| 1. |
- Perland, Emelie, 1988-
(författare)
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Atypical Solute Carriers : Identification, evolutionary conservation, structure and histology of novel membrane-bound transporters
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Solute carriers (SLCs) constitute the largest family of membrane-bound transporter proteins in humans, and they convey transport of nutrients, ions, drugs and waste over cellular membranes via facilitative diffusion, co-transport or exchange. Several SLCs are associated with diseases and their location in membranes and specific substrate transport makes them excellent as drug targets. However, as 30 % of the 430 identified SLCs are still orphans, there are yet numerous opportunities to explain diseases and discover potential drug targets. Among the novel proteins are 29 atypical SLCs of major facilitator superfamily (MFS) type. These share evolutionary history with the remaining SLCs, but are orphans regarding expression, structure and/or function. They are not classified into any of the existing 52 SLC families. The overall aim in this thesis was to study the atypical SLCs with a focus on their phylogenetic clustering, evolutionary conservation, structure, protein expression in mouse brains and if and how their gene expressions were affected upon changed food intake. In Papers I-III, the focus was on specific proteins, MFSD5 and MFSD11 (Paper I), MFSD1 and MFSD3 (Paper II), and MFSD4A and MFSD9 (Paper III). They all shared neuronal expression, and their transcription levels were altered in several brain areas after subjecting mice to food deprivation or a high-fat diet. In Paper IV, the 29 atypical SLCs of MFS type were examined. They were divided into 15 families, based on phylogenetic analyses and sequence identities, to facilitate functional studies. Their sequence relationships with other SLCs were also established. Some of the proteins were found to be well conserved with orthologues down to nematodes and insects, whereas others emerged at first in vertebrates. The atypical SLCs of MFS type were predicted to have the common MFS structure, composed of 12 transmembrane segments. With single-cell RNA sequencing and in situ proximity ligation assay, co-expression of atypical SLCs was analysed to get a comprehensive understanding of how membrane-bound transporters interact. In conclusion, the atypical SLCs of MFS type are suggested to be novel SLC transporters, involved in maintaining nutrient homeostasis through substrate transport.
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| 2. |
- Klar, Robert
(författare)
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Digital twinning for ports : from characterization to operations’ modelling
- 2024
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ports are actively pursuing greater operational efficiency to effectively handle the increasing global flow of goods, while striving to improve the energy efficiency of their operations to comply with new environmental regulations. As a result, innovation-leading ports have begun to recognize the potential of digital twins to overview, coordinate and optimize port processes, resulting in energy savings, and reductions of costs and of CO2 emissions. While digital twins have gained momentum in other domains such as smart manufacturing and aerospace, their adoption in ports has been comparatively slow. This can be explained, among other things, by the multi-stakeholder nature of the port and the high complexity of the often interconnected port processes. Thus, this thesis, grounded in the context of ports, discusses what constitutes a digital twin, proposes characteristics to assess the maturity of existing digital twins, and introduces and evaluates mathematical models to support a key port process, which can be used as components of a digital twin for the port.
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| 3. |
- Nilsson, Anna, 1984-
(författare)
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Mechanisms Behind Illness-Induced Anorexia
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Loss of appetite is together with fever and malaise hallmarks of infection. Loosing appetite during an acute infection such as influenza does not result in any longlasting effects, but loosing appetite during chronic diseases such as cancer or AIDS constitutes a risk factor for mortality. Food intake regulation during inflammation is orchestrated by the brain in response to peripheral inflammatory signals. It is known that expression of the prostaglandin synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is crucial for the mechanisms underlying inflammation-induced anorexia, and that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is involved in anorexia induced by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). In this thesis I examined the prostaglandin-pathways proposed to be involved in anorexia. We show that acute anorexia is dependent on COX-2 expression, while cancer-induced anorexia is mediated by cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), at least in the initial stages, suggesting that the signaling pathways for chronic- and acute anorexia are distinct. We were able to demonstrate that the pathway underlying acute anorexia is distinct from that of fever, and that taste aversion is prostaglandin independent. We could also show that both acute and chronic anorexia-cachexia is dependent on expression of myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD88) in hematopoietic/myeloid cells.In summary, the findings presented in this thesis suggest that anorexia is a result of many different signaling pathways, as opposed to what is the case for several other inflammatory symptoms such as fever and malaise, where the pathways have been shown to be very exclusive. This provides new insight into the diversity of the pathways underlying inflammatory symptoms, which is fundamental for the ability to present potential, symptom-specific drug targets.
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| 4. |
- Sreedharan, Smitha, 1981-
(författare)
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Functional Characterization of Centrally Expressed Solute Carriers and G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Transmembrane proteins are gatekeepers of the cells; controlling the transport of substrates as well as communicating signals among cells and between the organelles and cytosol. Solute carriers (SLC) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are the largest family of membrane transporters and membrane receptors respectively. The overall aim of this thesis was to provide a basic understanding of some of the novel SLCs and GPCRs with emphasis on expression, transport property, evolution and probable function. The first part of the thesis directs towards the study of some novel solute carriers. In an initial study, we provided an overall picture of the sequence relationship and tissue expression of 14 diverse atypical SLCs confirming some of their evolutionary conservation and highly specific expression pattern. The focus then was on the SLC17 family (mainly vesicular proteins) and a novel member named Slc17a9. This study revealed that SLC17 family could be divided into four main phylogenetic clades which were all present before the divergence of the insect lineage with Slc17a9 having the most restricted evolutionary history. Detailed expression study of Slc17a9 in the mouse brain suggests that it is also expressed in some regions important for purinergic neurotransmission. Further, we deorphanised an aminoacid transporter Slc38a7 which was expressed in a majority of neurons in the CNS and showed that it preferably mediate transport of L–glutamine and L–histidine. The second part of the thesis focuses on the study of two GPCRs belonging to the Rhodopsin superfamily, Gpr162 and Gpr153. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that both Gpr153 and Gpr162 originated from a common ancestor before the radiation of the mammalian lineage. Expression study revealed that Gpr162 had a predominant expression in the CNS and relatively lower expression in the other tissue tested whereas Gpr153 had a more widespread and similar expression pattern in both CNS and peripheral tissues. The functional studies of the two GPCRs were done using the antisense oligodeoxynucleotide knockdown rat model. These studies provided evidence linking the orphan Gpr162 gene with the regulation of food intake– related behaviour whereas Gpr153 gene caused only a slight reduction in food intake.
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| 5. |
- Syk, Mikaela, 1990-
(författare)
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Immunometabolic patterns in psychiatric disease
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many forms of immune system dysregulation are linked to psychiatric disorders. This thesis examines specific types of immune dysregulation in broad cohorts with psychiatric disease. The first section focuses on adipokines and other immunometabolic biomarkers and their interaction with state vs. trait symptoms. Direct-acting autoantibodies are an increasingly recognized mechanism for causing psychosis and obsessive-compulsive disorder, but it is unclear how prevalent this patient group is. To identify which patients to investigate more extensively, superior methods are needed. Therefore, the second section addresses the value of clinical red flags in predicting elevated central nervous system (CNS) damage biomarkers and other CNS pathology.In paper I-III, a psychiatric cohort of young adults was examined for plasma immunometabolic biomarkers, depressive symptom severity, bulimia nervosa and neurotic traits. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on diagnostic interviews while depressive symptom severity was assessed with the self-rating version of the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Personality traits were evaluated using the Swedish universities Scales of Personality. Young adults with higher leptin levels self-reported more severe depressive symptoms (paper I) and leptin levels were independently linked to neuroticism (paper III). Neuroticism was also linked to other immunometabolic alterations. Women with bulimia nervosa had elevated plasma adiponectin levels that remained stable over time (paper II), suggesting long-term metabolic changes.In paper IV, a psychiatric patient cohort enriched for clinical signs of suspected autoimmune psychiatric disease was investigated for psychiatric symptoms, neurological findings and signs of CNS pathology in radiological, neurophysiological, blood and CSF analyses. In this cohort, 27% had CSF signs of CNS tissue damage and 21% had CSF signs of neuroinflammation or blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Six percent had known anti-neuronal autoantibodies in serum and 2% in CSF. CNS damage biomarkers in CSF were also linked to red flags and specific psychiatric features.In summary, the thesis confirms different patterns of immunometabolic biomarkers and associations with trait and state symptoms in a psychiatric patient cohort that may have important implications for the future health of young adults with psychiatric morbidity. The final study supports clinical red flags in previous guidelines, indicating that a more comprehensive inclusion of patients with diverse psychiatric symptoms (not restricted to purely psychosis) is necessary to find all psychiatric patients requiring further investigation for immune system involvement.
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| 6. |
- Cedernaes, Jonathan
(författare)
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Intestinal Gene Expression Profiling and Fatty Acid Responses to a High-fat Diet
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) regulates nutrient uptake, secretes hormones and has a crucial gut flora and enteric nervous system. Of relevance for these functions are the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the solute carriers (SLCs). The Adhesion GPCR subfamily is known to mediate neural development and immune system functioning, whereas SLCs transport e.g. amino acids, fatty acids (FAs) and drugs over membranes. We aimed to comprehensively characterize Adhesion GPCR and SLC gene expression along the rat GIT. Using qPCR we measured expression of 78 SLCs as well as all 30 Adhesion GPCRs in a twelve-segment GIT model. 21 of the Adhesion GPCRs had a widespread (≥5 segments) or ubiquitous (≥11 segments) expression. Restricted expression patterns were characteristic for most group VII members. Of the SLCs, we found the majority (56 %) of these transcripts to be expressed in all GIT segments. SLCs were predominantly found in the absorption-responsible gut regions. Both Adhesion GPCRs and SLCs were widely expressed in the rat GIT, suggesting important roles. The distribution of Adhesion GPCRs defines them as a potential pharmacological target.FAs constitute an important energy source and have been implicated in the worldwide obesity increase. FAs and their ratios – indices for activities of e.g. the desaturase enzymes SCD-1 (SCD-16, 16:1n-7/16:0), D6D (18:3n-6/18:2n-6) and D5D (20:4n-6/20:3n-6) – have been associated with e.g. overall mortality and BMI. We examined whether differences in FAs and their indices in five lipid fractions contributed to obesity susceptibility in rats fed a high fat diet (HFD), and the associations of desaturase indices between lipid fractions in animals on different diets. We found that on a HFD, obesity-prone (OP) rats had a higher SCD-16 index and a lower linoleic acid (LA) proportions in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) than obesity-resistant rats. Desaturase indices were significantly correlated between many of the lipid fractions. The higher SCD-16 may indicate higher SCD-1 activity in SAT in OP rats, and combined with lower LA proportions may provide novel insights into HFD-induced obesity. The associations between desaturase indices show that plasma measurements can serve as proxies for some lipid fractions, but the correlations seem to be affected by diet and weight gain.
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| 7. |
- Chatzikyriakidou, Yurie, 1991-
(författare)
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Determining Ligand- and Lipid- Interactions of SLC Transporters
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Solute carrier transporters (SLCs) mediate the inter- and intra- cellular trafficking of a plethora of substrates and are essential to cell homeostasis. Despite their importance to human physiology and their potential as therapeutic targets, many SLCs are considered orphans as the physiological substrate has not been experimentally determined. Furthermore, SLCs remain understudied and underutilized, partly due to the inherent difficulties in working with SLC transporters. In this thesis, I present the development of the GFP-based thermostability assay (GFP-TS), which enables the detection of ligand-SLC interactions using un-purified material, but with the same high-throughput screening capability as dye-based thermal-shift assays. We highlight how GFP-TS is an excellent complement to native mass spectrometry approaches for analyzing lipid-protein interactions, by demonstrating how specific lipids modulate oligomerization in Na+/H+ exchangers. GFP-TS was combined with other biochemical approaches to show that not all SLC35 members transport nucleotide-sugars, as currently believed. Specifically, we unequivocally demonstrate that SLC35B1 is a strict ADP/ATP exchanger, which is critical for cell homeostasis, as it supplies the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with ATP. Finally, I outline the progress towards elucidating the function of the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A), an enigmatic brain SLC transporter that is the receptor for clinically-used anti-epileptic drugs. In summary, my research contributes to the growing body of knowledge of SLC function, and outlines how a simple thermal stability can be utilised for determining ligand- and lipid-interactions of SLC transporters.
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| 8. |
- Haitina, Tatjana, 1981-
(författare)
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Function, Pharmacology, Evolution and Anatomical Localization of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Solute Carriers
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and solute carriers (SLC) are two large families of membrane-bound proteins. The aim of this study was to characterize these two families in terms of evolution and function. The melanocortin (MC) receptors belong to the Rhodopsin family of GPCRs and we cloned the MC4 and MC5 receptors from the rainbow trout, MC3 and MC5 from the spiny dogfish and MCa and MCb from the river lamprey. Pharmacological characterization of the cloned MC receptors demonstrated higher affinity for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) compared to melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) peptides (alpha-, beta- and gamma-MSH). We performed expression analysis with reverse transcription PCR, which showed that the MC4 and MC5 receptors in the rainbow trout are expressed centrally as well as in peripheral tissues. The dogfish MC3 and MC5 receptors were expressed in the brain, while the lamprey MCa and MCb receptors were expressed in the periphery. An extensive tissue localization analysis was performed for the entire family of Adhesion GPCRs in the rat and mouse. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) we discovered that the majority of GPCRs were expressed either specifically in the CNS or ubiquitously in the CNS and peripheral tissues. We identified all non-olfactory GPCRs in the dog and classified them into Adhesion, Frizzled, Glutamate, Rhodopsin and Secretin families. The dog GPCR repertoire seemed to be more similar to the human repertoire than to the repertoires in rodents. Solute carrier family 25 includes mitochondrial membrane transporters. Using bioinformatics techniques we identified 14 novel members of the SLC25 family, which now has 46 members. We identified orthologs of the novel SLC25 family members in yeast and performed expression analysis of 9 of them with qRT-PCR on a panel containing 30 central and peripheral tissues from the rat. To conclude, this study has expanded our knowledge of the repertoire of genes coding for membrane-bound proteins and provided information about their functional roles.
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| 9. |
- Hellsten, Sofie Victoria, 1985-
(författare)
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Characterization of Amino Acid Transporters : Transporters expressed in the central nervous system belonging to the Solute Carrier family SLC38
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In cells and organelles transporters are responsible for translocation of amino acids, sugars and nucleotides among others. In the central nervous system (CNS), amino acid transporters can function as neurotransmitter transporters and nutrient sensors. The Solute carrier (SLC) superfamily is the largest family of transporters with 395 members divided in 52 families. The system A and system N amino acid transporter family, SLC38, consists of 11 members, SNAT1-11 (SLC38A1-11). The members are expressed in the brain, exclusively in neurons or astrocytes and some in both. Amino acid signaling is mainly regulated via two pathways, the amino acid responsive (AAR) pathway and the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. These pathways regulate the protein synthesis in opposite directions depending on the amino acid availability. SLC38 members along with other SLCs have been identified to participate in these pathways.In paper I, the regulation of SLC genes after complete amino acid starvation in mouse hypothalamic cells have been studied with microarray and we found that 47 SLC genes were significantly altered at five hours of starvation. Interestingly, we found that Slc38a1 and Slc38a7 were upregulated along with the known starvation responding gene, Slc38a2. A complementary starvation study for the SLC38 genes was performed using primary mouse embryonic cortex cells. We found that Slc38a1, Slc38a2, Slc38a5, Slc38a6 and Slc38a8 were upregulated while Slc38a3, Slc38a7 and Slc38a11 were downregulated.Three members from the SLC38 family, SNAT8 (paper IV), SNAT9 (paper III) and SNAT10 (paper II) have been histologically characterized in mouse brain and all these transporters are exclusively neuronal. SNAT8 and SNAT10 were also functionally characterized and shown to be transporters for alanine and glutamine among others. SNAT8 was shown to mediate sodium dependent transport and was classified to system A. SNAT10 was shown to be a sodium independent bidirectional transporter and displayed characteristics for system A and N. SNAT9 is a lysosomal component of the Ragulator-Rag complex which senses amino acid availability and activates mTORC1. In paper III we also found that Slc38a9 gene expression was upregulated following starvation and downregulated following high-fat diet in mouse brain.
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| 10. |
- Höglund, Pär J., 1980-
(författare)
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Identification, Characterization and Evolution of Membrane-bound Proteins
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Membrane proteins constitute approximately 30% of all genes in the human genome and two large families of membrane proteins are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and Solute Carriers (SLCs) with about 800 and 380 human genes, respectively.In Papers I, II and IV, we report 16 novel human Adhesion GPCRs found by searches in NCBI and Celera databases. In Paper I, we report eight novel human GPCRs, and six in Paper II. We identified two new human Adhesion GPCRs and 17 mouse orthologs in Paper IV. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the 16 novel human genes are additional members of the Adhesion GPCR family and can be divided into eight phylogenetic groups. EST expression charts for the entire repertoire of Adhesions in human and mouse were established, showing widespread distribution in both central and peripheral tissues. Different domains were found in their N-terminus, some, such as pentraxin in GPR112, indicates that they take part in immunological processes.In Paper III, we discovered seven new human Rhodopsin GPCRs.In Paper V, we present the identification of two new human genes, termed SLC6A17 and SLC6A18 from the Solute Carriers family 6 (SLC6). We also identified the corresponding orthologs and additional genes from the mouse and rat genomes. We analysed, in total, 430 unique SLC6 proteins from 10 animal, one plant, two fungi and 196 bacterial genomes.In Paper VI, we provide the first systematic analysis of the evolutionary history of the different SLC families in Eukaryotes. In all, we analysed 2403 sequences in eight species and we delineate the evolutionary history of each of the 46 SLC families.
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| 11. |
- Lindberg, Frida A.
(författare)
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The Biological Importance of the Amino Acid Transporter SLC38A10 : Characterization of a Knockout Mouse
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The biggest group of transporters, the solute carriers (SLCs), has more than 400 members, and about 30% of these are still orphan. In order to decipher their biological function and possible role in disease, there is a need for characterization of these. Around 25% of SLCs are estimated to have amino acids as substrates, including transporters belonging to the SLC38 family. The SLC38 members are sometimes referred to their alternative name: sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (SNATs). One of these transporters, SNAT10 (or SLC38A10), has been characterized as a bidirectional transporter of glutamate, glutamine, alanine and aspartate, as well as having an efflux of serine, and is ubiquitously expressed in the body. However, its biological importance is not yet understood. The aim with this thesis was to characterize a mouse model deficient in SNAT10 protein in order to find the biological importance of this transporter. In paper I, this is done by using a series of behavioral tests, including the open field test, elevated plus maze, rotarod and Y-maze, among others. The SNAT10 knockout mouse was found to have an increased risk-taking behavior, but no motor or spatial working memory impairments. Furthermore, the knockout mouse was found to have a decreased body weight. In paper II, an additional behavioral characterization was performed by using the multivariate concentric square field™ (MCSF) test. The MCSF test is an arena with different zones associated to different behavioral traits, which generates a behavioral profile depending on where the mouse spends its time. The result from this test implies that the SNAT10 deficient mouse has a lower explorative behavior than its wild type littermates. In paper III, gene expression was studied in whole brain and some genes related to cell cycle regulation and p53 expression were found to be differentially expressed in the knockout brain. Additional gene expression was studied in kidney, liver, lung and muscle, but no changes were found. Plasma levels of histidine and threonine were altered in males, but no altered amino acid levels were found in knockout females, suggesting a possible sex-specific effect. These studies together imply that SNAT10 might be involved in processes related to risk-taking and explorative behavior in the open field and MCSF tests. SNAT10 deficiency also affected amino acid levels in plasma, indicating a disrupted amino acid homeostasis.
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| 12. |
- Nordström, Karl J. V., 1980-
(författare)
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Characterization and Evolution of Transmembrane Proteins with Focus on G-protein coupled receptors in Pre-vertebrate Species
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest protein families in mammals. GPCRs are instrumental for hormonal and neurotransmitter signalling and are important in all major physiological systems of the body. Paper I describes the repertoire of GPCRs in Branchiostoma floridae, which is one of the species most closely related species to vertebrates. Mining and phylogenetic analysis of the amphioxus genome showed the presence of at least 664 distinct GPCRs distributed among all the main families of GPCRs; Glutamate (18), Rhodopsin (570), Adhesion (37), Frizzled (6) and Secretin (16). Paper II contains studies of the Adhesion, Methuselah and Secretin GPCR families in nine genomes. The Adhesion GPCRs are the most complex gene family among GPCRs with large genomic size, multiple introns and a fascinating flora of functional domains. Phylogenetic analysis showed Adhesion group V (that contains GPR133 and GPR144) to be the closest relative to the Secretin family among the groups in the Adhesion family, which was also supported by splice site setup and conserved motifs. Paper III examines the repertoire of human transmembrane proteins. These form key nodes in mediating the cell’s interaction with the surroundings, which is one of the main reasons why the majority of drug targets are membrane proteins. We identified 6,718 human membrane proteins and classified the majority of them into 234 families of which 151 belong to the three major functional groups; Receptors (63 groups, 1,352 members), Transporters (89 groups, 817 members) or Enzymes (7 groups, 533 members). In addition, 74 Miscellaneous groups were shown to include 697 members. Paper IV clarifies the hierarchy of the main families and evolutionary origin of majority of the metazoan GPCR families. Overall, it suggests common decent of at least 97% of the GPCRs sequences found in humans, including all the main families.
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| 13. |
- Philippot, Gaëtan
(författare)
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Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Exposure to Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) and Related Drugs : Experimental studies in mice
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the analgesic pharmaceutical most commonly used during pregnancy and early life. While therapeutic doses of paracetamol are considered harmless during these periods, recent findings in both humans and rodents suggest a link between developmental exposure to paracetamol and behavioral consequences later in life. Paracetamol has a known interaction with the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and the cyclooxygenase (COX) system; both interactions have the potential to induce developmental neurotoxicity (DNT).Central to this thesis is the use of the neonatal mouse, in which the potential DNT of paracetamol was examined after a single day’s exposure during a critical period of brain development called the brain growth spurt (BGS). This thesis investigates whether behavioral consequences can be induced by paracetamol exposure at different timepoints during the BGS and if male and female mice are equally affected. Further, it compares these effects with those of two other pharmaceuticals with analgesic properties: ibuprofen and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). These pharmaceuticals were included because both these drugs have pharmacodynamic similarities with paracetamol; THC, like paracetamol, interacts with the CB1R and ibuprofen, like paracetamol, interacts with the COX system.Paracetamol exposure on postnatal day (PND) 3 and 10 affected adult spontaneous behavior and habituation capability in both male and female mice. These periods are comparable, in terms of brain development, to the beginning of the third trimester and the time around birth, respectively, in humans. Exposure on PND 19, comparable to the development stage of a two-year-old human child, did not induce any adult behavioral changes. PND 10 exposure to THC, but not ibuprofen, affected adult spontaneous behavior and habituation. In addition, simultaneous exposure to a CB1R agonist enhanced the DNT of paracetamol. Interestingly, early-life exposure to both paracetamol and THC decreased transcript levels of genes encoding a receptor involved in neurogenesis and increased markers of oxidative stress. This may indicate that the two substances share common features in their respective mechanisms of DNT.This thesis provides new evidence from a human-relevant experimental design indicating that single-day exposure to paracetamol during the peak of the BGS is sufficient to affect adult spontaneous behavior, memory, learning, and cognitive function in mice. Although the high paracetamol use during pregnancy and early life is based on its advantages over other painkillers, the need for a balanced risk assessment based on the best professional judgement must be prioritized.
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| 14. |
- Roshanbin, Sahar, 1984-
(författare)
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Characterization of Centrally Expressed Solute Carriers : Histological and Functional Studies with Transgenic Mice
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Solute Carrier (SLC) superfamily is the largest group of membrane-bound transporters, currently with 456 transporters in 52 families. Much remains unknown about the tissue distribution and function of many of these transporters. The aim of this thesis was to characterize select SLCs with emphasis on tissue distribution, cellular localization, and function. In paper I, we studied the leucine transporter B0AT2 (Slc6a15). Localization of B0AT2 and Slc6a15 in mouse brain was determined using in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), localizing it to neurons, epithelial cells, and astrocytes. Furthermore, we observed a lower reduction of food intake in Slc6a15 knockout mice (KO) upon intraperitoneal injections with leucine, suggesting B0AT2 is involved in mediating the anorexigenic effects of leucine. In paper II, we studied the postnatal, forebrain-specific deletion of Slcz1, belonging to the SLC18 family, in conditional KO mice (cKO). We observed a decreased response to diazepam and a higher neuronal activity in cortex and hippocampus of cKO mice, as well as an impairment in short-term recognition memory. Intracellular expression was found in neurons but not astrocytes with IHC, indicating SLCZ1 is implicated in neuronal regulation of locomotion and memory. In paper III, we performed the first detailed histological analysis of PAT4, a transporter belonging to the SLC36 family, involved in the activation of mTOR complex 1 on lysosomes. We found abundant Slc36a4 mRNA and PAT4 expression in mouse brain, using ISH and IHC. We used IHC to localize PAT4 to both inhibitory and excitatory neurons and epithelial cells. We also found both intracellular- and plasmalemmal expression and partial colocalization of PAT4 with lysosomal markers. Lastly, in paper IV, we provided the first tissue mapping of orphan transporter MCT14 (SLC16A14). Using qPCR, we detected moderate to high Slc16a14 mRNA in the central nervous system and kidney. We found widespread Slc16a14 and MCT14 in mouse brain using ISH and IHC. We also found MCT14 to have intracellular and plasmalemmal expression in mainly excitatory but also inhibitory neurons, as well as epithelial cells. We found MCT14 to be most closely related to MCT8, MCT2 and MCT9, suggesting a similar role for this transporter.
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| 15. |
- Sällman Almén, Markus, 1983-
(författare)
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The Membrane Proteome : Evolution, Characteristics and Classification
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Membrane proteins are found in all kingdoms of life and are essential for cellular interactions with the environment. Although a large research effort have been put into this group many membrane proteins remains uncharacterized, both in terms of function and evolutionary history. We have estimated the component of α-helical membrane proteins within the human proteome; the membrane proteome. We found that the human membrane proteome make up 27% of all protein, which we could classify the majority of into 234 families and further into three major functional groups: receptors, transporters or enzymes. We extended this analysis by determining the membrane proteome of 24 organisms that covers all major groups of eukaryotes. This comprehensive membrane protein catalog of over 100,000 proteins was utilized to determine the evolutionary history of all membrane protein families throughout eukaryotes. We also investigated the evolutionary history across eukaryotes of the antiviral Interferon induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM) and the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily in detail. We identified ten novel human homologs to the IFITM proteins, which together with the known IFITMs forms a family that we call the Dispanins. Using phylogenetic analysis we show that the Dispanins first emerged in eukaryotes in a common ancestor of choanoflagellates and animals, and that the family later expanded in vertebrates into four subfamilies. The GPCR superfamily was mined across eukaryotic species and we present evidence for a common origin for four of the five main human GPCR families; Rhodopsin, Frizzled, Adhesion and Secretin in the cAMP receptor family that was found in non-metazoans and invertebrates, but has been lost in vertebrates. Here we present the first accurate estimation of the human proteome together with comprehensive functional and evolutionary classification and extend it to organisms that represents all major eukaryotic groups. Moreover, we identify a novel protein family, the Dispanins, which has an evolutionary history that has been formed by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria followed by expansions in the animal lineage. We also study the evolution of the GPCR superfamily throughout eukaryotic evolution and provide a comprehensive model of the evolution and relationship of these receptors.
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| 16. |
- Titova, Olga E.
(författare)
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Metabolic Health and Cognitive Function : The Roles of Lifestyle and Shift Work
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The risk of cognitive impairment and metabolic disturbances increases during aging. Healthy lifestyle habits, such as a regular intake of fatty fish and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDi), have been shown to slow age-related cognitive decline and decrease the risk of metabolic disturbances. Conversely, poor lifestyle habits including habitual short sleep duration as well as irregular work schedules (e.g. night shift work) have been correlated with lower cognitive performance and increased risk of having metabolic syndrome (MetS). However evidence is not conclusive regarding the above mentioned associations. The aim of this thesis was to investigate associations of diet, sleep, and shift work with metabolic health or cognitive performance in two Swedish cohorts.In Paper I and II we examined whether the dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and adherence to MeDi were related to measures of brain health in elderly subjects. To this aim, we used scores from the 7-minute cognitive screening test (7MS) and brain volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging. In Paper I, self-reported dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at age 70 was positively associated with cognitive performance and global gray matter volume at age 75. In Paper II, the fully-adjusted main analysis revealed that the MeDi score was not linked to measures of brain health. However, low intake of the MeDi component meat and meat products was associated with better performance on the 7MS and larger total brain volume.Paper III and IV included subjects aged 45-75 years. In Paper III we demonstrated that current and recent former shift workers (including shifts outside traditional working hours during the past 5 years at the time of the survey) performed worse on the trail making test (TMT) than non-shift workers. The TMT is a test evaluating executive cognitive function, and the performance on this test decreases with age. In Paper IV, sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and sleep-disordered breathing were all linked to an increased prevalence of MetS. Some of the observed associations were age-specific. For example, whereas both short and long sleep durations were linked to a higher prevalence of MetS in younger individuals (<65 years), only long sleep duration did so in the older participants. Collectively, the findings of this thesis suggest that maintaining healthy dietary habits, having high-quality sleep, and following a regular work schedule may be recommended strategies to mitigate age-related morbidities.
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| 17. |
- Tripathi, Rekha, PhD student, 1985-
(författare)
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Unlocking the Role Of Orphan Solute Carrier SLC38A10 In Brain Metabolism : The SLC38A10 transporter in nutrient and metabolic regulation
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Membrane transporters are the primary gatekeepers of cells and regulate the transport of nutrients, metabolites, ions, water, and neurotransmitters into and across the human cells. The solute carrier transporters (SLCs) are the most prominent transporters, comprising 430 members divided into 65 subfamilies. SLCs are located on the plasma membrane and organelles such as mitochondria, vesicles, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and lysosomes. This thesis aimed to study SLCs of the SLC38 family under nutrient stress, focused particularly on the orphan SLC38A10 transporter.In Paper I, regulation of members of SLC38 family transporter, after amino acid starvation in mouse hypothalamic cells and primary cortex cells, was studied using microarrays and qPCR. We found several members of the SLC38 family that were strongly affected under amino acid starvation and showing a potential role in amino acid signaling in the brain. In Paper II, we performed a cellular and tissue localization and functional study of SLC38A10 transporter and revealed that SLC38A10 was expressed in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the mouse brain and has a unique subcellular localization in the ER and Golgi membrane. Furthermore, knockdown of the SLC38A10 gene resulted in reduced nascent protein synthesis in PC12 cells. Further, to unlock the biological function of the SLC38A10 transporter, in Paper III and Paper IV, we used SLC38A10 knockout mouse model.In Paper III, the goal was to uncover the role of SLC38A10 in acute glutamate and oxidative stress. Here, we found that a loss of SLC38A10 KO resulted in changes in the p53 levels and affected the mitochondrial function. Thus, this study established a possible role of SLC38A10 in cell survival, linked with p53, in mouse primary cortex cells. In Paper IV, we examined the role of SLC38A10 in amino acid metabolism and nutrient sensing in the mTOR signaling pathway. We performed complete amino acid starvation and refeed experiment on SLC38A10 knockout primary cortex cells. We concluded that SLC38A10 acts as a transceptor and regulates mTOR-dependent protein and lipid synthesis in brain cells, corroborating the findings from Paper II. To summarize, the present work has uncovered the function of SLC38A10 in the brain. It also provides knowledge of SLC38A10’s role in amino acid metabolism and signaling pathway(s). The findings of this thesis will enhance an understanding of SLC38A10 transporter and provide insight into future disease targeted drug studies focused on metabolic disorder and neurodegenerative disease.
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| 18. |
- Bjarnadóttir, Þóra Kristín, 1978-
(författare)
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The Gene Repertoire of G protein-coupled Receptors : New Genes, Phylogeny, and Evolution
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is one of the largest protein families of mammalian genomes and can be divided into five main families; Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled, and Secretin. GPCRs participate in most major physiological functions, contributing to the fact that they are important targets in drug discovery. In paper I we mined the human and mouse genomes for new Adhesion GPCR genes. We found two new human genes (GPR133 and GPR144) and 17 mouse Adhesion genes, bringing the number up to 33 human and 31 mouse genes. In paper II we describe 53 new splice variants for human Adhesion receptors supported by expressed sequence tags (EST) data. 29 of these variants seem to code for functional proteins, several of which lack one or more functional domains in the N-termini. Lack of certain domains is likely to affect ligand binding or interaction with other proteins. Paper III describes the Glutamate GPCR in human, mouse, Fugu, and zebrafish. We gathered a total of 22 human, 79 mouse, 30 Fugu, and 32 zebrafish sequences and grouped these into eight clans using phylogenetic methods. The report provides an overview of the expansion or deletions among the different branches of the Glutamate receptor family. Paper IV focuses on the trace amine (TA) clan of Rhodopsin GPCRs. We identified 18 new rodent genes, 57 zebrafish genes, and eight Fugu genes belonging to the clan. Chromosomal mapping together with phylogenetic relationships suggests that the family arose through several mechanisms involving tetraploidisation, block duplications, and local duplication events. Paper V provides a comprehensive dataset of the GPCR superfamily of human and mouse containing 495 mouse and 400 human non-olfactory GPCRs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that 329 of the receptors are found in one-to-one orthologous pairs, whereas other receptors may have originated from species-specific expansions.
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| 19. |
- Ceder, Mikaela, 1991-
(författare)
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Characterization of Novel Solute Carriers in Humans, Mice and Flies : Solute Carriers in a Broad and Narrow Perspective
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The solute carrier family is the largest family of membrane-bound transporters in humans, with 430 members divided into 65 subfamilies. They transport various substrates across lipid barriers and are vital for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in all cell types in the body. Despite being involved in vital functions, and their effect on both physiology and pathophysiology, many transporters are not characterized. The aim of this thesis was to study newly identified putative solute carriers of which little is known. In Paper I, the relationship of solute carriers in humans and fruit flies was studied. The study revealed that 54 of the 65 subfamilies in humans have one or more orthologues in fruit flies, and a total of 381 orthologues were identified in fruit flies. In Paper II, a comprehensive study of the putative solute carriers and their response to different sugar concentrations were performed. Several, but not all, putative solute carriers were altered in cell cultures maintained in media containing low or no glucose, and the expression normalized upon refeeding with glucose. Similar results were observed in fruit flies subjected to complete starvation or diets with varying sugar concentrations. Last, in Paper III and IV, characterization of one putative solute carrier, UNC93A, was performed. The studies revealed that UNC93A was a conserved protein with an abundant expression in the body of mice but with a restricted expression in fruit flies. The protein was found to possibly be expressed at, or close to, the plasma membrane of cells and to co-localize with Twik-Acid sensitive potassium channels. UNC93A was found to be important for the renal function in fruit flies and to affect survival and membrane potentials in cells. The findings of this thesis establish a high conservation of several putative solute carriers and that they have a highly dynamic regulation during fluctuating energy and glucose availability. Further, while several clear biological aspects of UNC93A was identified, the exact function of transporter proteins is cumbersome to find and more research about these transporters is needed to fully understand their mechanistic role and their association and/or involvement in health and sickness.
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| 20. |
- Fredriksson, Felicia, 1993-
(författare)
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Analysis of fluoroalkyl sulfonamide (FASA) based copolymers : An indirect source of non-polymeric PFAS
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an extensive group of anthropogenic compounds and are of global concern due to their negative effects on the environment and humans. Most environmental research reports non-polymeric PFAS, leading to a scarce understanding of polymeric PFAS, despite their large share on the global market.In this thesis, two fluoroalkyl sulfonamide (FASA)-based copolymers were studied to gain knowledge regarding their chemical characterization, occurrence, and fate. The main objectives were to provide analytical methods to analyze the FASA-based copolymers in sludge in relation to non-polymeric PFAS and extractable organo-fluorine (EOF) and to study their fate to the arable land when sludge is used as a fertilizer.The results revealed that the FASA-based copolymers were present in all sludge samples and their levels contributed to between 2 and 6 % of the total PFAS. Using two complementary extraction methods, both polymeric and non-polymeric PFAS were captured. However, more than 90% of the EOF belongs to unidentified origin. These results indicate the importance of extending the analysis of polymeric PFAS in environmental research.Further, elevated levels in sludge-amended soil of the C8-FASA-based copolymer were seen, illustrating sludge to be a potential source of C8-FASA-based copolymer to the environment. Both copolymers were transformed into non-polymeric PFAS in earthworms. This thesis provides evidence that these FASA-based copolymers are of concern, both as a direct emission and indirect source of non-polymeric PFAS to the environment.
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| 21. |
- Hägglund, Maria, 1982-
(författare)
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Characterization of Amino Acid Transporters in the Brain : Molecular and Functional Studies of Members within the Solute Carrier Families SLC38 and SLC6
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Solute carriers (SLCs) comprise the largest group of transporters in humans and there are currently 52 SLC families. They are embedded in cellular membranes and transport numerous molecules; defects in many of the genes encoding SLCs have been connected to pathological conditions, and several SLCs are potential drug targets.The SLC38 family has in total eleven members in humans and they encode transporters called SNATs. In paper I and paper II, we reported molecular and functional characterization of Slc38a7 and Slc38a8, two of the previous orphan members in the family which we suggested to be named SNAT7 and SNAT8, respectively. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, these transporters showed similar expression pattern and localized to neurons in the brain For functional characterization proteins were overexpressed in X. laevis oocytes and an Uptake Assay and electrophysiological recordings showed preferred transport of L-glutamine, L-histidine, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartate and L-arginine for SNAT7. A similar pattern was seen for SNAT8 in a slightly different order of affinities. We classified SNAT7 as a system N transporter and SNAT8 as belonging to system A, and suggests that SNAT7 and SNAT8 could play a role in the glutamine/glutamate(GABA) cycle (GGC) in the brain.Furthermore, we studied the vesicular B0AT3 (Slc6a17) transporter in paper III, and the sodium-coupled amino acid transporter B0AT2 (Slc6a15) in paper IV. Tissue expression studies showed similar localization of Slc6a17 and Slc6a15 mRNA using in situ hybridization and real-time PCR. In paper III, vesicular localization of B0AT2 was shown in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. When challenging the monoaminergic system with drugs both Slc6a17 and Slc6a15 were upregulated. Suggested roles for the transporters are thereby in synaptic remodeling by regulating the availability of free amino acids used as precursors needed in neurotransmitter synthesis. Moreover, in paper IV, immunohistochemistry showed B0AT3 localization to neurons, astrocytes and epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. Leucine injections caused a smaller reduction of food intake as well as higher neuronal activation in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in Slc6a15 KO mice, compared with wild type mice. This suggests B0AT2 involvement in the anorexigenic effects of leucine.
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| 22. |
- Klockars, Anica, 1985-
(författare)
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Non-caloric regulation of food intake
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Food intake is shaped by environmental, endocrine, metabolic, and reward-related signals. A change in appetite is an outcome of integration of the relevant external and internal stimuli. While the main purpose of eating is to reverse a negative energy balance, mechanisms protecting homeostasis change appetite for other reasons. This thesis examines the role of select brain mechanisms in regulating consumption driven by aspects other than energy.In paper I, an increased percentage of c-Fos positive OT neurons was observed after mice ingested sucrose, while no change was found after Intralipid intake. Given a choice between isocaloric sugar and Intralipid solutions, mice injected with an OT receptor antagonist increase their preference for sucrose, while total calorie intake remains unchanged, suggesting that OT prevents overconsumption of sugar.Paper II addresses whether MCH, which has anxiolytic properties and mediates reward-motivated feeding, has the ability to alleviate conditioned taste aversion in rats. We found that while mRNA expression of MCH and its receptor are changed in aversive animals, central injections of MCH do not prevent the acquisition of aversion, nor do they affect the rate of extinction of the taste aversion.Paper III describes evidence that the N/OFQ system facilitates food intake by alleviating aversive responsiveness. Blocking the NOP receptor delays extinction of aversion and reduces food intake in hungry rats.Paper IV reports that leucine ingestion increases mRNA expression levels of genes known to mediate reward, as well as orexigenic gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (Nacc), a key component of the reward circuit. Adding leucine to drinking water increases activity of the reward system, which possibly contributes to the pleasure of consumption.A separate approach using Drosophila melanogaster is introduced in paper V which provides evidence that knocking down the gene for the transcription factor Ets96B during development results in a simultaneous disruption in sleep patterns and appetite, thus highlighting the interplay between these physiological parameters.We conclude that OT, MCH, N/OFQ and Ets96B belong to mechanisms regulating food intake for reasons other than energy balance. Composition of food and negative associations with diets affect neural networks controlling appetite.
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| 23. |
- Lagerström, Malin C, 1977-
(författare)
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Classification, Evolution, Pharmacology and Structure of G protein-coupled Receptors
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins with seven α-helices that translate a remarkable diversity of signals into cellular responses. The superfamily of GPCRs is among the largest and most diverse protein families in vertebrates.We have searched the human genome for GPCRs and show that the family includes approximately 800 proteins, which can divided into five main families; Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled/Taste2 and Secretin. This study represents one of the first overall road maps of the GPCR family in a mammalian genome. Moreover, we identified eight novel members of the human Adhesion family which are characterized by long N-termini with various domains. We also investigated the GPCR repertoire of the chicken genome, where we manually verified a total of 557 chicken GPCRs. We detected several specific expansions and deletions that may reflect some of the functional differences between human and chicken.Substantial effort has been made over the years to find compounds that can bind and activate the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). This receptor is involved in food intake and is thus an important target for antiobesity drugs. We used site-directed mutagenesis to insert micromolar affinity binding sites for zinc between transmembrane (TM) regions 2 and 3. We generated a molecular model of the human MC4R which suggests that a rotation of TM3 is important for activation of the MC4R.Furthermore, we present seven new vertebrate prolactin releasing hormone receptors (PRLHRs) and show that they form two separate subtypes, PRLHR1 and PRLHR2. We performed a pharmacological characterization of the human PRLHR which showed that the receptor can bind neuropeptide Y (NPY) related ligands. We propose that an ancestral PRLH peptide has coevolved with a redundant NPY binding receptor, which then became PRLHR. This suggests how gene duplication events can lead to novel peptide ligand/receptor interactions and hence spur the evolution of new physiological functions.
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| 24. |
- Lukashina, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating Statistical and Machine-Learning Approach for Meta-Analysis of Bisphenol A-Exposure Datasets Reveals Effects on Mouse Gene Expression within Pathways of Apoptosis and Cell Survival
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bisphenols are important environmental pollutants that are extensively studied due to different detrimental effects, while the molecular mechanisms behind these effects are less well understood. Like other environmental pollutants, bisphenols are being tested in various experimental models, creating large expression datasets found in open access storage. The meta-analysis of such datasets is, however, very complicated for various reasons. Here, we developed an integrating statistical and machine-learning model approach for the meta-analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure datasets from different mouse tissues. We constructed three joint datasets following three different strategies for dataset integration: in particular, using all common genes from the datasets, uncorrelated, and not co-expressed genes, respectively. By applying machine learning methods to these datasets, we identified genes whose expression was significantly affected in all of the BPA microanalysis data tested; those involved in the regulation of cell survival include: Tnfr2, Hgf-Met, Agtr1a, Bdkrb2; signaling through Mapk8 (Jnkl)); DNA repair (Hgf-Met, Mgmt); apoptosis (Tmbim6, Bcl2, Apaf1); and cellular junctions (F11r, Cldnd1, Ctnd1 and Yes1). Our results highlight the benefit of combining existing datasets for the integrated analysis of a specific topic when individual datasets are limited in size.
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| 25. |
- Melander, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Differential Blood-Brain Barrier Transport and Cell Uptake of Cyclic Peptides In Vivo and In Vitro
- 2023
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Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4923. ; 15:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses major challenges to drug delivery to the CNS. SFTI-1 and kalata B1 are cyclic cell-penetrating peptides (cCPPs) with high potential to be used as scaffolds for drug delivery. We here studied their transport across the BBB and distribution within the brain to gauge the potential of these two cCPPs as scaffolds for CNS drugs. In a rat model, SFTI-1 exhibited, for a peptide, high extent of BBB transport with a partitioning of unbound SFTI-1 across the BBB, K-p,K-uu,K-brain, of 13%, while only 0.5% of kalata B1 equilibrated across the BBB. By contrast, kalata B1, but not SFTI-1, readily entered neural cells. SFTI-1, but not kalata B1, could be a potential CNS delivery scaffold for drugs directed to extracellular targets. These findings indicate that differences between the BBB transport and cellular uptake abilities of CPPs are crucial in the development of peptide scaffolds.
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