| 1. |
- Kristoffersson, Anders, 1985-
(författare)
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Study Design and Dose Regimen Evaluation of Antibiotics based on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modelling
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Current excessive use and abuse of antibiotics has resulted in increasing bacterial resistance to common treatment options which is threatening to deprive us of a pillar of modern medicine. In this work methods to optimize the use of existing antibiotics and to help development of new antibiotics were developed and applied.Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models were developed to describe the time course of the dynamic effect and interaction of combinations of antibiotics. The models were applied to illustrate that colistin combined with a high dose of meropenem may overcome meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.The results from an in vivo dose finding study of meropenem was successfully predicted by the meropenem PKPD model in combination with a murine PK model, which supports model based dosage selection. However, the traditional PK/PD index based dose selection was predicted to have poor extrapolation properties from pre-clinical to clinical settings, and across patient populations.The precision of the model parameters, and hence the model predictions, is dependent on the experimental design. A limited study design is dictated by cost and, for in vivo studies, ethical reasons. In this work optimal design (OD) was demonstrated to be able to reduce the experimental effort in time-kill curve experiments and was utilized to suggest the experimental design for identification and estimation of an interaction between antibiotics.OD methods to handle inter occasion variability (IOV) in optimization of individual PK parameter estimates were proposed. The strategy was applied in the design of a sparse sampling schedule that aim to estimate individual exposures of colistin in a multi-centre clinical study. Plasma concentration samples from the first 100 patients have been analysed and indicate that the performance of the design is close to the predicted.The methods described in this thesis holds promise to facilitate the development of new antibiotics and to improve the use of existing antibiotics.
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| 2. |
- Friberg, Anders, Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of three articulatory categories in vocal sound imitations using models for auditory receptive fields
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 144:3, s. 1467-1483
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vocal sound imitations provide a new challenge for understanding the coupling between articulatory mechanisms and the resulting audio. In this study, we have modeled the classification of three articulatory categories, phonation, supraglottal myoelastic vibrations, and turbulence from audio recordings. Two data sets were assembled, consisting of different vocal imitations by four professional imitators and four non-professional speakers in two different experiments. The audio data were manually annotated by two experienced phoneticians using a detailed articulatory description scheme. A separate set of audio features was developed specifically for each category using both time-domain and spectral methods. For all time-frequency transformations, and for some secondary processing, the recently developed Auditory Receptive Fields Toolbox was used. Three different machine learning methods were applied for predicting the final articulatory categories. The result with the best generalization was found using an ensemble of multilayer perceptrons. The cross-validated classification accuracy was 96.8 % for phonation, 90.8 % for supraglottal myoelastic vibrations, and 89.0 % for turbulence using all the 84 developed features. A final feature reduction to 22 features yielded similar results.
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| 3. |
- Elowsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Music Modality with a Key-Class Invariant Pitch Chroma CNN
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 20th International Society for Music Information Retrieval Conference, ISMIR 2019.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) that uses input from a polyphonic pitch estimation system to predict perceived minor/major modality in music audio. The pitch activation input is structured to allow the first CNN layer to compute two pitch chromas focused on dif-ferent octaves. The following layers perform harmony analysis across chroma and time scales. Through max pooling across pitch, the CNN becomes invariant with re-gards to the key class (i.e., key disregarding mode) of the music. A multilayer perceptron combines the modality ac-tivation output with spectral features for the final predic-tion. The study uses a dataset of 203 excerpts rated by around 20 listeners each, a small challenging data size re-quiring a carefully designed parameter sharing. With an R2 of about 0.71, the system clearly outperforms previous sys-tems as well as individual human listeners. A final ablation study highlights the importance of using pitch activations processed across longer time scales, and using pooling to facilitate invariance with regards to the key class.
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| 4. |
- Furberg, Maria, 1970-
(författare)
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Towards the Limits – Climate Change Aspects of Life and Health in Northern Sweden : studies of tularemia and regional experiences of changes in the environment
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundIndigenous peoples with traditional lifestyles worldwide are considered particularly vulnerable to climate change effects. Large climate change impacts on the spread of infectious vector-borne diseases are expected as a health outcome. The most rapid climate changes are occurring in the Arctic regions, and as a part of this region northernmost Sweden might experience early effects. In this thesis, climate change effects on the lives of Sami reindeer herders are described and 30 years of weather changes are quantified. Epidemiology of the climate sensitive human infection tularemia is assessed, baseline serologic prevalence of tularemia is investigated and the disease burden is quantified across inhabitants in the region.MethodsPerceptions and experiences of climate change effects among the indigenous Sami reindeer herders of northern Sweden were investigated through qualitative analyses of fourteen interviews. The results were then combined with instrumental weather data from ten meteorological stations in a mixed-methods design to further illustrate climate change effects in this region. In two following studies, tularemia ecology and epidemiology were investigated. A total of 4,792 reported cases of tularemia between 1984 and 2012 were analysed and correlated to ecological regions and presence of inland water using geographical mapping. The status of tularemia in the Swedish Arctic region was further investigated through risk factor analyses of a 2012 regional outbreak and a cross-sectional serological survey to estimate the burden of disease including unreported cases.ResultsThe reindeer herders described how the winters of northern Sweden have changed since the 1970s – warmer winters with shorter snow season and cold periods, and earlier spring. The adverse effects on the reindeer herders through the obstruction of their work, the stress induced and the threat to their lifestyle was demonstrated, forcing the reindeer herders towards the limit of resilience. Weather data supported the observations of winter changes; some stations displayed a more than two full months shorter snow cover season and winter temperatures increased significantly, most pronounced in the lowest temperatures. During the same time period a near tenfold increase in national incidence of tularemia was observed in Sweden (from 0.26 to 2.47/100,000 p<0.001) with a clear overrepresentation of cases in the north versus the south (4.52 vs. 0.56/100,000 p<0.001). The incidence was positively correlated with the presence of inland water (p<0.001) and higher than expected in the alpine and boreal ecologic regions (p<0.001). In the outbreak investigation a dose-response relationship to water was identified; distance from residence to water – less than 100 m, mOR 2.86 (95% CI 1.79–4.57) and 100 to 500 m, mOR 1.63 (95% CI 1.08–2.46). The prevalence of tularemia antibodies in the two northernmost counties was 2.9% corresponding to a 16 times higher number of cases than reported indicating that the reported numbers represent only a minute fraction of the true tularemia.ConclusionsThe extensive winter changes pose a threat to reindeer herding in this region. Tularemia is increasing in Sweden, it has a strong correlation to water and northern ecoregions, and unreported tularemia cases are quite common.
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| 5. |
- Lindborg, PerMagnus, 1968-
(författare)
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Sound perception and design in multimodal environments
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is about sound in context. Since sensory processing is inherently multimodal, research in sound is necessarily multidisciplinary. The present work has been guided by principles of systematicity, ecological validity, complementarity of methods, and integration of science and art. The main tools to investigate the mediating relationship of people and environment through sound have been empiricism and psychophysics. Four of the seven included papers focus on perception. In paper A, urban soundscapes were reproduced in a 3D installation. Analysis of results from an experiment revealed correlations between acoustic features and physiological indicators of stress and relaxation. Paper B evaluated soundscapes of different type. Perceived quality was predicted not only by psychoacoustic descriptors but also personality traits. Sound reproduction quality was manipulated in paper D, causing two effects on source localisation which were explained by spatial and semantic crossmodal correspondences. Crossmodal correspondence was central in paper C, a study of colour association with music. A response interface employing CIE Lab colour space, a novelty in music emotion research, was developed. A mixed method approach supported an emotion mediation hypothesis, evidenced in regression models and participant interviews. Three papers focus on design. Field surveys and acoustic measurements were carried out in restaurants. Paper E charted relations between acoustic, physical, and perceptual features, focussing on designable elements and materials. This investigation was pursued in Paper F where a taxonomy of sound sources was developed. Analysis of questionnaire data revealed perceptual and crossmodal effects. Lastly, paper G discussed how crossmodal correspondences facilitated creation of meaning in music by infusing ecologically founded sonification parameters with visual and spatial metaphors. The seven papers constitute an investigation into how sound affects us, and what sound means to us.
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| 6. |
- Bresin, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
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Software tools for musical expression.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the InternationalComputer Music Conference 2000. - San Francisco, USA : Computer Music Association. ; , s. 499-502
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Bresin, Roberto, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Software Tools for Musical Expression
- 2000
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2000 International Computer Music Conference, ICMC 2000. - : International Computer Music Association.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article software tools that model principles used in music performance are presented. They all add expressive variations to a score-based representation of the music. The two main tools are Director Musices, a Lisp program, and Japer, a Java applet. Some possible applications are illustrated: music production, teaching of music performance, and performance of mobile phone ringing tones.
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| 8. |
- Clemente, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Relations between perceived affect and liking for melodies and visual designs.
- 2023
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Ingår i: Emotion. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1528-3542 .- 1931-1516. ; 23:6, s. 1584-1605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sensory valuation is a fundamental aspect of cognition. It involves assigning hedonic value to a stimulus based on its sensory information considering personal and contextual factors. Hedonic values (e.g., liking) can be deemed affective states that motivate behavior, but the relations between hedonic and affective judgments have yet to be established. To fill this gap, we investigated the relations between stimulus features, perceived affect, and liking across domains and with potentially relevant individual traits. Fifty-eight participants untrained in music and visual art rated their liking and perceived valence and arousal for visual designs and short melodies varying in balance, contour, symmetry, or complexity and filled out several questionnaires. First, we examined group-level relations between perceived affect and liking across domains. Second, we inspected the relations between the individual use of musical and visual properties in judgments of liking and perceived affect-that is, between aesthetic and perceived-affect sensitivities. Third, we inquired into the influence of information-related (need for cognition, or NFC) and affect-related (need for emotion) traits on individual sensitivities. We found domain-specific effects of the stimulus features on liking, a linear association between valence and liking, the inverted-U model of arousal and liking, a binary profile of musical aesthetic sensitivities, and a modulatory effect of NFC on how people use stimulus properties in their hedonic and affective judgments. In summary, the results suggest that hedonic value is primarily computed from domain-specific sensory information partially moderated by NFC.
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| 9. |
- Fabiani, Marco
(författare)
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Interactive computer-aided expressive music performance : Analysis, control, modification and synthesis
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis describes the design and implementation process of two applications (PerMORFer and MoodifierLive) for the interactive manipulation of music performance. Such applications aim at closing the gap between the musicians, who play the music, and the listeners, who passively listen to it. The goal was to create computer programs that allow the user to actively control how the music is performed. This is achieved by modifying such parameters as tempo, dynamics, and articulation, much like a musician does when playing an instrument. An overview of similar systems and the problems related to their development is given in the first of the included papers. Four requirements were defined for the applications: (1) to produce a natural, high quality sound; (2) to allow for realistic modifications of the performance parameters; (3) to be easy to control, even for non-musicians; (4) to be portable. Although there are many similarities between PerMORFer and MoodifierLive, the two applications fulfill different requirements. The first two were addressed in PerMORFer, with which the user can manipulate pre-recorded audio performance. The last two were addressed in MoodifierLive, a mobile phone application for gesture-based control of a MIDI score file. The tone-by tone modifications in both applications are based on the KTH rule system for music performance. The included papers describe studies, methods, and algorithms used in the development of the two applications. Audio recordings of real performance have been used in PerMORFer toachieve a natural sound. The tone-by-tone manipulations defined by the KTH rules first require an analysis of the original performance to separate the tones and estimate their parameters (IOI, duration, dynamics). Available methods were combined with novel solutions, such as an approach to the separation of two overlapping sinusoidal components. On the topic of performance analysis, ad-hoc algorithms were also developed to analyze DJ scratching recordings. A particularly complex problem is the estimation of a tone’s dynamic level. A study was conducted to identify the perceptual cues that listeners use to determinethe dynamics of a tone. The results showed that timbre is as important as loudness. These findings were applied in a partly unsuccessful attempt to estimate dynamics from spectral features. The manipulation of tempo is a relatively simple problem, as is that of articulation (i.e. legato-staccato) as long as the tone can be separated. The modification of dynamics on the other hand is more difficult, as was its estimation. Following the findings of the previously mentioned perceptual study, a method to modify both loudness and timbre using a database of spectral models was implemented. MoodifierLive was used to experiment with performance control interfaces. In particular, the mobile phone’s built-in accelerometer was used to track, analyze, and interpret the movements of the user. Expressive gestures were then mapped to corresponding expressive music performances. Evaluation showed that modes based on natural gestures were easier to use than those created witha top-down approach.
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| 10. |
- Friberg, Anders, Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Computer Tools for Modeling Swing in a Jazz Ensemble
- 2023
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Ingår i: Computer music journal. - : MIT Press. - 0148-9267 .- 1531-5169. ; 47:1, s. 85-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a jazz ensemble, the timing patterns within each instrument and between instruments vary systematically depending on the instrument, tempo, style, and other parameters. A set of computer tools is described to modify these timing parameters according to previous measurements, allowing a large flexibility to account for individual differences and preferences. Four different jazz trio recordings were transcribed and annotated, and the tools were then used to recreate or modify the timing patterns in synthesized versions. These tools can be used for pedagogical purposes in which a music example can be played with different timing interpretations. It can also be used as a tool for research in which controlled factorial experiments can be designed.
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| 11. |
- Gleiser, Julieta E., et al.
(författare)
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A method for extracting vibrato parameters applied to violin performance
- 1998
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Ingår i: TMH-QPSR. - Stockholm. ; 39:4, s. 039-044
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A method is presented which semi-automatically extracts the fundamental frequency and displays as continuous signals vibrato rate, vibrato extent and sound level. The method is tested on specially made recordings of violin music with piano accompaniment, using a small microphone mounted directly on the violin. The fundamental frequency was successfully extracted by means of a waveform correlation program. Likewise, vibrato rate and extent were extracted separately for each tone from the fundamental frequency signal after elimination of its DC component. The results seem promising, offering the opportunity of visual examination and measurement of changes in vibrato characteristics during performances of entire pieces of music.
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| 12. |
- Gulz, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Developing a Method for Identifying Improvisation Strategies in Jazz Duos
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proc. of the 14th International Symposium on CMMR. - Marseille Cedex : Springer International Publishing. - 9791097498016 ; , s. 482-489
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The primary purpose of this paper is to describe a method to investigate the communication process between musicians performing improvisation in jazz. This method was applied in a first case study. The paper contributes to jazz improvisation theory towards embracing more artistic expressions and choices made in real life musical situations. In jazz, applied improvisation theory usually consists of scale and harmony studies within quantized rhythmic patterns. The ensembles in the study were duos performed by the author at the piano and horn players (trumpet, alto saxophone, clarinet and trombone). Recording sessions involving the ensembles were conducted. The recording was transcribed using software and the produced score together with the audio recording was used when conducting in-depth interviews, to identify the horn player’s underlying musical strategies. The strategies were coded according to previous research.
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| 13. |
- Jones, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Probing the underlying principles of dynamics in piano performances using a modelling approach
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variations in dynamics are an essential component of musical performance in most instruments. To study the factors that contribute to dynamic variations, we used a model approaching, allowing for determination of the individual contribution of different musical features. Thirty monophonic melodies from 3 stylistic eras with all expressive markings removed were performed by 20 pianists on a Disklavier piano. The results indicated a relatively high agreement among the pianists (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88). The overall average dynamics (across pianists) could be predicted quite well using support vector regression (R2 = 66%) from a set of 48 score-related features. The highest contribution was from pitch-related features (37.3%), followed by phrasing (12.3%), timing (2.8%), and meter (0.7%). The highest single contribution was from the high-loud principle, whereby higher notes were played louder, as corroborated by the written feedback of many of the pianists. There were also differences between the styles. The highest contribution from phrasing, for example, was obtained from the Romantic examples, while the highest contribution from meter came from the Baroque examples. An analysis of each individual pianist revealed some fundamental differences in approach to the performance of dynamics. All participants were undergraduate-standard pianists or above; however, varied levels of consistency and predictability highlighted challenges in acquiring a reliable group in terms of expertise and preparation, as well as certain pianistic challenges posed by the task. Nevertheless, the method proved useful in disentangling some underlying principles of musical performance and their relation to structural features of the score, with the potential for productive adaptation to a wider range of expressive and instrumental contexts.
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| 14. |
- Källblad, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Hoppsa Universum – An interactive dance installation for children
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME), Genova, 2008. ; , s. 128-133
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It started with an idea to create an empty space in which you activated music and light as you moved around. In responding to the music and lighting you would activate more or different sounds and thereby communicate with the space through your body. This led to an artistic research project in which children’s spontaneous movement was observed, a choreography made based on the children’s movements and music written and recorded for the choreography. This music was then decomposed and choreographed into an empty space at Botkyrka konsthall creating an interactive dance installation. It was realized using an interactive sound and light system in which 5 video cameras were detecting the motion in the room connected to a 4-channel sound system and a set of 14 light modules. During five weeks people of all ages came to dance and move around in the installation. The installation attracted a wide range of people of all ages and the tentative evaluation indicates that it was very positively received and that it encouraged free movement in the intended way. Besides observing the activity in the installation interviews were made with schoolchildren age 7 who had participated in the installation.
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| 15. |
- Lindeberg, Tony, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Idealized computational models for auditory receptive fields
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a theory by which idealized models of auditory receptive fields can be derived in a principled axiomatic manner, from a set of structural properties to (i) enable invariance of receptive field responses under natural sound transformations and (ii) ensure internal consistency between spectro-temporal receptive fields at different temporal and spectral scales.For defining a time-frequency transformation of a purely temporal sound signal, it is shown that the framework allows for a new way of deriving the Gabor and Gamma- tone filters as well as a novel family of generalized Gammatone filters, with additional degrees of freedom to obtain different trade-offs between the spectral selectivity and the temporal delay of time-causal temporal window functions.When applied to the definition of a second-layer of receptive fields from a spec- trogram, it is shown that the framework leads to two canonical families of spectro- temporal receptive fields, in terms of spectro-temporal derivatives of either spectro- temporal Gaussian kernels for non-causal time or the combination of a time-causal generalized Gammatone filter over the temporal domain and a Gaussian filter over the logspectral domain. For each filter family, the spectro-temporal receptive fields can be either separable over the time-frequency domain or be adapted to local glissando trans- formations that represent variations in logarithmic frequencies over time. Within each domain of either non-causal or time-causal time, these receptive field families are de- rived by uniqueness from the assumptions.It is demonstrated how the presented framework allows for computation of basic auditory features for audio processing and that it leads to predictions about auditory receptive fields with good qualitative similarity to biological receptive fields measured in the inferior colliculus (ICC) and primary auditory cortex (A1) of mammals.
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| 16. |
-
SMAC 2023 : Proceedings of the Stockholm Music Acoustics Conference 2023
- 2023
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This volume presents the proceedings of the fifth Stockholm Music Acoustics Conference 2023 (SMAC), which took place on 14–15 June 2023 in Stockholm, Sweden. SMAC was premiered at KTH in 1983, and has been organized every tenth year since then. This conference is intended for academics, music performers and instructors interested in the field of Music Acoustics. It brings together experts from different disciplines, to exchange and share their recent works on many aspects of Music Acoustics, including instrument acoustics, singing voice acoustics, acoustics-based synthesis models, music performance, and music acoustics in teaching and pedagogy.This time, our multidisciplinary conference was organized on a smaller scale than earlier, as a track within the 2023 Sound and Music Computing Conference, at KMH Royal College of Music and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Our warm thanks are due to the SMC Network for hosting SMAC in the framework of SMC, as are many thanks to all presenters and co-authors for participating. We hope that you will enjoy learning of the new science presented here.Sara D’Amario, Sten Ternström and Anders FribergTrack chairs, Editors
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| 17. |
- Zamorano, A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Singing training predicts increased insula connectivity with speech and respiratory sensorimotor areas at rest
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-8993 .- 1872-6240. ; 1813
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The insula contributes to the detection of salient events during goal-directed behavior and participates in the coordination of motor, multisensory, and cognitive systems. Recent task-fMRI studies with trained singers sug-gest that singing experience can enhance the access to these resources. However, the long-term effects of vocal training on insula-based networks are still unknown. In this study, we employed resting-state fMRI to assess experience-dependent differences in insula co-activation patterns between conservatory-trained singers and non-singers. Results indicate enhanced bilateral anterior insula connectivity in singers relative to non-singers with constituents of the speech sensorimotor network. Specifically, with the cerebellum (lobule V-VI) and the superior parietal lobes. The reversed comparison showed no effects. The amount of accumulated singing training pre-dicted enhanced bilateral insula co-activation with primary sensorimotor areas representing the diaphragm and the larynx/phonation area-crucial regions for cortico-motor control of complex vocalizations-as well as the bilateral thalamus and the left putamen. Together, these findings highlight the neuroplastic effect of expert singing training on insula-based networks, as evidenced by the association between enhanced insula co-activation profiles in singers and the brain's speech motor system components.
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| 18. |
- Zamovaro, A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced insular connectivity with speech sensorimotor regions in trained singers – a resting-state fMRI study
- 2024
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The insula contributes to the detection and integration of salient events during goaldirected behavior and facilitates the interaction between motor, multisensory, and cognitive networks. Task-fMRI studies have suggested that experience with singing can enhance access to these resources. However, the long-term effects of vocal motor training on insula-based networks are currently unknown. In thisstudy, we used restingstate fMRI to explore experience-dependent differences in insula co-activation patterns between conservatory-trained singers and non-singers. We found enhanced insula connectivity in singers compared to non-singers with constituents of the speech sensorimotor network, including the cerebellum (lobule VI, crus 2), primary somatosensory cortex, the parietal lobes, and the thalamus. Moreover, accumulated singing training correlated positively with increased co-activation in bilateral primary sensorimotor cortices in the somatotopic representations of the larynx (left dorsal anterior insula, dAI) and the diaphragm (bilateral dAI)—crucial regions for motorcortical control of complex vocalizations—together with the thalamus (bilateral posterior insula/left dAI) and the left putamen (left dAI). The results of this study support the view that the insula plays a central role in the experience-dependent modulation of sensory integration within the vocal motor system, possibly by optimizing conscious and non-conscious aspects of salience processing associated with singing-related bodily signals.
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