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1.	Centanni, Maddalena, et al. (författare) Model-Informed Precision Dosing to Reduce Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Pediatric Patients: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation Analysis 2023 Ingår i: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. - 0312-5963 .- 1179-1926. ; 63:2, s. 197-209 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
2.	Ley, David, et al. (författare) Longitudinal infusion of a complex of insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 in five preterm infants : pharmacokinetics and short-term safety. 2013 Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 73:1, s. 68-74 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background:In preterm infants, low levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are associated with impaired brain growth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Treatment with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 may be beneficial for brain development and may decrease the prevalence of ROP.Methods:In a phase II pharmacokinetics and safety study, five infants (three girls) with a median (range) gestational age (GA) of 26 wk + 6 d (26 wk + 0 d to 27 wk + 2 d) and birth weight of 990 (900-1,212) g received continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant human (rh)IGF-I/rhIGFBP-3. Treatment was initiated during the first postnatal day and continued for a median (range) duration of 168 (47-168) h in dosages between 21 and 111 µg/kg/24 h.Results:Treatment with rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 was associated with higher serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations (P < 0.001) than model-predicted endogenous levels. Of 74 IGF-I samples measured during study drug infusion, 37 (50%) were within the target range, 4 (5%) were above, and 33 (45%) were below. The predicted dose of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 required to establish circulating levels of IGF-I within the intrauterine range in a 1,000 g infant was 75-100 µg/kg/24 h. No hypoglycemia or other adverse effects were recorded.Conclusion:In this study, continuous intravenous infusion of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 was effective in increasing serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and was found to be safe.
3.	Ley, David, et al. (författare) Longitudinal infusion of insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 complex to five preterm infants: pharmacokinetics and short term safety. 2013 Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0031-3998 .- 1530-0447. ; 63:1, s. 68-74 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background:In preterm infants, low levels of insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) are associated with impaired brain growth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Treatment with IGF-I/IGFBP-3 may be beneficial for brain development and decrease prevalence of ROP.Methods:In a phase II pharmacokinetic and safety study, five infants (3 girls) with a median (range) gestational age (GA) of 26+6 (26+0 - 27+2) weeks and birth weight (BW) of 990 (900-1212) g received continuous intravenous infusion of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3. Treatment was initiated during the first postnatal day and continued for median (range) 168h (47-168) in doses between 21 - 111 µg/kg/24h.Results:Treatment with rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 was associated with higher serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations (p<0.001) than model-predicted endogenous levels. Out of 74 IGF-I samples measured during study drug infusion, 37 (50%) were within target range, 4 (5%) above and 33 (45%) were below. Predicted dose of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 to establish circulating levels of IGF-I within the intrauterine range in a 1000g infant was 75-100 µg/kg/24h. No hypoglycemia or other adverse effects were recorded.Conclusion:Continuous intravenous infusion of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 was effective in increasing serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Administration during study was safe.Pediatric Research (2012); doi:10.1038/pr.2012.146.
4.	Löfqvist, Chatarina, 1964, et al. (författare) A pharmacokinetic and dosing study of intravenous insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding protein-3 complex to preterm infants 2009 Ingår i: Pediatric Research. - 1530-0447 .- 0031-3998. ; 65:5, s. 574-9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In preterm infants, low levels of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) have been associated with impaired growth and retinopathy of prematurity. Our objective was to study safety and pharmacokinetics of i.v. administered rhIGF-I with its binding protein 3 (rhIGFBP-3) to preterm infants. At 3 d chronological age, an i.v. 3 h infusion of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 was administered followed by serial measurements of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Infants were evaluated for physiologic safety measurements. The individual dose of rhIGF-I ranged from 1 to 12 microg/kg. The study was conducted at Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, between January and November 2007. Five patients (3 F) with mean (range) post menstrual age 27 wk (26-29) and birth weight 1022 g (810-1310) participated. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels before infusion were median (range) 18 (12-28) and 771 (651-1047) ng/mL, respectively. Immediately after study drug infusion, serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels were 38 (25-59) and 838 (754-1182) ng/mL, respectively. Median (range) half-life for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 was 0.79 (0.59-1.42) and 0.87 (0.85-0.94) hours, respectively. Blood glucose, insulin, sodium, potassium, and physiologic safety measures were within normal ranges. The rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 equimolar proportion was effective in increasing serum IGF-I levels and administration under these study conditions was safe and well tolerated.
5.	Moberg, Christina, et al. (författare) De unga gör helt rätt när de stämmer staten 2022 Ingår i: Aftonbladet. - 1103-9000. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract 1 620 forskare och lärare i forskarvärlden: Vi ställer oss bakom Auroras klimatkrav
6.	Alenius, Gerd-Marie, et al. (författare) Analysis of 6 genetic loci for disease susceptibility in psoriatic arthritis. 2004 Ingår i: The Journal of rheumatology. - 0315-162X .- 1499-2752. ; 31:11, s. 2230-5 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of several autoimmune disease susceptibility loci in a population of patients with psoriasis and defined joint disease from northern Sweden. METHOD: One hundred twenty patients with psoriasis and defined joint disease were examined clinically, radiologically, and with laboratory-based analyses. Disease classification was based on peripheral and/or axial engagement. The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) locus, 1q21 (PSORS4), 3q21 (PSORS5), 8q24, 16q21, and the CTLA4 gene were analyzed using a total of 38 microsatellite markers and 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Ninety-four controls with the same ethnic background as the patients were randomly selected from the same region of Sweden. RESULTS: An association was found with one of the markers in the TNFB locus within the HLA region (p = 0.012, pc = 0.024). Three markers at the PSORS4 locus on chromosome 1q21 and 2 markers at the 8q24 locus showed nominal p values of < 0.05. After applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple analyses these markers did not reach significance. No other marker showed significant association. In a subgroup of the patients, possible linkage disequilibrium between the TNFB123 and HLA-B antigens, B17, B27, B37, B44, and B62 was analyzed. A significant linkage (p = 0.0001) was found. CONCLUSION: We identified an association between psoriatic arthritis and one of the microsatellite markers within the TNFB locus at the HLA region on chromosome 6. Linkage disequilibrium between TNFB123 and certain HLA-B antigens was found.
7.	Alenius, Gerd-Marie, et al. (författare) Analysis of 6 genetic loci for disease susceptibility in psoriatic arthritis. 2004 Ingår i: The Journal of Rheumatology. - 0315-162X. ; 63 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
8.	Andersen, Maria Goul, et al. (författare) Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin in Sepsis Patients : Should Alternative Dosing Strategies Be Considered? 2018 Ingår i: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0066-4804 .- 1098-6596. ; 62:5 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sufficient antibiotic dosing in septic patients is essential for reducing mortality. Piperacillin-tazobactam is often used for empirical treatment, but due to the pharmacokinetic (PK) variability seen in septic patients, optimal dosing may be a challenge. We determined the PK profile for piperacillin given at 4 g every 8 h in 22 septic patients admitted to a medical ward. Piperacillin concentrations were compared to the clinical breakpoint MIC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 mg/liter), and the following PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) targets were evaluated: the percentage of the dosing interval that the free drug concentration is maintained above the MIC (fTMIC) of 50% and 100%. A two-compartment population PK model described the data well, with clearance being divided into renal and nonrenal components. The renal component was proportional to the estimated creatinine clearance (eCLCR) and constituted 74% of the total clearance in a typical individual (eCLCR, 83.9 ml/min). Patients with a high eCLCR (>130 ml/min) were at risk of subtherapeutic concentrations for the current regimen, with a 90% probability of target attainment being reached at MICs of 2.0 (50% fTMIC) and 0.125 mg/liter (100% fTMIC). Simulations of alternative dosing regimens and modes of administration showed that dose increment and prolonged infusion increased the chance of achieving predefined PK/PD targets. Alternative dosing strategies may therefore be needed to optimize piperacillin exposure in septic patients. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02569086.)
9.	Andersson, Lars, et al. (författare) Framtidsberättelser från lantbruket år 2030 2016 Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
10.	Aranzana-Climent, Vincent, et al. (författare) Integration of individual preclinical and clinical anti-infective PKPD data to predict clinical study outcomes 2024 Ingår i: Clinical and Translational Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1752-8054 .- 1752-8062. ; 17:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The AIDA randomized clinical trial found no significant difference in clinical failure or survival between colistin monotherapy and colistin-meropenem combination therapy in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections. The aim of this reverse translational study was to integrate all individual preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) data from the AIDA trial in a pharmacometric framework to explore whether individualized predictions of bacterial burden were associated with the trial outcomes. The compiled dataset included for each of the 207 patients was (i) information on the infecting Acinetobacter baumannii isolate (minimum inhibitory concentration, checkerboard assay data, and fitness in a murine model), (ii) colistin plasma concentrations and colistin and meropenem dosing history, and (iii) disease scores and demographics. The individual information was integrated into PKPD models, and the predicted change in bacterial count at 24 h for each patient, as well as patient characteristics, was correlated with clinical outcomes using logistic regression. The in vivo fitness was the most important factor for change in bacterial count. A model-predicted growth at 24 h of ≥ 2-log10 (164/207) correlated positively with clinical failure (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.01). The aOR for one unit increase of other significant predictors were 1.24 for SOFA score, 1.19 for Charlson comorbidity index, and 1.01 for age. This study exemplifies how preclinical and clinical anti-infective PKPD data can be integrated through pharmacodynamic modeling and identify patient- and pathogen-specific factors related to clinical outcomes - an approach that may improve understanding of study outcomes.
11.	Aranzana-Climent, Vincent, et al. (författare) Translational in vitro and in vivo PKPD modelling for apramycin against Gram-negative lung pathogens to facilitate prediction of human efficacious dose in pneumonia 2022 Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 28:10, s. 1367-1374 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objectives: New drugs and methods to efficiently fight carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pathogens are sorely needed. In this study, we characterized the preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of the clinical stage drug candidate apramycin in time kill and mouse lung infection models. Based on in vitro and in vivo data, we developed a mathematical model to predict human efficacy. Methods: Three pneumonia-inducing gram-negative species Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were studied. Bactericidal kinetics were evaluated with time-kill curves; in vivo PK were studied in healthy and infected mice, with sampling in plasma and epithelial lining fluid after subcutaneous administration; in vivo efficacy was measured in a neutropenic mouse pneumonia model. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model, integrating all the data, was developed and simulations were performed. Results: Good lung penetration of apramycin in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) was shown (area under the curve (AUC)ELF/AUCplasma = 88%). Plasma clearance was 48% lower in lung infected mice compared to healthy mice. For two out of five strains studied, a delay in growth (∼5 h) was observed in vivo but not in vitro. The mathematical model enabled integration of lung PK to drive mouse PK and pharmacodynamics. Simulations predicted that 30 mg/kg of apramycin once daily would result in bacteriostasis in patients. Discussion: Apramycin is a candidate for treatment of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative pneumonia as demonstrated in an integrated modeling framework for three bacterial species. We show that mathematical modelling is a useful tool for simultaneous inclusion of multiple data sources, notably plasma and lung in vivo PK and simulation of expected scenarios in a clinical setting, notably lung infections. © 2022 The Author(s)
12.	Arrazuria, Rakel, et al. (författare) Expert workshop summary : Advancing toward a standardized murine model to evaluate treatments for antimicrobial resistance lung infections 2022 Ingår i: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-302X. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and increase in treatment-refractory AMR infections, generates an urgent need to accelerate the discovery and development of novel anti-infectives. Preclinical animal models play a crucial role in assessing the efficacy of novel drugs, informing human dosing regimens and progressing drug candidates into the clinic. The Innovative Medicines Initiative-funded "Collaboration for prevention and treatment of MDR bacterial infections" (COMBINE) consortium is establishing a validated and globally harmonized preclinical model to increase reproducibility and more reliably translate results from animals to humans. Toward this goal, in April 2021, COMBINE organized the expert workshop "Advancing toward a standardized murine model to evaluate treatments for AMR lung infections". This workshop explored the conduct and interpretation of mouse infection models, with presentations on PK/PD and efficacy studies of small molecule antibiotics, combination treatments (beta -lactam/beta -lactamase inhibitor), bacteriophage therapy, monoclonal antibodies and iron sequestering molecules, with a focus on the major Gram-negative AMR respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Here we summarize the factors of variability that we identified in murine lung infection models used for antimicrobial efficacy testing, as well as the workshop presentations, panel discussions and the survey results for the harmonization of key experimental parameters. The resulting recommendations for standard design parameters are presented in this document and will provide the basis for the development of a harmonized and bench-marked efficacy studies in preclinical murine pneumonia model.
13.	Arrazuria, Rakel, et al. (författare) Variability of murine bacterial pneumonia models used to evaluate antimicrobial agents 2022 Ingår i: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-302X. ; 13 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Antimicrobial resistance has become one of the greatest threats to human health, and new antibacterial treatments are urgently needed. As a tool to develop novel therapies, animal models are essential to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical research. However, despite common usage of in vivo models that mimic clinical infection, translational challenges remain high. Standardization of in vivo models is deemed necessary to improve the robustness and reproducibility of preclinical studies and thus translational research. The European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI)-funded "Collaboration for prevention and treatment of MDR bacterial infections" (COMBINE) consortium, aims to develop a standardized, quality-controlled murine pneumonia model for preclinical efficacy testing of novel anti-infective candidates and to improve tools for the translation of preclinical data to the clinic. In this review of murine pneumonia model data published in the last 10 years, we present our findings of considerable variability in the protocols employed for testing the efficacy of antimicrobial compounds using this in vivo model. Based on specific inclusion criteria, fifty-three studies focusing on antimicrobial assessment against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii were reviewed in detail. The data revealed marked differences in the experimental design of the murine pneumonia models employed in the literature. Notably, several differences were observed in variables that are expected to impact the obtained results, such as the immune status of the animals, the age, infection route and sample processing, highlighting the necessity of a standardized model.
14.	Bahnasawy, Salma M., et al. (författare) Predicting cytokine kinetics during sepsis; a modelling framework from a porcine sepsis model with live Escherichia coli 2023 Ingår i: Cytokine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1043-4666 .- 1096-0023. ; 169 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Describing the kinetics of cytokines involved as biomarkers of sepsis progression could help to optimise interventions in septic patients. This work aimed to quantitively characterise the cytokine kinetics upon exposure to live E. coli by developing an in silico model, and to explore predicted cytokine kinetics at different bacterial exposure scenarios.Methods: Data from published in vivo studies using a porcine sepsis model were analysed. A model describing the time courses of bacterial dynamics, endotoxin (ETX) release, and the kinetics of TNF and IL-6 was developed. The model structure was extended from a published model that quantifies the ETX-cytokines relationship. An external model evaluation was conducted by applying the model to literature data. Model simulations were performed to explore the sensitivity of the host response towards differences in the input rate of bacteria, while keeping the total bacterial burden constant.Results: The analysis included 645 observations from 30 animals. The blood bacterial count was well described by a one-compartment model with linear elimination. A scaling factor was estimated to quantify the ETX release by bacteria. The model successfully described the profiles of TNF, and IL-6 without a need to modify the ETXcytokines model structure. The kinetics of TNF, and IL-6 in the external datasets were well predicted. According to the simulations, the ETX tolerance development results in that low initial input rates of bacteria trigger the lowest cytokine release.Conclusion: The model quantitively described and predicted the cytokine kinetics triggered by E. coli exposure. The host response was found to be sensitive to the bacterial exposure rate given the same total bacterial burden.
15.	Becker, K., et al. (författare) Antibacterial activity of apramycin at acidic pH warrants wide therapeutic window in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and acute pyelonephritis 2021 Ingår i: EBioMedicine. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2352-3964. ; 73 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: The clinical-stage drug candidate EBL-1003 (apramycin) represents a distinct new subclass of aminoglycoside antibiotics for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. It has demonstrated best-in-class coverage of resistant isolates, and preclinical efficacy in lung infection models. However, preclinical evidence for its utility in other disease indications has yet to be provided. Here we studied the therapeutic potential of EBL-1003 in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection and acute pyelonephritis (cUTI/AP). Methods: A combination of data-base mining, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, time-kill experiments, and four murine infection models was used in a comprehensive assessment of the microbiological coverage and efficacy of EBL-1003 against Gram-negative uropathogens. The pharmacokinetics and renal toxicology of EBL-1003 in rats was studied to assess the therapeutic window of EBL-1003 in the treatment of cUTI/AP. Findings: EBL-1003 demonstrated broad-spectrum activity and rapid multi-log CFU reduction against a phenotypic variety of bacterial uropathogens including aminoglycoside-resistant clinical isolates. The basicity of amines in the apramycin molecule suggested a higher increase in positive charge at urinary pH when compared to gentamicin or amikacin, resulting in sustained drug uptake and bactericidal activity, and consequently in potent efficacy in mouse infection models. Renal pharmacokinetics, biomarkers for toxicity, and kidney histopathology in adult rats all indicated a significantly lower nephrotoxicity of EBL-1003 than of gentamicin. Interpretation: This study provides preclinical proof-of-concept for the efficacy of EBL-1003 in cUTI/AP. Similar efficacy but lower nephrotoxicity of EBL-1003 in comparison to gentamicin may thus translate into a higher safety margin and a wider therapeutic window in the treatment of cUTI/API. Funding: A full list of funding bodies that contributed to this study can be found in the Acknowledgements section. © 2021 The Author(s)
16.	Becker, K., et al. (författare) Efficacy of EBL-1003 (apramycin) against Acinetobacter baumannii lung infections in mice 2021 Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 27:9, s. 1315- Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objectives: Novel therapeutics are urgently required for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) causing critical infections with high mortality. Here we assessed the therapeutic potential of the clinical-stage drug candidate EBL-1003 (crystalline free base of apramycin) in the treatment of CRAB lung infections. Methods: The genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility of CRAB clinical isolates to aminoglycosides and colistin was assessed by database mining and broth microdilution. The therapeutic potential was assessed by target attainment simulations on the basis of time–kill kinetics, a murine lung infection model, comparative pharmacokinetic analysis in plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and lung tissue, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling. Results: Resistance gene annotations of 5451 CRAB genomes deposited in the National Database of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms (NDARO) suggested >99.9% of genotypic susceptibility to apramycin. Low susceptibility to standard-of-care aminoglycosides and high susceptibility to EBL-1003 were confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 100 A. baumannii isolates. Time–kill experiments and a mouse lung infection model with the extremely drug-resistant CRAB strain AR Bank #0282 resulted in rapid 4-log CFU reduction both in vitro and in vivo. A single dose of 125 mg/kg EBL-1003 in CRAB-infected mice resulted in an AUC of 339 h × μg/mL in plasma and 299 h × μg/mL in ELF, suggesting a lung penetration of 88%. PKPD simulations suggested a previously predicted dose of 30 mg/kg in patients (creatinine clearance (CLCr) = 80 mL/min) to result in >99% probability of –2 log target attainment for MICs up to 16 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study provides proof of concept for the efficacy of EBL-1003 in the treatment of CRAB lung infections. Broad in vitro coverage, rapid killing, potent in vivo efficacy, and a high probability of target attainment render EBL-1003 a strong therapeutic candidate for a priority pathogen for which treatment options are very limited. © 2020 The Author(s)
17.	Bender, Brendan, et al. (författare) A mechanism-based model of tumor quiescence and drug-resistance in HER2–negative metastatic breast cancer patients receiving docetaxel or paclitaxel Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
18.	Bender, Brendan, et al. (författare) A Mechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model Elucidating the Disposition of Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1), an Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) for Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer 2014 Ingår i: AAPS Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1550-7416. ; 16:5, s. 994-1008 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapeutic for treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive cancers. The T-DM1 dose product contains a mixture of drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) moieties whereby the small molecule DM1 is chemically conjugated to trastuzumab antibody. The pharmacokinetics (PK) underlying this system and other ADCs are complex and have not been elucidated. Accordingly, we have developed two PK modeling approaches from preclinical data to conceptualize and understand T-DM1 PK, to quantify rates of DM1 deconjugation, and to elucidate the link between trastuzumab, T-DM1, and DAR measurements. Preclinical data included PK studies in rats (n = 34) and cynomolgus monkeys (n = 18) at doses ranging from 0.3 to 30 mg/kg and in vitro plasma stability. T-DM1 and total trastuzumab (TT) plasma concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Individual DAR moieties were measured by affinity capture liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. Two PK modeling approaches were developed for T-DM1 using NONMEM 7.2 software: a mechanistic model fit simultaneously to TT and DAR concentrations and a reduced model fit simultaneously to TT and T-DM1 concentrations. DAR moieties were well described with a three-compartmental model and DM1 deconjugation in the central compartment. DM1 deconjugated fastest from the more highly loaded trastuzumab molecules (i.e., DAR moieties that are a parts per thousand yen3 DM1 per trastuzumab). T-DM1 clearance (CL) was 2-fold faster than TT CL due to deconjugation. The two modeling approaches provide flexibility based on available analytical measurements for T-DM1 and a framework for designing ADC studies and PK-pharmacodynamic modeling of ADC efficacy- and toxicity-related endpoints.
19.	Bender, Brendan, et al. (författare) An integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modeling analysis of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)-induced thrombocytopenia (TCP) and hepatotoxicity in patients with HER2–positive metastatic breast cancer Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
20.	Bender, Brendan C., 1967-, et al. (författare) A population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of thrombocytopenia characterizing the effect of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) on platelet counts in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer 2012 Ingår i: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0344-5704 .- 1432-0843. ; 70:4, s. 591-601 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate in the development for the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive cancers. Thrombocytopenia (TCP) is the dose-limiting toxicity of T-DM1. A semimechanistic population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model was developed to characterize the effect of T-DM1 on patient platelet counts. A PK/PD model with transit compartments that mimic platelet development and circulation was fit to concentration-platelet-time course data from two T-DM1 single-agent studies (TDM3569g; N = 52 and TDM4258g; N = 112). NONMEMA (R) 7 software was used for model development. Data from a separate phase II study (TDM4374g; N = 110) were used for model evaluation. Patient baseline characteristics were evaluated as covariates of model PD parameters. The model described the platelet data well and predicted the incidence of grade a parts per thousand yen3 TCP. The model predicted that with T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg given every 3 weeks (q3w), the lowest platelet nadir would occur after the first dose. Also predicted was a patient subgroup (46 %) having variable degrees of downward drifting platelet-time profiles, which were predicted to stabilize by the eighth treatment cycle to platelet counts above grade 3 TCP. Baseline characteristics were not significant covariates of PD parameters in the model. This semimechanistic PK/PD model accurately captures the cycle 1 platelet nadir, the downward drift noted in some patient platelet-time profiles, and the similar to 8 % incidence of grade a parts per thousand yen3 TCP with T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg q3w. This model supports T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg q3w as a well-tolerated dose with minimal dose delays or reductions for TCP.
21.	Bender, Brendan C, et al. (författare) Population pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic modelling in oncology : a tool for predicting clinical response 2015 Ingår i: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0306-5251 .- 1365-2125. ; 79:1, s. 56-71 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract In oncology trials, overall survival (OS) is considered the most reliable and preferred endpoint to evaluate the benefit of drug treatment. Other relevant variables are also collected from patients for a given drug and its indication, and it is important to characterize the dynamic effects and links between these variables in order to improve the speed and efficiency of clinical oncology drug development. However, the drug-induced effects and causal relationships are often difficult to interpret because of temporal differences. To address this, population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) modelling and parametric time-to-event (TTE) models are becoming more frequently applied. Population PKPD and TTE models allow for exploration towards describing the data, understanding the disease and drug action over time, investigating relevance of biomarkers, quantifying patient variability and in designing successful trials. In addition, development of models characterizing both desired and adverse effects in a modelling framework support exploration of risk-benefit of different dosing schedules. In this review, we have summarized population PKPD modelling analyses describing tumour, tumour marker and biomarker responses, as well as adverse effects, from anticancer drug treatment data. Various model-based metrics used to drive PD response and predict OS for oncology drugs and their indications are also discussed.
22.	Bender, Brendan, 1967-, et al. (författare) New population modeling approaches for tumor response and survival analysis: an extension of the TGI-TTE framework using docetaxel and paclitaxel data Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
23.	Bender, Brendan, 1967- (författare) Pharmacometric Models for Antibody Drug Conjugates and Taxanes in HER2+ and HER2- Breast Cancer 2016 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In oncology, there is a need to optimize drug treatment for efficient eradication of tumors, minimization of adverse effects (AEs), and prolonging patient survival. Pharmacometric models can be developed to streamline information between drug development phases, describe and quantify response to treatment, and determine dose regimens that balance toxicity and efficacy. In this thesis, data from trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and taxane drug treatment were used to develop pharmacometric models of pharmacokinetics (PK), AEs, anti-tumor response, and survival, supporting drug development.T-DM1 is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer. ADCs are a relatively new class of oncologic agents, and contain multiple drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) moieties in their dose product. The complex distribution of T-DM1 was elucidated through PK models developed using in vitro and in vivo rat and cynomolgus monkey DAR data. Mechanism–based PK/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models were also developed for T-DM1 that described the AEs thrombocytopenia (TCP) and hepatotoxicity in patients receiving T-DM1. Variable patterns of platelet and transaminase (ALT and AST) response were quantified, including an effect of Asian ethnicity that was related to higher incidences of TCP. Model simulations, comparing dose intensities (DI) and Grade 3/4 incidences between the approved T-DM1 dose (3.6 mg/kg every three weeks) and weekly regimens, determined that 2.4 mg/kg weekly provided the highest DI.Docetaxel and paclitaxel are taxane treatment options for HER2–negative breast cancer. Tumor response data from these treatments were used to develop a mechanism–based model of tumor quiescence and drug–resistance. Subsequently, a parametric survival analysis found that tumor baseline and the model–predicted time to tumor growth (TTG) were predictors of overall survival (OS). This tumor and OS modeling approach can be applied to other anticancer treatments with similar patterns of drug–resistance.Overall, the pharmacometric models developed within this thesis present new modeling approaches and provide understanding on ADC PK and PKPD (TCP and hepatotoxicity), as well as drug–resistance tumor response. These models can inform simulation strategies and clinical study design, and be applied towards dose finding for anticancer drugs in development, especially ADCs.
24.	Bergmann, T K, et al. (författare) Impact of CYP2C83 on paclitaxel clearance: a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic study in 93 patients with ovarian cancer 2011 Ingår i:* PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1470-269X .- 1473-1150. ; 11:2, s. 113-120 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CYP2C83 and three genetic ABCB1 variants on the elimination of paclitaxel. We studied 93 Caucasian women with ovarian cancer treated with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Using sparse sampling and nonlinear mixed effects modeling, the individual clearance of unbound paclitaxel was estimated from total plasma paclitaxel and Cremophor EL. The geometric mean of clearance was 385 l h(-1) (range 176-726 l h(-1)). Carriers of CYP2C83 had 11% lower clearance than non-carriers, P = 0.03. This has not been shown before in similar studies; the explanation is probably the advantage of using both unbound paclitaxel clearance and a population of patients of same gender. No significant association was found for the ABCB1 variants C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T. Secondarily, other candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms were explored with possible associations found for CYP2C8*4 (P = 0.04) and ABCC1 g.7356253C andgt; G (P = 0.04).
25.	Björnsson, Marcus, et al. (författare) Performance of Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models in the Presence of Informative Dropout 2015 Ingår i: AAPS Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1550-7416. ; 17:1, s. 245-255 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Informative dropout can lead to bias in statistical analyses if not handled appropriately. The objective of this simulation study was to investigate the performance of nonlinear mixed effects models with regard to bias and precision, with and without handling informative dropout. An efficacy variable and dropout depending on that efficacy variable were simulated and model parameters were reestimated, with or without including a dropout model. The Laplace and FOCE-I estimation methods in NONMEM 7, and the stochastic simulations and estimations (SSE) functionality in PsN, were used in the analysis. For the base scenario, bias was low, less than 5% for all fixed effects parameters, when a dropout model was used in the estimations. When a dropout model was not included, bias increased up to 8% for the Laplace method and up to 21% if the FOCE-I estimation method was applied. The bias increased with decreasing number of observations per subject, increasing placebo effect and increasing dropout rate, but was relatively unaffected by the number of subjects in the study. This study illustrates that ignoring informative dropout can lead to biased parameters in nonlinear mixed effects modeling, but even in cases with few observations or high dropout rate, the bias is relatively low and only translates into small effects on predictions of the underlying effect variable. A dropout model is, however, crucial in the presence of informative dropout in order to make realistic simulations of trial outcomes.
26.	Bouchene, Salim, 1984-, et al. (författare) A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Colistin and Colistin Methanesulfonate in Rat 2018 Ingår i: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. - : Wiley. - 1742-7835 .- 1742-7843. ; 123:4, s. 407-422 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic used to treat patients infected with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). The objective of this work was to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model to predict tissue distribution of colistin in rat. The distribution of a drug in a tissue is commonly characterized by its tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient, K-p. Colistin and its prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) K-p priors, were measured experimentally from rat tissue homogenates or predicted in silico. The PK parameters of both compounds were estimated fitting invivo their plasma concentration-time profiles from six rats receiving an i.v. bolus of CMS. The variability in the data was quantified by applying a nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) modelling approach. A WB-PBPK model was developed assuming a well-stirred and perfusion-limited distribution in tissue compartments. Prior information on tissue distribution of colistin and CMS was investigated following three scenarios: K-p was estimated using in silico K-p priors (I) or K-p was estimated using experimental K-p priors (II) or K-p was fixed to the experimental values (III). The WB-PBPK model best described colistin and CMS plasma concentration-time profiles in scenario II. Colistin-predicted concentrations in kidneys in scenario II were higher than in other tissues, which was consistent with its large experimental K-p prior. This might be explained by a high affinity of colistin for renal parenchyma and active reabsorption into the proximal tubular cells. In contrast, renal accumulation of colistin was not predicted in scenario I. Colistin and CMS clearance estimates were in agreement with published values. The developed model suggests using experimental priors over in silico K-p priors for kidneys to provide a better prediction of colistin renal distribution. Such models might serve in drug development for interspecies scaling and investigate the impact of disease state on colistin disposition.
27.	Bouchene, Salim, 1984-, et al. (författare) A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic (WBPBPK-PD) Model for Colistin in Critically Ill Patients Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Objectives: Colistin is used as a salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections and administered as a prodrug, colistimethate sodium (CMS). Characterizing distribution of colistin at the site of infection is important to optimize bacterial killing. The aims of this analysis were (i) to apply a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WPBPK) model structure to describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CMS and colistin in critically ill patients and (ii) to predict colistin concentration-time courses and bacterial killing in target tissues combining the WBPBPK model with a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model.Methods: 27 critically ill patients treated with colistin were included in the analysis. A WBPBPK model previously developed in rat was applied to describe CMS and colistin PK data. The model was used to predict tissue concentrations in lungs, skin, blood and kidneys to drive a semi-mechanistic PKPD model on a wild-type (ATCC 27853) or a meropenem-resistant (AUR552) clinical strain P. aeruginosa to predict bacterial killing following the original dosing regimen and by replacing the original initial dose with a loading dose of 9MU.Results: The plasma data were reasonably well described by the WBPBPK model for both CMS and colistin with a slight overprediction at the 1st occasion. High exposure was predicted in kidneys comparable to what had been predicted in previous studies, in rat and healthy subjects. Bacterial load was quickly cleared for both the ATCC 27853 and ARU552 strains in all tissues and at a higher extend in kidney tissue, for all dosing scenarios.Conclusion: The WPBPK model was able to adequately describe the PK of CMS and colistin in critically ill patients. The combination of the predicted PK profiles in tissues of interest with a PKPD model was able to predict the bactericidal effect of colistin at target sites.
28.	Bouchene, Salim, 1984-, et al. (författare) Application of a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to describe the plasma and urine disposition of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in healthy volunteers Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Objectives: The primary aim of this work was to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) model to describe CMS and colistin disposition in human plasma and urine. The secondary aim of this analysis was to use the WBPBPK model to predict CMS and colistin tissue distribution in typical individuals with different pathophysiological changes and receiving different dosing regimens.Methods: Twelve healthy males were included in the analysis. They received a single dose of 80 mg CMS (1 million unit) through a 1-h intravenous infusion. Venous blood was collected between 0 and 18 h post dose. Fractionated urine samples were collected between 0 and 24 h after dose. A WBPBPK model initially developed in rat was further detailed with the addition of a specific urinary tract (UT) model. The Kp values of CMS and colistin were estimated for all tissues using experimental Kp prior values from rat tissue homogenates.Results: The model adequately described CMS and colistin concentrations over time in plasma and in urine. A shared first order elimination rate constant was estimated to depict the hydrolysis of CMS in plasma and tissues. A separate hydrolysis rate constant for CMS was estimated in urine, and was lower than in plasma and tissues. A shared non-renal elimination rate constant of colistin was estimated in plasma and in tissues. CMS and colistin disposition in urine was well characterized by the UT model. The tubular reabsorption of colistin was best described by a saturable model estimating the colistin affinity constant, KM. Non-specific binding of colistin in the UT lumen was accounted for using a linear relationship.Conclusion: The WBPBPK developed in this study characterized plasma and urine PK of CMS and colistin in human well. This model was used as a new framework to predict colistin exposure in the tissues of interest under different physiological conditions. The model can be easily refined when new data are available and can be combined to PKPD models to increase the understanding of the concentration-effect relationship at target sites.
29.	Bouchene, Salim, et al. (författare) Development of a Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Colistin and Colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in Rat Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic which is used to treat patients infected with multidrug resistant Gram negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). The objective of this work was to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) model in rat for colistin and its prodrug, CMS. The Kp prior values of colisin and CMS used in the WBPBPK model were either measured ex vivo in rat tissue homogenates or calculated using an in silico model. The PK parameters were estimated fitting plasma concentrations from rats receiving an i.v. bolus of CMS. In the WBPBPK model, the tissue distribution was assumed to be well-stirred and perfusion-limited. Three scenarios were investigated: estimating the Kp values using in silico Kp prior values (I), estimating the Kp values using the Kp prior values from ex vivo experiments (II) and fixing the Kp values to the experimental ex vivo Kp values (III). The WBPBPK model well described CMS and colistin plasma concentration-time profiles. Colistin Kp values in kidneys were higher than in the other tissues. The predicted concentrations in tissue were highest for kidneys and brain which might be due to a high affinity for these tissues and/or active transport processes that remain poorly elucidated. The clearance estimates of CMS and colistin were in agreement with previously reported values in the literature. The model developed in this study might be a valuable tool in drug development to understand the disposition of colistin or new polymyxin candidates as well as to guide for optimal dosing regimens.
30.	Bouchene, Salim, 1984-, et al. (författare) Development of an interspecies whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) model for colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin in five animal species and evaluation of its predictive ability in human Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Background and purposeColistin is a last-line antibiotic administered as the prodrug colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) for the treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WBPBPK) models are valuable tools to understand and characterize drug disposition, predict tissue distribution and interpret exposure-response relationship. The aim of this work was to develop a WBPBPK model for colistin and CMS in five animal species and evaluate the utility of the model for predicting colistin and CMS disposition in human.MethodsA nonlinear mixed-effects WBPBPK model previously developed in rats was extended to describe CMS and colistin plasma data of animals from 5 different species (40 mice, 6 rats, 3 rabbits, 3 baboons and 2 pigs) that had received single doses of CMS. CMS renal clearance and hydrolysis to colistin were allometrically scaled based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tissue volumes, respectively. For the non-renal colistin clearance, three scaling models were evaluated: volume based allometric scaling, volume and maximum lifespan potential (MLP) based allometric scaling, and estimation of specie-specific parameters. Tissue concentrations were predicted for all species. The WBPBPK model was then used to predict human plasma concentrations, which were compared to observed human plasma PK data extracted from literature.ResultsThe description of the plasma PK of CMS and colistin in mice, rats, rabbits, baboons and pigs was satisfactory. The volume and MLP based allometric scaling of the non-renal clearance of colistin was best at characterizing colistin concentration-time course, even if a misprediction remained in pigs. In human however, allometric scaling without MLP was closest to the observed data, with satisfactory prediction of the CMS plasma profiles and a slight overprediction of colistin plasma PK profiles.ConclusionsInterspecies WBPBPK models were developed to describe the disposition of CMS and colistin across five animal species and human plasma concentrations of CMS and colistin were predicted in the right ranges.
31.	Bouchene, Salim, et al. (författare) Whole Body Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Colistin and Colistimethate Sodium (CMS) in Six Different Species : Mouse, Rat, Rabbit, Baboon, Pig and Human 2013 Ingår i: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. - 1567-567X .- 1573-8744. ; 40:S1, s. S115-S116 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
32.	Brelid, Harald, 1960, et al. (författare) Pretreatment of softwood kraft pulp in TCF bleaching using ion exchange with magnesium and calcium 1996 Ingår i: International Pulp Bleaching Conference Washington, DC, USA, April 14-18. ; 2, s. 623-630 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
33.	Brill, Margreke J. E., et al. (författare) Semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of antibiotic drug combinations 2018 Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 24:7, s. 697-706 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Deriving suitable dosing regimens for antibiotic combination therapy poses several challenges as the drug interaction can be highly complex, the traditional pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) index methodology cannot be applied straightforwardly, and exploring all possible dose combinations is unfeasible. Therefore, semi-mechanistic PKPD models developed based on in vitro single and combination experiments can be valuable to suggest suitable combination dosing regimens. Aims: To outline how the interaction between two antibiotics has been characterized in semi-mechanistic PKPD models. We also explain how such models can be applied to support dosing regimens and design future studies. Sources: PubMed search for published semi-mechanistic PKPD models of antibiotic drug combinations. Content: Thirteen publications were identified where ten had applied subpopulation synergy to characterize the combined effect, i.e. independent killing rates for each drug and bacterial subpopulation. We report the various types of interaction functions that have been used to describe the combined drug effects and that characterized potential deviations from additivity under the PKPD model. Simulations from the models had commonly been performed to compare single versus combined dosing regimens and/or to propose improved dosing regimens.
34.	Bue, Mats, et al. (författare) Population pharmacokinetics of piperacillin in plasma and subcutaneous tissue in patients on continuous renal replacement therapy 2020 Ingår i: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Elsevier. - 1201-9712 .- 1878-3511. ; 92, s. 133-140 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVES: Piperacillin is a β-lactam antimicrobial frequently used in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). However, data regarding piperacillin tissue concentrations in this patient population are limited. A prospective observational study was conducted of free piperacillin concentrations during a single 8-h dosing interval in plasma (8 samples) and subcutaneous tissue (SCT) (13 samples), in 10 patients treated with CRRT following piperacillin 4 g given every 8 h as intermittent administration over 3 min.METHODS: A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM 7.4.3, to simulate alternative administration modes and dosing regimens. SCT concentrations were obtained using microdialysis. Piperacillin concentrations were compared to the clinical breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16 mg/l), with evaluation of the following pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics targets: 50% fT > 1 × MIC, 100% fT > 1 × MIC, and 100% fT > 4 × MIC.RESULTS: SCT concentrations were generally lower than plasma concentrations. For the target of 50% free time (fT) > 1 × MIC and 100% fT > 1 × MIC, piperacillin 4 g every 8 h resulted in probability of target attainment (PTA) >90% in both plasma and SCT. PTA > 90% for the target of 100% fT > 4 × MIC was only achieved for continuous infusion.CONCLUSIONS: Piperacillin 4 g every 8 h is likely to provide sufficient exposure in both plasma and SCT to treat P.aeruginosa infections in critically ill patients on CRRT, given that targets of 50% fT > 1 × MIC or 100% fT > 1 × MIC are adequate. However, if a more aggressive target of 100% fT > 4 × MIC is adopted, continuous infusion is needed.
35.	Bulman, Zackery P., et al. (författare) Research priorities towards precision antibiotic therapy to improve patient care 2022 Ingår i: LANCET MICROBE. - : Elsevier. - 2666-5247. ; 3:10, s. e795-e802 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Antibiotic resistance presents an incessant threat to our drug armamentarium that necessitates novel approaches to therapy. Over the past several decades, investigation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) principles has substantially improved our understanding of the relationships between the antibiotic, pathogen, and infected patient. However, crucial gaps in our understanding of the pharmacology of antibacterials and their optimal use in the care of patients continue to exist; simply attaining antibiotic exposures that are considered adequate based on traditional targets can still result in treatment being unsuccessful and resistance proliferation for some infections. It is this salient paradox that points to key future directions for research in antibiotic therapeutics. This Personal View discusses six priority areas for antibiotic pharmacology research: (1) antibiotic-pathogen interactions, (2) antibiotic targets for combination therapy, (3) mechanistic models that describe the time-course of treatment response, (4) understanding and modelling of host response to infection, (5) personalised medicine through therapeutic drug management, and (6) application of these principles to support development of novel therapies. Innovative approaches that enhance our understanding of antibiotic pharmacology and facilitate more accurate predictions of treatment success, coupled with traditional pharmacology research, can be applied at the population level and to individual patients to improve outcomes.
36.	Centanni, Maddalena, et al. (författare) Comparative Analysis of Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacometric Modeling in the Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Sunitinib Therapy with Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Background: Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) increasingly use models to predict long-term outcomes and translate trial data to real-world settings. Model structure uncertainty affects these predictions. This study evaluates a pharmacometric modeling approach against traditional pharmacoeconomic models for CEAs of sunitinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).Methods: A two-arm trial comparing sunitinib 37.5 mg daily to no treatment was simulated using a pharmacometric model framework. Four existing pharmacoeconomic models (time-to-event (TTE) and Markov models) were applied to the survival data and linked to logistic regression models describing the toxicity data (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, hypertension, fatigue and hand-foot syndrome (HFS)) to create pharmacoeconomic model frameworks. All five frameworks were used to simulate clinical outcomes and sunitinib treatment costs, including a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) scenario.Results: The pharmacometric model predicted sunitinib treatment costs an additional 147,065 euro/QALY compared to no treatment, with deviations -23.2% (discrete Markov), -17.8%% (continuous Markov), +3.8% (TTE Weibull) and +27.8% (TTE exponential) from the pharmacoeconomic model frameworks. The pharmacometric models captured the change in toxicity over treatment cycles (e.g. increased HFS incidence until cycle 4 with a decrease thereafter), a pattern not observed in the pharmacoeconomic models (e.g. stable HFS incidence over all treatment cycles). Furthermore, the pharmacoeconomic models excessively forecasted the percentage of patients encountering sub-therapeutic concentrations of sunitinib over the course of time (pharmacoeconomic: 24.6% at cycle 2 to 98.7% at cycle 16, versus pharmacometric: 13.7% at cycle 2 to 34.1% at cycle 16).Conclusions: Model structure significantly influences CEA predictions. The pharmacometric model more closely represented real-world toxicity trends and drug exposure changes. The relevance of these findings depends on the specific question a CEA seeks to address.
37.	Centanni, Maddalena, et al. (författare) Model-Based Biomarker Selection for Dose Individualization of Tyrosine-Kinase Inhibitors 2020 Ingår i: Frontiers in Pharmacology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1663-9812. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) demonstrate high inter-individual variability with respect to safety and efficacy and would therefore benefit from dose or schedule adjustments. This study investigated the efficacy, safety, and economical aspects of alternative dosing options for sunitinib in gastro-intestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and axitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Dose individualization based on drug concentration, adverse effects, and sVEGFR-3 was explored using a modeling framework connecting pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models, as well as overall survival. Model-based simulations were performed to investigate four different scenarios: (I) the predicted value of high-dose pulsatile schedules to improve clinical outcomes as compared to regular daily dosing, (II) the potential of biomarkers for dose individualizations, such as drug concentrations, toxicity measurements, and the biomarker sVEGFR-3, (III) the cost-effectiveness of biomarker-guided dose-individualizations, and (IV) model-based dosing approaches versus standard sample-based methods to guide dose adjustments in clinical practice. Simulations from the axitinib and sunitinib frameworks suggest that weekly or once every two weeks high-dosing result in lower overall survival in patients with mRCC and GIST, compared to continuous daily dosing. Moreover, sVEGFR-3 appears a safe and cost-effective biomarker to guide dose adjustments and improve overall survival (euro36 784.- per QALY). Model-based estimations were for biomarkers in general found to correctly predict dose adjustments similar to or more accurately than single clinical measurements and might therefore guide dose adjustments. A simulation framework represents a rapid and resource saving method to explore various propositions for dose and schedule adjustments of TKIs, while accounting for complicating factors such as circulating biomarker dynamics and inter-or intra-individual variability.
38.	Centanni, Maddalena, et al. (författare) Model-based Dose Individualization of Sunitinib in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors 2020 Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - : AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. - 1078-0432 .- 1557-3265. ; 26:17, s. 4590-4598 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: Various biomarkers have been proposed for sunitinib therapy in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). However, the lack of "real-life" comparative studies hampers the selection of the most appropriate one. We, therefore, set up a pharmacometric simulation framework to compare each proposed biomarker. Experimental Design: Models describing relations between sunitinib exposure, adverse events (hand-foot syndrome, fatigue, hypertension, and neutropenia), soluble VEGFR (sVEGFR)-3, and overall survival (OS) were connected to evaluate the differences in survival and adverse events under different dosing algorithms. Various fixed dosing regimens [4/2 (weeks on/weeks off) or 2/1 (50 mg), and continuous daily dosing (37.5 mg)] and individualization approaches [concentration-adjusted dosing (CAD), toxicity-adjusted dosing (TAD), and sVEGFR-3-adjusted dosing (VAD)] were explored following earlier suggested blood sampling schedules and dose-reduction criteria. Model-based forecasts of biomarker changes were evaluated for predictive accuracy and the advantage of a model-based dosing algorithm was evaluated for clinical implementation. Results: The continuous daily dosing regimen was predicted to result in the longest survival. TAD (24.5 months) and VAD (25.5 months) increased median OS as compared with a fixed dose schedule (19.9 and 21.5 months, respectively) and CAD (19.7 and 21.3 months, respectively), without markedly raising the risk of intolerable toxicities. Changes in neutrophil count and sVEGFR-3 were accurately forecasted in the majority of subjects (> 65%), based on biweekly blood sampling. Conclusions: Dose adjustments based on the pharmacodynamic biomarkers neutrophil count and sVEGFR-3 can increase OS while retaining drug safety. Future efforts could explore the possibility of incorporating a model-based dose approach in clinical practice to increase dosing accuracy for these biomarkers.
39.	Centanni, Maddalena, 1994- (författare) Model-based evaluation of biomarkers for dose-individualization in oncology 2024 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract In contemporary cancer care, several issues are garnering increasing attention. First, significant inter-individual variability among patients challenges the effectiveness of a uniform dosing approach. Second, the escalating costs of treatments necessitate careful consideration when selecting doses and other clinical modalities, including biomarkers, while balancing economic constraints. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate techniques for tailoring doses and guiding clinical decisions for cancer patients through the development and implementation of various models, with the aim of improving treatment outcomes in terms of both efficacy and safety. Through a model-based framework integrating sunitinib pharmacokinetics (PK), adverse events, biomarkers, tumor dynamics and their correlation with overall survival, different treatment schedules and biomarkers for dose individualization were explored. Based on the proposed threshold values, neutrophil count (ANC) and the biomarker sVEGFR-3 were identified as offering the best balance between safety and efficacy for sunitinib in gastro-intestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and could thus serve as viable guides for dose individualization in clinical practice. Given its routine measurement, dose adjustments guided by ANC may be preferable in clinical settings. The feasibility of utilizing diastolic blood pressure (dBP) for personalized dose optimization of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in clinical settings is constrained due to its reliance on repeated measurements taken at consistent intervals. For axitinib and sunitinib, model-based predictions using multiple clinical measurements were more accurate than single sample measurements. For drugs with high unexplained inter-individual variability (IIV), low residual variability (RUV), and low inter-occasional variability (IOV), therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) provided a more accurate measure of exposure. Conversely, for drugs with low IIV and high RUV and IOV, pharmacogenetic profiling was more suitable. However, the prevalence of pharmacogenetic subtypes and the challenge of measuring exposure metrics like AUC through limited sampling also influence these approaches.This research further emphasizes how model structure affects the outcomes of cost-effectiveness analyses and consequently the potential implications for regulatory decisions. Although creating mechanistic models for these analyses demands substantial initial effort, the growing need for model-based analyses in drug approval is likely to make these models more accessible for future compounds. Moreover, such models are expected to be more biologically plausible and therefore more reflective of reality and offer flexibility for exploring alternative dosages with limited additional effort.Using model-based assessments, the relationship between the PK and PK-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) profiles of adverse events arising from therapies for acute lymphocytic leukemia were established. For PEG-asparaginase, the PK model categorized 93% of patients who experienced inactivation against PEG-asparaginase as having an increased clearance, and 86% of patients who did not experience hypersensitivity as maintaining stable clearance throughout their asparaginase treatment. This approach marks a potential method for predicting inactivation by identifying early changes in clearance. For vincristine, model-informed precision dosing was shown to reduce the incidence of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) from 62.1% to 53.9%, though the clinical impact remains modest.
40.	Centanni, Maddalena, et al. (författare) Optimization of blood pressure measurement practices for pharmacodynamic analyses of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors 2023 Ingår i: Clinical and Translational Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1752-8054 .- 1752-8062. ; 16:1, s. 73-84 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Blood pressure measurements form a critical component of adverse event monitoring for tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but might also serve as a biomarker for dose titrations. This study explored the impact of various sources of within-individual variation on blood pressure readings to improve measurement practices and evaluated the utility for individual- and population-level dose selection. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling framework was created to describe circadian blood pressure changes, inter- and intra-day variability, changes from dipper to non-dipper profiles, and the relationship between drug exposure and blood pressure changes over time. The framework was used to quantitatively evaluate the influence of physiological and pharmacological aspects on blood pressure measurements, as well as to compare measurement techniques, including office-based, home-based, and ambulatory 24-h blood pressure readings. Circadian changes, as well as random intra-day and inter-day variability, were found to be the largest sources of within-individual variation in blood pressure. Office-based and ambulatory 24-h measurements gave rise to potential bias (>5 mmHg), which was mitigated by model-based estimations. Our findings suggest that 5-8 consecutive, home-based, measurements taken at a consistent time around noon, or alternatively within a limited time frame (e.g., 8.00 a.m. to 12.00 p.m. or 12.00 p.m. to 5.00 p.m.), will give rise to the most consistent blood pressure estimates. Blood pressure measurements likely do not represent a sufficiently accurate method for individual-level dose selection, but may be valuable for population-level dose identification. A user-friendly tool has been made available to allow for interactive blood pressure simulations and estimations for the investigated scenarios.
41.	Centanni, Maddalena, et al. (författare) Pharmacogenetic testing or Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Quantitative Framework Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Background: Pharmacogenetic profiling and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) have both been proposed to manage inter-individual variability (IIV) in drug exposure. However, determining the most effective approach for estimating exposure for a particular drug remains a challenge. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the circumstances in which pharmacogenetic profiling may outperform TDM in estimating drug exposure, under three sources of variability (IIV, inter-occasion variability (IOV) and residual unexplained variability (RUV)).Methods: Pharmacokinetic models were selected from the literature corresponding to drugs for which pharmacogenetic profiling and TDM are both clinically considered approaches for dose-individualization. The models were used to simulate relevant drug exposures (Ctrough or AUC) under varying degrees of IIV, IOV and RUV.Results: Six drug cases were selected from the literature. Model-based simulations demonstrated that the percentage of patients for whom pharmacogenetic exposure predictions is superior to TDM differs for each drug case: tacrolimus (11.0%), tamoxifen (12.7%), efavirenz (49.2%), vincristine (49.6%), risperidone (48.1%) and 5-FU (100%). Generally, in the presence of higher unexplained IIV in combination with lower RUV and IOV, exposure was best estimated by TDM, whereas under lower unexplained IIV in combination with higher IOV or RUV, pharmacogenetic profiling was preferred. Conclusions: For the drugs with relatively low RUV and IOV (e.g., tamoxifen and tacrolimus), TDM estimated true exposure the best. Conversely, for drugs with similar or lower unexplained IIV (e.g., efavirenz or 5-FU, respectively) combined with relatively high RUV, pharmacogenetic profiling provided the most accurate estimate for most patients. However, genotype prevalence and the relative influence of genotypes on the PK, as well as the ability of TDM to accurately estimate AUC with a limited number of samples, had an impact. The results could be used to support clinical decision making when considering other factors, such as the probability for severe side effects.
42.	Chen, Yun, 1966, et al. (författare) Neonatal losartan treatment suppresses renal expression of molecules involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions 2004 Ingår i: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1046-6673 .- 1533-3450. ; 15:5, s. 1232-43 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Lack of neonatal angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)) stimulation produces renal abnormalities characterized by papillary atrophy and impaired urinary concentrating ability, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. DNA microarray was used to identify genes that are differentially expressed in renal medulla in response to neonatal treatment with AT(1) receptor antagonist losartan (30 mg/kg per d), which commenced within 24 h after birth. The data showed that losartan treatment for 48 h downregulated 68 genes, approximately 30% of which encode various components of cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-associated proteins, extracellular matrix, and enzymes involved in extracellular matrix maturation or turnover. With the use of immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblot, the microarray data were confirmed and it was demonstrated that losartan suppressed renal expression of syndecan 2, alpha-smooth muscle actin, MHC class II, and leukocyte type 12-lipoxygenase by day 4. In addition, losartan inhibited medullary expression of integrin alpha6 and caused relocalization of integrins alpha6 and alpha3. Moreover, losartan inhibited cell proliferation in medullary tubules by day 9, as detected by Ki-67 immunostaining. This study provides new data supporting the contention that a lack of AT(1) receptor stimulation results in abnormal matrix assembly, disturbed cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, and subsequent abnormal tubular maturation. Moreover, regulation of the expression of leukocyte type 12-lipoxygenase and alpha-smooth muscle actin by the renin-angiotensin system in the immature kidney adds new knowledge toward the understanding of renal vascular development.
43.	Christensen, Gitte L., et al. (författare) Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits insulin secretion from rodent beta cells through regulation of calbindin1 expression and reduced voltage-dependent calcium currents 2015 Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0428 .- 0012-186X. ; 58:6, s. 1282-1290 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is characterised by progressive loss of pancreatic beta cell mass and function. Therefore, it is of therapeutic interest to identify factors with the potential to improve beta cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) expression is increased in diabetic animals and BMP4 reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism behind this inhibition. Methods BMP4-mediated inhibition of GSIS was investigated in detail using single cell electrophysiological measurements and live cell Ca2+ imaging. BMP4-mediated gene expression changes were investigated by microarray profiling, quantitative PCR and western blotting. Results Prolonged exposure to BMP4 reduced GSIS from rodent pancreatic islets. This inhibition was associated with decreased exocytosis due to a reduced Ca2+ current through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. To identify proteins involved in the inhibition of GSIS, we investigated global gene expression changes induced by BMP4 in neonatal rat pancreatic islets. Expression of the Ca2+-binding protein calbindin1 was significantly induced by BMP4. Overexpression of calbindin1 in primary islet cells reduced GSIS, and the effect of BMP4 on GSIS was lost in islets from calbindin1 (Calb1) knockout mice. Conclusions/interpretation We found BMP4 treatment to markedly inhibit GSIS from rodent pancreatic islets in a calbindin1-dependent manner. Calbindin1 is suggested to mediate the effect of BMP4 by buffering Ca2+ and decreasing Ca2+ channel activity, resulting in diminished insulin exocytosis. Both BMP4 and calbindin1 are potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of beta cell dysfunction.
44.	Daitch, Vered, et al. (författare) Excluded versus included patients in a randomized controlled trial of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria : relevance to external validity 2021 Ingår i: BMC Infectious Diseases. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-2334. ; 21 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Population external validity is the extent to which an experimental study results can be generalized from a specific sample to a defined population. In order to apply the results of a study, we should be able to assess its population external validity. We performed an investigator-initiated randomized controlled trial (RCT) (AIDA study), which compared colistin-meropenem combination therapy to colistin monotherapy in the treatment of patients infected with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In order to examine the study's population external validity and to substantiate the use of AIDA study results in clinical practice, we performed a concomitant observational trial.Methods: The study was conducted between October 1st, 2013 and January 31st, 2017 (during the RCTs recruitment period) in Greece, Israel and Italy. Patients included in the observational arm of the study have fulfilled clinical and microbiological inclusion criteria but were excluded from the RCT due to receipt of colistin for > 96 h, refusal to participate, or prior inclusion in the RCT. Non-randomized cases were compared to randomized patients. The primary outcome was clinical failure at 14 days of infection onset.Results: Analysis included 701 patients. Patients were infected mainly with Acinetobacter baumannii [78.2% (548/701)]. The most common reason for exclusion was refusal to participate [62% (183/295)]. Non-randomized and randomized patients were similar in most of the demographic and background parameters, though randomized patients showed minor differences towards a more severe infection. Combination therapy was less common in non-randomized patients [31.9% (53/166) vs. 51.2% (208/406), p = 0.000]. Randomized patients received longer treatment of colistin [13 days (IQR 10-16) vs. 8.5 days (IQR 0-15), p = 0.000]. Univariate analysis showed that non-randomized patients were more inclined to clinical failure on day 14 from infection onset [82% (242/295) vs. 75.5% (307/406), p = 0.042]. After adjusting for other variables, non-inclusion was not an independent risk factor for clinical failure at day 14.Conclusion: The similarity between the observational arm and RCT patients has strengthened our confidence in the population external validity of the AIDA trial. Adding an observational arm to intervention studies can help increase the population external validity and improve implementation of study results in clinical practice.
45.	Dam, Merete, et al. (författare) Increase in peg-asparaginase clearance as a predictor for inactivation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 2024 Ingår i: Leukemia. - 0887-6924 .- 1476-5551. ; 38:4, s. 712-719 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
46.	Damén, Tor, et al. (författare) Inverted valve after initially successful transfemoral aortic valve implantation 2012 Ingår i: Annals of Thoracic Surgery. - New York, USA : Elsevier. - 0003-4975 .- 1552-6259. ; 94:2, s. 636-639 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A 73-year-old woman with severe aortic stenosis was accepted for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. There was minimal paravalvular leakage after the implantation, and the patient was stable. Twelve minutes after the implantation, the arterial pressure suddenly dropped. Transesophageal echocardiography showed severe left ventricular dysfunction. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was started, and initially was successful with a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg. However, despite initiation of extracorporeal circulation support, the patient deteriorated, pulmonary edema developed, and she died. Autopsy revealed an inverted aortic valve. The reasons why the patient had cardiac arrest and an inverted transfemoral aortic valve remain unclear.
47.	de Graan, Anne-Joy M., et al. (författare) A Pharmacogenetic Predictive Model for Paclitaxel Clearance Based on the DMET Platform 2013 Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432 .- 1557-3265. ; 19:18, s. 5210-5217 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: Paclitaxel is used in the treatment of solid tumors and displays high interindividual variation in exposure. Low paclitaxel clearance could lead to increased toxicity during treatment. We present a genetic prediction model identifying patients with low paclitaxel clearance, based on the drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter (DMET)-platform, capable of detecting 1,936 genetic variants in 225 metabolizing enzyme and drug transporter genes. Experimental Design: In 270 paclitaxel-treated patients, unbound plasma concentrations were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from a previously developed population pharmacokinetic model (NONMEM). Patients were divided into a training-and validation set. Genetic variants determined by the DMET platform were selected from the training set to be included in the prediction model when they were associated with low paclitaxel clearance (1 SD below mean clearance) and subsequently tested in the validation set. Results: A genetic prediction model including 14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) was developed on the training set. In the validation set, this model yielded a sensitivity of 95%, identifying most patients with low paclitaxel clearance correctly. The positive predictive value of the model was only 22%. The model remained associated with low clearance after multivariate analysis, correcting for age, gender, and hemoglobin levels at baseline (P = 0.02). Conclusions: In this first large-sized application of the DMET-platform for paclitaxel, we identified a 14 SNP model with high sensitivity to identify patients with low paclitaxel clearance. However, due to the low positive predictive value we conclude that genetic variability encoded in the DMET-chip alone does not sufficiently explain paclitaxel clearance.
48.	de Graan, Anne-Joy M., et al. (författare) CYP3A422 Genotype and Systemic Exposure Affect Paclitaxel-Induced Neurotoxicity 2013 Ingår i:* Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432 .- 1557-3265. ; 19:12, s. 3316-3324 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: Paclitaxel is used for the treatment of several solid tumors and displays a high interindividual variation in exposure and toxicity. Neurotoxicity is one of the most prominent side effects of paclitaxel. This study explores potential predictive pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic determinants for the onset and severity of neurotoxicity. Experimental Design: In an exploratory cohort of patients (n = 261) treated with paclitaxel, neurotoxicity incidence, and severity, pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacogenetic variants were determined. Paclitaxel plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and individual pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from previously developed population pharmacokinetic models by nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Genetic variants of paclitaxel pharmacokinetics tested were CYP3A422, CYP2C83, CYP2C84, and ABCB1 3435 C>T. The association between CYP3A422 and neurotoxicity observed in the exploratory cohort was validated in an independent patient cohort (n = 239). Results: Exposure to paclitaxel ((log)AUC) was correlated with severity of neurotoxicity (P < 0.00001). Female CYP3A422 carriers were at increased risk of developing neurotoxicity (P = 0.043) in the exploratory cohort. CYP3A422 carrier status itself was not associated with pharmacokinetic parameters (CL, AUC, C-max, or T->0.05) of paclitaxel in males or females. Other genetic variants displayed no association with neurotoxicity. In the subsequent independent validation cohort, CYP3A422 carriers were at risk of developing grade 3 neurotoxicity (OR = 19.1; P = 0.001). Conclusions: Paclitaxel exposure showed a relationship with the severity of paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, female CYP3A422 carriers had increased risk of developing severe neurotoxicity during paclitaxel therapy. These observations may guide future individualization of paclitaxel treatment.
49.	de Graan, Anne-Joy M., et al. (författare) Influence of Polymorphic OATP1B-Type Carriers on the Disposition of Docetaxel 2012 Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432 .- 1557-3265. ; 18:16, s. 4433-4440 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: Docetaxel is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4 in the liver but mechanisms by which the drug is taken up into hepatocytes remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that (i) liver uptake of docetaxel is mediated by the polymorphic solute carriers OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and (ii) inherited genetic defects in this process may impair systemic drug elimination.Experimental Design: Transport of docetaxel was studied in vitro using various cell lines stably transfected with OATP1B11A (wild-type), OATP1B15 [c.521T>C (V174A); rs4149056], OATP1B3, or the mouse transporter Oatp1b2. Docetaxel clearance was evaluated in wild-type and Oatp1b2-knockout mice as well as in two cohorts of patients with multiple variant transporter genotypes (n = 213).Results: Docetaxel was found to be a substrate for OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and Oatp1b2 but was not transported by OATP1B1*5. Deficiency of Oatp1b2 in mice was associated with an 18-fold decrease in docetaxel clearance (P = 0.0099), which was unrelated to changes in intrinsic metabolic capacity in mouse liver microsomes. In patients, however, none of the studied common reduced function variants in OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 were associated with docetaxel clearance (P > 0.05).Conclusions: The existence of at least two potentially redundant uptake transporters in the human liver with similar affinity for docetaxel supports the possibility that functional defects in both of these proteins may be required to confer substantially altered disposition phenotypes. In view of the established exposure-toxicity relationships for docetaxel, we suggest that caution is warranted if docetaxel has to be administered together with agents that potently inhibit both OATP1B1 and OATP1B3.
50.	de Graan, Anne-Joy M., et al. (författare) Influence of Smoking on the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Profiles of Taxane Therapy 2012 Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432 .- 1557-3265. ; 18:16, s. 4425-4432 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Purpose: Cigarette smoke is known to interact with the metabolism of several anticancer drugs. It may also affect the incidence and severity of adverse events and efficacy of chemotherapy. The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of patients treated with docetaxel or paclitaxel.Experimental Design: Smoking status, toxicity profiles, and pharmacokinetic parameters (calculated by nonlinear mixed-effect modeling population analysis) were determined in 566 patients (429 nonsmokers and 137 smokers) treated with docetaxel or paclitaxel.Results: Smokers treated with docetaxel showed less grade IV neutropenia (35% vs. 52%; P = 0.01) than nonsmokers. Smokers treated with paclitaxel had less grade III-IV leukopenia than nonsmokers (12% vs. 25%; P = 0.03), and the white blood cell (WBC) nadir was lower in nonsmokers (median, 2.7 x 10(9)/L; range, 0.05 x 10(9) to 11.6 x 10(9)/L) than in smokers (median, 3.3 x 10(9)/L; range 0.8 x 10(9) to 10.2 x 10(9)/L; P = 0.02). Of interest, significantly lower WBC counts and absolute neutrophil counts at baseline were seen in nonsmoking patients treated with paclitaxel (P = 0.0001). Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in smokers and nonsmokers for both taxanes.Conclusion: Cigarette smoking does not alter the pharmacokinetic determinants of docetaxel and paclitaxel. Smokers treated with docetaxel and paclitaxel have less neutropenia and leukopenia, but further research is warranted to elucidate this potential protective effect.

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