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- Frey, Bruno S., et al.
(författare)
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A Formulation and Test of a Simple Model of World Bank Behavior
- 1983
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There exists a large literature describing the behavior of international institutions. This literature is however, with few exceptions, purely descriptive, i.e. it lacks an analysis based on clearly stated behavioral assumptions leading to falsifiable and hence empirically testable hypotheses. A positive theory of the behavior of international organizations is thus lacking. This paper endeavours to provide a simple theoretical model of the behavior of such an international organization - The World Bank - using the traditional approach of maximizing a utility function subject to constraints (Sections 2 and 3). The theoretically derived hypotheses are empirically applied to the World Bank's granting of loans to developing countries during recent years (Section 4). A final part summarizes the main findings (Section 5).
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Goossens, Dirk, et al.
(författare)
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Simultaneous mutation and copy number variation (CNV) detection by multiplex PCR-based GS-FLX sequencing.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Human Mutation. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1059-7794 .- 1098-1004. ; 30:3, s. 472-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluated multiplex PCR amplification as a front-end for high-throughput sequencing, to widen the applicability of massive parallel sequencers for the detailed analysis of complex genomes. Using multiplex PCR reactions, we sequenced the complete coding regions of seven genes implicated in peripheral neuropathies in 40 individuals on a GS-FLX genome sequencer (Roche). The resulting dataset showed highly specific and uniform amplification. Comparison of the GS-FLX sequencing data with the dataset generated by Sanger sequencing confirmed the detection of all variants present and proved the sensitivity of the method for mutation detection. In addition, we showed that we could exploit the multiplexed PCR amplicons to determine individual copy number variation (CNV), increasing the spectrum of detected variations to both genetic and genomic variants. We conclude that our straightforward procedure substantially expands the applicability of the massive parallel sequencers for sequencing projects of a moderate number of amplicons (50-500) with typical applications in resequencing exons in positional or functional candidate regions and molecular genetic diagnostics.
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| 4. |
- Jung, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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A comparison of very old patients admitted to intensive care unit after acute versus elective surgery or intervention
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of critical care. - : W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC. - 0883-9441 .- 1557-8615. ; 52, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We aimed to evaluate differences in outcome between patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) after elective versus acute surgery in a multinational cohort of very old patients (80 years; VIP). Predictors of mortality, with special emphasis on frailty, were assessed.Methods: In total, 5063 VIPs were induded in this analysis, 922 were admitted after elective surgery or intervention, 4141 acutely, with 402 after acute surgery. Differences were calculated using Mann-Whitney-U test and Wilcoxon test. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess associations with mortality.Results: Compared patients admitted after acute surgery, patients admitted after elective surgery suffered less often from frailty as defined as CFS (28% vs 46%; p < 0.001), evidenced lower SOFA scores (4 +/- 5 vs 7 +/- 7; p < 0.001). Presence of frailty (CFS >4) was associated with significantly increased mortality both in elective surgery patients (7% vs 12%; p = 0.01), in acute surgery (7% vs 12%; p = 0.02).Conclusions: VIPs admitted to ICU after elective surgery evidenced favorable outcome over patients after acute surgery even after correction for relevant confounders. Frailty might be used to guide clinicians in risk stratification in both patients admitted after elective and acute surgery.
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| 7. |
- Waldenström, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting ex post with ex ante assessments of historical events
- 2003
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study we analyze two different ways of describing historical events and how they were perceived by contemporary actors. The first way is the historians' ex post analysis as represented in modern historical writing. The second way is the ex ante assessments of contemporary actors as reflected in financial price data collected from the time period in question. Specifically, we estimate structural breaks in government bond prices of the Nordic countries and Germany around World War II and contrast them with the events that historians claim were viewed as important by that period's contemporaries. We find large differences between the outputs of the two methods. For example, whereas historians describe the Scandinavians as feeling safe from the threat of war until a very late stage, the bond prices produce significant breaks signaling the opposite at a quite early stage. From a methodological point of view, we also introduce a systematic distinction between sudden and gradual structural breaks which provides an intuitive way of capturing peoples' responses to major political events.
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