vid stråsädens axgång och genomförs inom 3 veckor. Omfattning: 2 grödor (vårsäd, höstsäd) x 3 regioner (Skåne län, Västra Götalands län + västra delen av östergötlands län, samt Uppsala län + Västmanlands län) x 50 fält (eller det antal fält som är tillgängliga, dock maximalt 50; Stor geografisk spridning bör eftersträvas). Föreslagen regionsindelning har styrts av förväntad tillgång till lämpliga prognosrutor. Inventeringarna utförs i Växtskyddscentralernas prognosrutor, vilka förlängs med en sträcka på 25 m som ej behandlas med herbicider. Eventuellt måste de herbicidfria rutorna placeras med visst avstånd från prognosrutorna för att förekomsten av skadeinsekter inte ska påverkas. Metodik: Inventeringarna genomförs genom artvis registrering av förekomst/ickeförekomst i 10 herbicidfria, och i förekommande fall 10 besprutade, inventeringsrutor (á 0,25 m2) per fält. Inventeringarna görs av växtskyddscentralernas personal i samband med annan inventering, efter gemensam introduktion i början av inventeringsperioden. En koordinator med övergripande ansvar för inventeringsprogrammet informerar lantbrukaren och Växtskyddscentralernas personal, utbildar inventerarna och samlar in befintlig kringdata. Alternativ 2 – Inventering i sprutfria rutor i strategiskt valda fält Regelbundenhet: Inventeringarna utförs årligen. Inventeringarna startar vid stråsädens begynnande axgång och genomförs under 2 veckor. Omfattning: 2 grödor (vårsäd, höstsäd) x 3 regioner (Skåne, Västergötland alt. östergötland, Mälardalen) x 75 fält = totalt 450 fält. I dessa 450 fält inventeras såväl obehandlade rutor i som intilliggande behandlade rutor. Om möjligt inventeras vårsäd och höstsäd hos samma lantbrukare för att spara administrationskostnad och restid. Metodik: Inventeringarna genomförs genom artvis registrering av förekomst/ickeförekomst i 10 herbicidfria, och i förekommande fall 10 besprutade, inventeringsrutor (á 0,25 m2) per fält. En koordinator med övergripande ansvar för inventeringsprogrammet gör ett urval av inventeringsfält, förslagsvis i samråd med t.ex. Hushållningssällskapens individuella rådgivare. Koordinatorn har också ansvar för kontakt med och information till lantbrukare/sprutförare, kontakt med och utbildning av inventerare samt insamling av kringdata. Inventeringarna utförs av tre inventerare per region med gemensam introduktion i början av inventeringsperioden.
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| 2. |
- Gabrielson, Marike, et al.
(författare)
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Inclusion of Endogenous Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Mammographic Density in Risk Prediction Models for Breast Cancer
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. - : American Association For Cancer Research (AACR). - 1055-9965 .- 1538-7755. ; 29:3, s. 574-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Endogenous hormones and mammographic density are risk factors for breast cancer. Joint analyses of the two may improve the ability to identify high-risk women.Methods: This study within the KARMA cohort included pre-diagnostic measures of plasma hormone levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEAS), and mammographic density in 629 cases and 1,223 controls, not using menopausal hormones. We evaluated the area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) for risk of breast cancer by adding DHEA, DHEAS, and mammographic density to the Gail or Tyrer-Cuzick 5-year risk scores or the CAD2Y 2-year risk score.Results: DHEAS and percentage density were independently and positively associated with breast cancer risk (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively) for postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, women. No significant association was seen for DHEA. In postmenopausal women, those in the highest tertiles of both DHEAS and density were at greatest risk of breast cancer (OR, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-6.3) compared with the lowest tertiles. Adding DHEAS significantly improved the AUC for the Gail (+2.1 units, P = 0.008) and Tyrer-Cuzick (+1.3 units, P = 0.007) risk models. Adding DHEAS to the Gail and Tyrer-Cuzick models already including mammographic density further increased the AUC by 1.2 units (P = 0.006) and 0.4 units (P = 0.007), respectively, compared with only including density.Conclusions: DHEAS and mammographic density are independent risk factors for breast cancer and improve risk discrimination for postmenopausal breast cancer.Impact: Combining DHEAS and mammographic density could help identify women at high risk who may benefit from individualized breast cancer screening and/or preventive measures among postmenopausal women.
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| 3. |
- Gabrielson, Marike, et al.
(författare)
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Inclusion of Plasma Prolactin Levels in Current Risk Prediction Models of Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer
- 2018
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Ingår i: JNCI CANCER SPECTRUM. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 2515-5091. ; 2:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Circulating plasma prolactin is associated with breast cancer risk and may improve our ability to identify high-risk women. Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, but the association with prolactin is unclear. We studied the association between breast cancer, established breast cancer risk factors and plasma prolactin, and improvement of risk prediction by adding prolactin. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study including 721 breast cancer patients and 1400 age-matched controls. Plasma prolactin levels were assayed using immunoassay and mammographic density measured by STRATUS. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by multivariable adjusted logistic regression, and improvement in the area under the curve for the risk of breast cancer by adding prolactin to established risk models. Statistical tests were two-sided. Results: In multivariable adjusted analyses, prolactin was associated with risk of premenopausal (OR, top vs bottom quintile = 1.9; 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08 to 3.26) but not with postmenopausal breast cancer. In postmenopausal cases prolactin increased by 10.6% per cBIRADS category (P-trend = .03). In combined analyses of prolactin and mammographic density, ORs for women in the highest vs lowest tertile of both was 3.2 (95% CI = 1.3 to 7.7) for premenopausal women and 2.44 (95% CI = 1.44 to 4.14) for postmenopausal women. Adding prolactin to current risk models improved the area under the curve of the Gail model (+2.4 units, P = .02), Tyrer-Cuzick model (+3.8, P = .02), and the CAD2Y model (+1.7, P = .008) in premenopausal women. Conclusion: Circulating plasma prolactin and mammographic density appear independently associated with breast cancer risk among premenopausal women, and prolactin may improve risk prediction by current risk models.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Blohm, My, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between surgical volume and outcomes in elective and acute cholecystectomy : nationwide, observational study
- 2023
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Ingår i: British Journal of Surgery. - : Oxford University Press. - 0007-1323 .- 1365-2168. ; 110:3, s. 353-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: High surgical volumes are attributed to improved quality of care, especially for extensive procedures. However, it remains unknown whether high-volume surgeons and hospitals have better results in gallstone surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate whether operative volume affects outcomes in cholecystectomies.METHODS: A registry-based cohort study was performed, based on the Swedish Registry of Gallstone Surgery. Cholecystectomies from 2006 to 2019 were included. Annual volumes for the surgeon and hospital were retrieved. All procedures were categorized into volume-based quartiles, with the highest group as reference. Low volume was defined as fewer than 20 operations per surgeon per year and fewer than 211 cholecystectomies per hospital per year. Differences in outcomes were analysed separately for elective and acute procedures.RESULTS: The analysis included 154 934 cholecystectomies. Of these, 101 221 (65.3 per cent) were elective and 53 713 (34.7 per cent) were acute procedures. Surgeons with low volumes had longer operating times (P < 0.001) and higher conversion rates in elective (OR 1.35; P = 0.023) and acute (OR 2.41; P < 0.001) operations. Low-volume surgeons also caused more bile duct injuries (OR 1.41; P = 0.033) and surgical complications (OR 1.15; P = 0.033) in elective surgery, but the results were not statistically significant for acute procedures. Low-volume hospitals had more bile duct injuries in both elective (OR 1.75; P = 0.002) and acute (OR 1.96; P = 0.003) operations, and a higher mortality rate after acute surgery (OR 2.53; P = 0.007).CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that operative volumes influence outcomes in cholecystectomy. The results indicate that gallstone surgery should be performed by procedure-dedicated surgeons at hospitals with high volumes of this type of benign surgery.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Boyner, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of hatching time on time to first feed intake, organ development, enzymatic activity and growth in broiler chicks hatched on-farm
- 2021
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Ingår i: Animal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1751-7311 .- 1751-732X. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conventional commercial hatcheries used today do not allow the newly hatched chicks to consume feed or water. Combined with natural variation in hatching time, this can lead to early hatched chicks being feed-deprived for up to 72 h before being unloaded at the rearing site. This study investigated the effects of hatching time on time to first feed intake and development of organs, digestive enzymes and productivity in terms of growth and feed conversion ratio in chicks hatched on-farm. Chicks were divided into three hatching groups (early, mid-term and late), and assessed over a full production cyde of 34 days. The results revealed that chicks remain inactive for a considerable amount of time before engaging in eating-related activities. Eating activity of 5% ( i.e. when 5% of birds in each hatching group were eating or standing dose to the feeder) was recorded at an average biological age (BA) of 25.4 h and a proportion of 50% birds with full crop was reached at an average BA of 30.6 h. Considering that the hatching window was 35 h in this study, the average chick probably did not benefit from access to feed and water immediately post-hatch in this case. At hatch, mid-term hatchlings had a heavier small intestine (30.1 g/kg bw) than both early (26.4 g/kg bw) and late (26.0 g/kg bw) hatchlings. Relative length of the small intestine was shorter in late hatchlings (735 cm/kg bw) than in mid-term (849 cm/kg bw) and early (831 cm/kg bw) hatchlings. However, the relative weight of the bursa fabridi was greater in mid-term (130 g/kg bw) than in early hatchlings (1.01 g/kg bw). At hatch, late hatchlings were heavier than early and mid-term hatchlings (P < 0.05), but by 3 days of age early hatchlings were heavier than mid-term and late hatchlings (P < 0.01). The only effect persisting throughout the study was a difference in the relative weight of the small intestine, where late hatchlings had heavier intestines than early hatchlings (P < 0.05). Thus, while there were differences between hatching groups, this study showed that the hatchlings seemed capable of compensating for these as they grew. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Animal Consortium.
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| 8. |
- Brorsson, Anna Lena, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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A person-centered education for adolescents with type 1 diabetes - a randomized controlled trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 20:7, s. 986-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Young people with type 1 diabetes and their parents need to receive person-centred education to be able to manage their diabetes. Guided Self-Determination-Young (GSD-Y) is a person-centred communication and reflection education model that can be used in educational programmes for young people with type 1 diabetes.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether GSD-Y leads to improved glycaemic control, increased self-perceived health and health-related quality of life, fewer diabetes-related family conflicts, and improved self-efficacy in a group-based intervention for adolescents starting continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and their parents.METHODS: This randomized controlled trial included 71 adolescents starting CSII. Participants were followed for twelve months. The intervention group (n=37) attended seven group training sessions over a period of five months, using the GSD-Y model, the control group received standard care. Variables evaluated were HbA1c, self-perceived health, health-related quality of life, family conflicts, self-efficacy, and usage of continuous glucose monitoring.RESULTS: When adjusted for sex and family conflicts, there was a difference in glycaemic control between the groups at twelve months, favouring the intervention group (62 vs. 70 mmol/mol, p=0.009). When analyses were performed on boys and girls separately and adjusted for family conflicts, the only difference detected was for boys after twelve months (p=0.019). The intervention showed no effect on self-perceived health, health-related related quality of life, family conflicts, or self-efficacy.CONCLUSIONS: An intervention with GSD-Y may have an effect on glycaemic control. The content of the GSD-Y groups may serve as a model for person-centred care in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Edin, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Interactions between Root-Lesion Nematodes and the Fungus Rhizoctonia Solani Lead to Reduced Potato Yield
- 2019
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Ingår i: Agronomy. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4395. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil microorganisms and soil fauna may have a large impact on the tuber yield of potato crops. The interaction between root-lesion nematodes and the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn was studied on potato plants grown in pots under controlled conditions. In two similar experiments, different combinations of nematodes and fungal mycelium were added to the pots at three occasions; at planting, after 14 days, and after 28 days. The nematodes reduced root biomass and the combination of nematodes and R. solani resulted in reduced tuber yield in both experiments, but the interaction was not synergistic. In contrast, the number of stem canker lesions decreased in the presence of nematodes compared to treatments with R. solani only. The time of inoculation influenced the severity of both fungal and nematode damage. The nematode damage on tubers was less severe if the nematodes were added at 28 days, while the number of severe stem canker lesions increased if the fungus was added at 28 days. However, the time of nematode inoculation did not affect the incidence of fungal damage, hence the nematodes did not assist R. solani to infect the plant. Our results highlight the underestimated importance of root-lesion nematodes, not resulting in obvious above ground symptoms or misshaped tubers yet affecting the performance of other pathogens.
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| 11. |
- Egenvall, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Days-lost to training and competition in relation to workload in 263 elite show-jumping horses in four European countries
- 2013
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Ingår i: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5877 .- 1873-1716. ; 112, s. 387-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Orthopaedic, or other, injuries in sports medicine can be quantified using the ‘days-lost to training’ concept. Both the training regimen and the surface used in training and racing can affect the health of racehorses. Our aim was to associate ‘days-lost to training’ in elite-level show-jumpers to horse characteristics, training and management strategies, and the time spent working on various training and competition surfaces. We designed a longitudinal study of professional riders in four European countries. Data were recorded using training diaries. Reasons for days-lost were classified into non-acute and acute orthopaedic, medical, hoof-related, and undefined. We produced descriptive statistics of training durations, relative to type of training, surfaces used, and days-lost. We created zero-inflated negative-binomial random-effects models using the overall days-lost as outcome. In the whole dataset, duration variables related to training surfaces were analysed as independent. The Swedish data only were also used to test whether duration variables were related to competition surfaces. Thirty-one riders with 263 horses provided data on 39,028 days at risk. Of these, 2357 (6.0%) were days-lost (55% and 22% of these were due to non-acute and acute orthopaedic injuries, respectively) in 126 horses. In the all-country model, controlling for season, a significant variable was country. Switzerland and the UK had lower incidence-rate ratios (IR) compared to Sweden (IRs 0.2 and 0.03, respectively). Horses with previous orthopaedic problems had almost a doubled IR (1.8) of days-lost due to orthopaedic injury, compared to baseline. If the horse had jumping training more than 1 minute per day at risk the IRs were 6.9-7 (compared to less than this amount of time); this was, however, likely an effect of a small baseline. Variation in training was a protective factor with a dose-response relationship; the category with the highest variation had an IR of 0.1. In the Swedish model, controlling for season, there was an association of year (IR 2.8 year 2010). Further, if the horse rested >17-25% of the days at risk, or >33% of the DAR2, had IRs 3.5 and 3,0, compared to less time. Horses ≥6 years had IRs of 1.8-2.0, compared to younger horses. Limited training use of sand surface was a risk-factor (IR 2.2; >4≤12 min/day at risk), compared to not training on sand. Training/competing on sand-wood was a protective factor (IRs 0.4-0.5) compared to not using this surface.
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| 12. |
- Goding, Louise Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Preferences for bio jet fuel in Sweden: The case of business travel from a city airport
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainable energy technologies and assessments. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-1388 .- 2213-1396. ; 29, s. 60-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A viable green alternative to petroleum-based jet fuel is urgently needed in order for the aviation industry to meet its environmental targets. This study elicited Swedish business organisations' willingness to pay (WTP) a price premium for flights using bio-fuel blends using a contingent valuation approach. It also examined whether certain company characteristics had an effect on the stated WTP. It was found that the overall mean price premium amounted to 11.9 percent of the base price of flights, which is not high enough to cover the actual costs to airlines of using a 50/50 fuel blend. Only one-third of the respondents reported sufficiently high WTP to cover the associated costs of using bio jet fuel at current price levels. Furthermore, organisations that encouraged employees to choose the least expensive ticket at all times had lower WTP than organisations with no explicit travel policy. Accordingly, use of least-cost travel policies would prevent commercialisation of bio jet fuel. Moreover, voluntary actions by organisations in the form of price premiums on green flights could not create Swedish market demand for bio jet fuel. Development of other policy instruments is therefore vital to establish long-term market predictability and demand.
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| 13. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Violation of environmental regulations as a disinvestment in social capital
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper developed a simple dynamic model in order to analyse the impact of social capital on violation of environmental regulations. Two main channels of influence were identified; through informal enforcement of regulations and through effects on costs from disinvestment in social capital caused by violation. The model was tested using survey data on enforcement and violation of command and control regulations at municipalities and counties in Sweden. Four different measures on the social capital variable were used; general trust, trust in local and national governments, and organizational activity. Count data models were used for estimating the explanatory power of these variables in relation to inspection frequency and control variables of community characteristics. Statistically best results were obtained for organizational activity for all firm categories. The results showed that both the level of this social capital measure and its growth over time curb violation.
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| 14. |
- Haas, Josephine, et al.
(författare)
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Time-trends in body mass index, and overweight and obesity as independent risk factors for diabetes angiopathy in young females with type 1 diabetes : A nationwide study in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8227 .- 1872-8227. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To examine time-trends in BMI-distributions of young females with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D), with focus on the upper half of the distribution i.e., the median and above, and to explore if overweight and obesity independently increase risk of diabetes angiopathy.Methods: Population-based cohort study of 3,473 females with T1D, 16-35 years, identified in the Swedish National Diabetes Registers, January 2005 to October 2015, and 8,487 females from the background population. BMI-distributions were examined using kernel density estimates and quantile regression. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for angiopathy in overweight/obese subjects were estimated with adjusted Cox regression.Results: The BMI-distribution in females with T1D was right shifted to that of the background population (p < 0.001). The 90th percentile and median BMI increased equally overtime in both groups, but females with T1D started from a higher baseline. In T1D, HRs were significantly increased for any angiopathy in individuals with obesity (adj HR 1.37 (CI 1.14-1.64)), and for retinopathy; adj HRs (CIs): overweight; 1.15 (1.02-1.29), obesity; 1.30 (1.08-1.56).Conclusions: Females with T1D have increasing BMI overtime and are heavier than females without T1D. Overweight and obesity are by themselves risk factors for angiopathy.
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| 15. |
- Hansson, Linnea, et al.
(författare)
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Soil temperature and water content dynamics after disc trenching a sub-xeric Scots pine clearcut in central Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: Geoderma. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-7061 .- 1872-6259. ; 327, s. 85-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil scarification is widely used in boreal forestry to promote the growth and survival of seedlings. The aim of the study was to describe and analyze the impact of disc trenching on soil temperature and water content dynamics during the first six growing seasons after clearcutting. The site is a sub-xeric, coarse textured, coniferous field experiment, near Hagfors, central Sweden. Soil temperature and water content were measured hourly both 20 and 45 cm below the original surface of the mineral soil in three types of microsites created by disc trenching (furrows, ridges, and between-furrow areas) and an undisturbed control microsite outside the disc-trenched area. Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings were planted in the furrows and the control area before the measurements. The soil temperature and water content data were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models. Numbers of days exceeding critical thresholds of soil temperature and water content for seedling growth at each microsite were also calculated. Disc trenching increased soil temperature in the topsoil (<20 cm) of the furrows throughout the study period, but the effect declined over time. Similar, but weaker, effects were detected in ridges and between-furrows areas. Likewise, the largest daily and seasonal temperature amplitudes at 20 cm depth were recorded beneath the furrows, and the soil temperature sums (baseline 5 °C) over the whole study period were 20% higher in these microsites than in the control area. Soil temperatures never exceeded values considered optimal for root growth at any of the microsites. The soil water content in the furrows and control area only significantly differed during the last three years, when it was somewhat higher beneath the furrows. During the study period, the total number of days with potential water stress for the planted seedlings (volumetric soil water content <0.09 m3/m3) was 423 in the furrows compared to 554 in the control area. None of the microsites was wet enough to hamper aeration of roots in the topsoil. In conclusion, soil temperature and water regimes were more favorable for the seedlings in the furrows than in the control area for at least six growing seasons. We recommend planting soon after disc trenching to maximize benefits from the improved soil temperature conditions in the furrows. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
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| 16. |
- Högdahl, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for bulimic eating disorders in a clinical setting : Results from a randomized trial with one-year follow-up
- 2023
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Ingår i: Internet Interventions. - : Elsevier. - 2214-7829. ; 31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundThose who suffer from eating disorders often experience serious impairment in quality of life and the majority never receive treatment. Treatment availability may be increased by implementing methods that demand less resources and are more easy accessible such as internet-based treatments, but knowledge about their effects is still insufficient. The study evaluated effects of two types of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy and a structured day patient program, the latter being a standard treatment at an eating disorder clinic at the time for the study.Methods150 participants with bulimic eating disorders randomized to two types of internet based treatments (one pure online treatment and one based on a self-help guide in book-format) or an intensive 16-week day patient program. The number of participants that started treatment was 120 of which 98 in internet treatment and 22 in the day program. Outcome assessments were carried out at baseline, post treatment, and at one-year follow-up.ResultsAll treatments were associated with significantly improved eating disorder pathology, self-image, and clinical impairment. Although the day program generally showed larger effects, only one significant difference found was in diagnostic remission post treatment; 51 % of the participant was in remission in internet treatment and 88 % in the day program. At one-year follow-up, participants in the internet treatments had continued to improve, whereas in the day patient program the effect sustained. Internet treatment had a 36 % drop out rate, there were no dropouts found in the day program.ConclusionsAll treatments were comparable in effect at follow-up, suggesting that internet treatment is a conceivable alternative to standard treatment. Internet treatment in a book-based format was also equally effective as a pure online format. Internet delivered cognitive behavioral treatment forms can make important contributions to achieve increased access to treatment for patients with bulimic eating disorders. Future research and clinical implications for internet delivered treatments in eating disorder services are discussed.
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| 17. |
- Iqbal, Mudassir, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Clonostachys rosea for Control of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes in Soil and in Roots of Carrot and Wheat
- 2018
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Ingår i: Phytopathology. - 0031-949X .- 1943-7684. ; 108, s. 52-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological control is a promising approach to reduce plant diseases caused by nematodes. We tested the effect of the fungus Clonostachys rosea strain IK726 inoculation on nematode community composition in a naturally nematode infested soil in a pot experiment, and the effect of C. rosea on plant health. The numbers of plant- parasitic nematode genera extracted from soil and plant roots decreased by 40 to 73% when C. rosea was applied, while genera of nonparasitic nematodes were not affected. Soil inoculation of C. rosea increased fresh shoot weight and shoot length of wheat plants by 20 and 24%, respectively, while only shoot dry weight increased by 48% in carrots. Light microscopy of in vitro C. rosea-nematode interactions did not reveal evidence of direct parasitism. However, culture filtrates of C. rosea growing in potato dextrose broth, malt extract broth and synthetic nutrient broth exhibited toxicity toward nematodes and immobilized 57, 62, and 100% of the nematodes, respectively, within 48 h. This study demonstrates that C. rosea can control plant- parasitic nematodes and thereby improve plant growth. The most likely mechanism responsible for the antagonism is antibiosis through production of nematicidal compounds, rather than direct parasitism.
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| 18. |
- Mie, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Fertilizer Type Affects Stable Isotope Ratios of Nitrogen in Human Blood Plasma─Results from Two-Year Controlled Agricultural Field Trials and a Randomized Crossover Dietary Intervention Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0021-8561 .- 1520-5118. ; 70:11, s. 3391-3399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The stable nitrogen isotope ratio δ15N is used as a marker of dietary protein sources in blood. Crop fertilization strategies affect δ15N in plant foods. In a double-blinded randomized cross-over dietary intervention trial with 33 participants, we quantified the effect of fertilizer type (conventional: synthetic fertilizer and organic: animal or green manure) on δ15N in blood plasma. At study baseline, plasma δ15N was +9.34 ± 0.29‰ (mean ± standard deviation). After 12 days intervention with a diet based on crops fertilized with animal manure, plasma δ15N was shifted by +0.27 ± 0.04‰ (mean ± standard error) compared to synthetic fertilization and by +0.22 ± 0.04‰ compared to fertilization with green manure (both p < 0.0001). Accordingly, differences in the δ15N values between fertilizers are propagated to the blood plasma of human consumers. The results indicate a need to consider agricultural practices when using δ15N as a dietary biomarker.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Santos-Pardo, Irene, et al.
(författare)
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Glycemic Control and Coronary Stent Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 84:3, s. 260-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The impact of glycemic control in the risk of stent failure in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is currently unknown.OBJECTIVES: This study sought to study whether poor glycemic control is associated with a higher risk of stent failure in subjects with T2D.METHODS: This observational study included all patients in Sweden with T2D who underwent implantation of secondgeneration drug-eluting stents (DES) during 2010 to 2020. The exposure variable was the updated mean of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ). Individuals were strati fied by glycemic control, with HbA1c 6.1% to 7.0% (43-53 mmol/mol) as the reference group. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of stent failure (in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis). The main result was analyzed in a complete cases model. Sensitivity analyses were performed for missing data and a model with death as a competing risk.RESULTS: The study population consisted of 52,457 individuals (70,453 DES). The number of complete cases was 24,411 (29,029 DES). The median follow-up was 6.4 years. The fully adjusted HR was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.80-1.52) for HbA1c of ≤ 5.5% (≤ 37 mmol/mol), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.85-1.23) for HbA1c of 5.6% to 6.0% (38-42 mmol/mol), 1.25 (95% CI: 1.11-1.41) for HbA1c of 7.1% to 8.0% (54-64 mmol/mol), 1.30 (95% CI: 1.13-1.51) for HbA1c of 8.1% to 9.0% (65-75 mmol/mol), 1.46 (95% CI: 1.21-1.76) for HbA1c of 9.1% to 10.0% (76-86 mmol/mol), and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.06-1.66) for HbA1c of ≥ 10.1% (≥ 87 mmol/ mol). Sensitivity analyses did not change the main result.CONCLUSIONS: We found a signi ficant association between poor glycemic control and a higher risk of stent failure driven by in-stent restenosis.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Strage, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of insulin treatment on circulating insulin-like growth factor I and IGF-binding proteins in cats with diabetes mellitus.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0891-6640 .- 1939-1676. ; 32:5, s. 1579-1590
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is used to screen for acromegaly in diabetic cats. In humans, most circulating IGF-I forms ternary complexes (TC) with IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit. Compared to humans, the amount of TC in cats is more variable. Insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations are reported to increase during insulin treatment, more rapidly in cats achieving remission.OBJECTIVES: To investigate (i) factors associated with circulating IGF-I concentrations, including IGFBP-profiles (ii) effect of insulin treatment on IGF-I concentrations and (iii) IGF-I as prognostic marker of diabetes mellitus remission.ANIMALS: Thirty-one privately owned diabetic cats of which 24 were followed 1 year, and 13 healthy cats.METHODS: Prospective study. Serum insulin, IGF-I, glucose, and fructosamine concentrations were measured. IGF-binding forms were determined by chromatography in 14 diabetic and 13 healthy cats; and IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-5 by mass spectrometry in 3 cats achieving remission.RESULTS: Insulin-like growth factor-I median (interquartile range) before start of insulin treatment was 300 (160-556) ng/mL. Insulin-like growth factor-I was positively associated with TC (P < .0001) and endogenous insulin (P = .005) and negatively associated with fructosamine (P < .0001). Median IGF-I was higher 2-4 weeks after start of insulin treatment compared with baseline (300 versus 670 ng/mL, P = .0001) and predicted future remission (P = .046). In cats that went into remission, the amount of TC and IGFBP-3 increased, suggesting increase in IGF-I is dependent on TC formation.CONCLUSIONS: Insulin treatment should be accounted for when interpreting IGF-I in diabetic cats. Insulin-like growth factor-I 2-4 weeks after initiation of insulin treatment shows promise as prognostic marker for remission in diabetic cats.
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| 23. |
- Ström Holst, Bodil, et al.
(författare)
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The association between the serum concentration of canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) and the size of the canine prostate
- 2017
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Ingår i: Theriogenology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0093-691X .- 1879-3231. ; 93, s. 33-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disorder in the intact male dog that is associated with an increase in the prostatic size. Ultrasonography gives a reliable estimate of the prostatic size, but a method for screening the prostate size using a serum sample has advantages, such as requiring less expensive equipment The primary aim of the study was to study the association between the concentration of the circulating biomarker canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) and prostatic size. Seventy-nine dogs that were four years old or older were included in the study. Ultrasonography was used for calculating the volume of the prostate. The calculated volume was divided by an estimate of the normal prostatic volume in dogs aged one to four years, to determine the relative prostatic size: the size of the prostate in relation to the normal size in dogs 1-4 years old (S-rel). CPSE was analyzed from serum samples. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for studying associations between variables. Prediction intervals for the relative prostatic size based on CPSE concentrations were calculated, as were receiver operating curves for CPSE concentrations predicting S-rel. The concentration of CPSE was associated with the relative size and contour of the prostate (P < 0.001). All dogs with clinical signs of BPH had an S-rel >= 2.5. A CPSE concentration of 200 ng/mL predicted S-rel to 2.5 (95% P.I: 1.2-4.8). Based on ROC analysis, the optimal discrimination threshold for CPSE concentration for S-rel > 2.5 was estimated as 90 ng/mL (95% confidence interval: 50-140), with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 72%. Screening for CPSE is of potential value in the aging intact male dogs. Although many dogs with an S-rel > 2.5 show no clinical signs, the insidious nature of BPH supports further investigations of the prostate in these dogs, corresponding to a CPSE concentration of approximately 90 ng/mL or higher. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 24. |
- Tyden, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Differential expression of beta-tubulin isotypes in different life stages of Parascaris spp after exposure to thiabendazole
- 2016
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Ingår i: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-6851 .- 1872-9428. ; 205, s. 22-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anthelmintic resistance (AR) to macrocyclic lactones (ML) has been described in Parascaris of horses world-wide. In contrast, benzimidazoles (BZ) are still effective, although reduced efficacy to this drug class was recently reported. The mode of action of BZ is binding to beta-tubulin, which prevents polymerisation of microtubules. In this study, beta-tubulin gene expression of isotypes 1 and 2 was investigated at seven time points (0, 6, 24, 72, 96 and 120h) during embryogenesis and in adult worms. In addition, an in ovo larval developmental test was developed to study beta-tubulin gene expression of both isotypes in parasacaris eggs after exposure to different concentrations of thiabendazole (TBZ) for five days at 25 degrees C. A strong pattern of differential expression of beta-tubulin and isotype 1 was observed in all stages, while isotype 2 expression was mainly found at an early phase of the embryogenesis. For isotype 1, a 5-fold increase was observed during the first 48 h, but gene expression gradually decreased after 72, 96 and 120 h. Isotype 2 was only expressed during the first 24 h, followed by a 130-fold decrease at (time points) 72, 96 and 120 h. The in ovo larval developmental test, in which we exposed initially unembryonated eggs to increased concentrations of TBZ, did affect isotype I gene expression but not isotype 2. This assumes that each isotype has specific functions in different life stages. This is in agreement with the 'multi-tubulin' hypothesis, which states that different tubulin isotypes are required for specialised microtubule functions. Isotype I is the most likely drug target for BZs, as isotype 2 was only expressed at very low levels later in development. Increasing concentrations of TBZ altered beta-tubulin isotype 1 gene expression after exposure of the eggs for five days, but this was not seen for isotype 2. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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