| 1. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Absolute or relative? A comparative analysis of the relationship between poverty and mortality
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1661-8556 .- 1661-8564. ; 60:1, s. 101-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to examine the cross-national and cross-temporal association between poverty and mortality, in particular differentiating the impact of absolute and relative poverty. We employed pooled cross-sectional time series analysis. Our measure of relative poverty was based upon the standard 60 % of median income. The measure of absolute, or fixed, poverty was based upon the US poverty threshold. Our analyses were conducted on data for 30 countries between 1978 and 2010, a total of 149 data points. We separately studied infant, child, and adult mortality. Our findings highlight the importance of relative poverty for mortality. Especially for infant and child mortality, we found that our estimates of fixed poverty is close to zero either in the crude models, or when adjusting for gross domestic product. Conversely, the relative poverty estimates increased when adjusting for confounders. Our results seemed robust to a number of sensitivity tests. If we agree that risk of death is important, the public policy implication of our findings is that relative poverty, which has close associations to overall inequality, should be a major concern also among rich countries.
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| 2. |
- Fritzell, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Does non-employment contribute to the health disadvantage among lone mothers in Britain, Italy and Sweden? Family policy and synergy effects
- 2012
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Ingår i: Health and Place. - : Elsevier BV. - 1353-8292 .- 1873-2054. ; 18:2, s. 199-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses self-rated health and non-employment and potential synergy effects among lone and couple mothers aged 25–59 in Britain, Sweden and Italy, representing different family policy categories using data from national surveys (2000–2005). Synergy effects on health were calculated by synergy index. Non-employment only marginally contributed to the excess risk of poor health among lone mothers but there were synergy effects between lone motherhood and non-employment in all three countries, producing a higher risk of poor health than would be expected from a simple addition of these exposures. Results are discussed in relation to the different family policy and living contexts.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hallqvist, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions with income
- 2006
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Ingår i: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 17:3, s. 343-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Lundberg, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of social protection and income maintenance policies on health and health inequalities
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 23:Suppl. 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BackgroundAs a starting point we review the existing evidence on welfare states, health and health inequalities, from 2005 onwards. Three different approaches emerge in these previous studies – the welfare regime approach, the welfare institutions approach and the social spending approach. While no clear picture emerges for the welfare regime approach, summarising findings regarding the institutional and expenditure approach suggest that a higher degree of generosity and social spending benefits public health. These are therefore approaches we follow to arrive at a better understanding of what type of policies are linked to smaller inequalities in health across the life-course.MethodsA starting point in the analyses is the relation between income, poverty and mortality. The cross-national variation in poverty rates, both absolute (poverty threshold) and relative (60 per cent of median income) measure, and mortality rates in European 26 countries will be considered.The second step in the analysis focuses on the relationship between social rights and subjective health in Europe, with a focus on national variations and changes in social rights to levels and changes in subjective health outcomes across several countries. The data holds information regarding social rights and social expenditure, including individual data from EU-SILC.ResultsPreliminary results indicate that it is the totality of social protection that is important rather than individual policies. A sub-study regarding social rights and health among youth highlight also the importance of active and passive labour market policy in the 16 included countries.ConclusionsIn sum our diverse approach to analysing welfare state efforts and their links to health inequalities suggest that there is a clear relationship between more ambitious policies and smaller inequalities in health. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings.
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| 6. |
- Mortensen, Laust H., et al.
(författare)
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Shape of the association between income and mortality : a cohort study of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1995 and 2003
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 6:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Prior work has examined the shape of the income-mortality association, but work has not compared gradients between countries. In this study, we focus on changes over time in the shape of income-mortality gradients for 4 Nordic countries during a period of rising income inequality. Context and time differentials in shape imply that the relationship between income and mortality is not fixed. Setting: Population-based cohort study of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Participants: We collected data on individuals aged 25 or more in 1995 (n=12.98 million individuals, 0.84 million deaths) and 2003 (n=13.08 million individuals, 0.90 million deaths). We then examined the household size equivalised disposable income at the baseline year in relation to the rate of mortality in the following 5 years. Results: A steep income gradient in mortality in men and women across all age groups except the oldest old in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. From the 1990s to 2000s mortality dropped, but generally more so in the upper part of the income distribution than in the lower part. As a consequence, the shape of the income gradient in mortality changed. The shift in the shape of the association was similar in all 4 countries. Conclusions: A non-linear gradient exists between income and mortality in most cases and because of a more rapid mortality decline among those with high income the income gradient has become steeper over time.
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| 7. |
- Rehnberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Divergence and Convergence : How Do Income Inequalities in Mortality Change over the Life Course?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Gerontology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0304-324X .- 1423-0003. ; 65:3, s. 313-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Do inequalities in health by income increase or decrease with age? The empirical evidence is not conclusive and competing theories arrive at different conclusions.OBJECTIVE: This study examined inequality in mortality by income over the adult life course with longitudinal data on people aged 30-99 between the years 1990 and 2009. Each person was followed for 19 years.METHODS: We used Swedish total population data with 5,011,414 individual observations. We calculated the probability of having died for ages between 31 and 99. This approach to calculating death risk incorporates selective mortality during the follow-up period into the measure. Age and year standardized income positions were calculated for all individuals. Inequality was assessed by comparing the top 10% income group and the bottom 10% income group. Relative inequality was measured by risk ratios (RR) and absolute inequality by percentage point differences.RESULTS: The results showed that the highest relative income inequality in mortality was at age 56 for men (RR: 4.7) and at age 40 for women (RR: 4.1) with differing patterns across the younger age categories between the sexes. The highest absolute income inequality in mortality was found at age 78 for men (19% difference) and at age 89 for women (14% difference) with similar patterns for both sexes. Both measures of inequality decreased after the peak, with small or no inequalities above age 95. Income inequality in mortality remained in advanced age, with larger absolute inequalities in older ages and larger relative inequalities in younger ages.CONCLUSION: The results for absolute and relative measures of inequality differed substantially; this highlights the importance of discussing and making an active choice of inequality measure. To explain and understand the patterns of inequality in mortality over the adult life course, we conclude that the "age-as-leveler" and "cumulative disadvantage" theories are best applied to an absolute measure of inequality.
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| 8. |
- Rehnberg, Johan, 1986-
(författare)
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Inequalities in life and death : Income and mortality in an ageing population
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Income serves as an indicator of success relative to others, and provides individuals with resources that strengthen their capability to face challenges and benefit from opportunities. Out of all social determinants of health, income is one of the strongest predictors of health outcomes. The positive association between income and health in the working-age population is well established; those with higher income tend to have better health. Less is known about the association between income and health among older persons. Several studies have observed that in old age, health inequalities decrease and the relationship between income and health weakens. However, at what point in the ageing process the association starts to weaken, and to what extent, is debated.The ageing process highlights the need for several theoretical considerations in studies on income and health. Societies are stratified by age, as manifested through transitions in and out of education, work, and retirement. Moreover, the individual experience of the ageing process involves biological processes of decline. Many health problems, and particularly death, are uncommon events during most of adulthood. In old age, however, health decline becomes a normative experience, and in Sweden, more than 90 percent of all deaths occur among people aged 65 or older. The characteristics and magnitude of age-related changes in the association between income and mortality constitute one of the prime concerns in this thesis. I have used two contending perspectives to understand the empirical results: the cumulative (dis)advantage theory and the age-as-leveler hypothesis.In this thesis, I have investigated the association between income and mortality across ages, with a focus on later life. More specifically, I studied the shape and magnitude of the income-mortality association across the life course. Furthermore, I tested two potential mechanisms that may shape this association in old age: health decline and mortality selection. Overall, this thesis shows to what extent and in what ways the association between income and mortality is maintained in old ageThis thesis includes four empirical studies. Study I, II, and IV are based on data from Swedish national registers (n = 801,017 – 5,011,414). Study III used survey data (LNU and SWEOLD) linked with data from administrative registries (n = 2619). The results from Study I showed that the income-mortality association was curvilinear with diminishing returns of income in both mid-life and late-life. Study II showed that relative mortality inequalities in income decreased with age and absolute mortality inequalities in income increased with age up to age 85-90, after which the mortality inequalities decreased. The results from Study III showed that health decline partly explained the weakened income-mortality association among the oldest old. Finally, Study IV showed that selective mortality had a substantial impact on poverty rates in old age; poverty rates were consistently and substantially lower for those who survived than those who died. Furthermore, selective mortality had the largest influence on the surviving population when mortality rates were at their highest.
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| 9. |
- Rehnberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Poverty after 63 : the impact of selective mortality
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The amount and share of older people in developed countries are growing dramatically and poverty among them is relatively high. If life expectancy continues to increase and a larger segment of the population reaches old age, we may expect to see increased poverty rates among the old.Objective: The objective of this study was to examine poverty rates in six cohorts aged 63-101 in Sweden during 1990 to 2006, as well as the impact of selective mortality on old age poverty rates during the study period.Methods: We used Swedish total population data with 1 293 434 individual observations. We calculated poverty rates for six cohorts of women and men aged 63 to 86 at baseline, and followed the cohorts for 15 years. The impact of selective mortality on poverty rates was assessed by comparing poverty in the complete cohort with a sample of the cohort that survived for the duration of the follow-up period.Results: Poverty rates increased with age for men and women in all six cohorts. Women experienced substantially higher poverty rates than did men. Those who survived during the 15-year follow-up period had 8-32 percent lower poverty rate at baseline compared to the complete cohort poverty rate. Men experienced larger poverty differences between the complete cohort sample and the survivor sample in the younger cohorts than did women. Women experienced larger poverty differences between the complete sample and the survivor sample in the oldest cohort than did men.Conclusion: Selective mortality influences poverty rates greatly. In a scenario where everyone lives longer and other things is held constant, the results from this study suggest that poverty rates among the old could be substantially higher.
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| 10. |
- Rehnberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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The shape of the association between income and mortality in old age : A longitudinal Swedish national register study
- 2016
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Ingår i: SSM - Population Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-8273. ; 2, s. 750-756
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study used data on the total population to examine the longitudinal association between midlife income and mortality and late-life income and mortality in an aging Swedish cohort. We specifically examined the shape of the associations between income and mortality with focus on where in the income distribution that higher incomes began to provide diminishing returns. The study is based on a total Swedish population cohort between the ages of 50 and 60 years in 1990 (n=801,017) followed in registers for up to 19 years. We measured equivalent disposable household income in 1990 and 2005 and mortality between 2006 and 2009. Cox proportional hazard models with penalized splines (P-spline) enabled us to examine for non-linearity in the relationship between income and mortality. The results showed a clear non-linear association. The shape of the association between midlife (ages 50-60) income and mortality was curvilinear; returns diminished as income increased. The shape of the association between late-life (ages 65-75) income and mortality was also curvilinear; returns diminished as income increased. The association between late-life income and mortality remained after controlling for midlife income. In summary, the results indicated that a non-linear association between income and mortality is maintained into old age, in which higher incomes give diminishing returns.
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| 11. |
- Rehnberg, Johan, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in the shape of the income–mortality association in Sweden between 1995 and 2017 : a repeated cross-sectional population register study
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 12:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective We investigate recent trends in income inequalities in mortality and the shape of the association in Sweden. We consider all-cause, preventable and non-preventable mortality for three age groups (30–64, 65–79 and 80+ years).Design and setting Repeated cross-sectional design using Swedish total population register data.Participants All persons aged 30 years and older living in Sweden 1995–1996, 2005–2006 and 2016–2017 (n=8 084 620).Methods Rate differences and rate ratios for all-cause, preventable and non-preventable mortality were calculated per income decile and age group.Results From 1995 to 2017, relative inequalities in mortality by income increased in Sweden in the age groups 30–64 years and 65–79 years. Absolute inequalities increased in the age group 65–79 years. Among persons aged 80+ years, inequalities were small. The shape of the income–mortality association was curvilinear in the age group 30–64 years; the gradient was stronger below the fourth percentile. In the age group 65–79 years, the shape shifted from linear in 1995–1996 to a more curvilinear shape in 2016–2017. In the oldest age group (80+ years), varied shapes were observed. Inequalities were more pronounced in preventable mortality compared with non-preventable mortality. Income inequalities in preventable and non-preventable mortality increased at similar rates between 1995 and 2017.Conclusions The continued increase of relative (ages 30–79 years) and absolute (ages 65–79 years) mortality inequalities in Sweden should be a primary concern for public health policy. The uniform increase of inequalities in preventable and non-preventable mortality suggests that a more complex explanatory model than only social causation is responsible for increased health inequalities.
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| 12. |
- Stjärne, Maria K, et al.
(författare)
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Neighborhood socioeconomic context, individual income and myocardial infarction
- 2006
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Ingår i: Epidemiology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1044-3983 .- 1531-5487. ; 17:1, s. 14-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:The incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) varies among socioeconomic groups, and geographic differences in incidence rates are observed within most urban regions. Whether spatial social differentiation gives rise to social contexts detrimental to health is still an open question. In this study, we evaluate 2 aspects of the neighborhood context as contributory factors in MI: level of economic resources and degree of socioeconomic homogeneity. We adopt a multilevel approach to analyze potential mechanisms, which involve individual social characteristics. METHODS:We analyzed data from the SHEEP study, a population-based case-control study of first events of acute MI in Stockholm County in 1992-1994. Data on socioeconomic characteristics in neighborhoods came from total population registers of income and social circumstances. RESULTS:The level of neighborhood socioeconomic resources had a contextual effect on the relative risk of MI after adjustment for individual social characteristics. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) in low-income, compared with high-income, neighborhoods was 1.88 for women and 1.52 for men. Although the degree of socioeconomic homogeneity in neighborhoods has less impact on MI, the IRR for men in homogenous low-income areas compared with men living in heterogeneous high-income areas was 2.65. For men, the combined exposure to low-personal disposable income and low-income level in the neighborhood seemed to have an additive effect but for women, a synergistic (supra-additive) effect was found.CONCLUSION:The socioeconomic context of neighborhoods has an effect on cardiovascular outcomes.
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| 13. |
- Tarkiainen, Lasse, et al.
(författare)
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Income trajectories prior to alcohol-attributable death in Finland and Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 114:5, s. 807-814
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mortality from alcohol-attributable causes is patterned by income. We study analysed the income trajectories 17-19 years prior to death in order to determine: 1) whether income levels and trajectories differ between those who die of alcohol-attributable causes, survivors with similar sociodemographic characteristics, all survivors and those dying of other causes; 2) whether the income trajectories of these groups differ by education; and 3) whether there are differences in income trajectories between Finland and Sweden - two countries with differing levels of alcohol-attributable mortality but similar welfare-provision systems.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using individual-level longitudinal register data including information on income, cause of death and socioeconomic position.SETTING: Finland and Sweden Participants: The subjects comprised an 11-percent sample of the Finnish population in 2006-07 and the total population of Sweden aged 45-64 in 2007-08.MEASUREMENTS: Median household income trajectories by educational group were calculated by cause of death and population alive during the respective years. Additionally, propensity score matching was used to match the surviving population to those dying from alcohol-attributable causes with regard to sociodemographic characteristics.FINDINGS: The median income 17-19 years prior to death from alcohol-attributable causes was 92% (Finland) and 91% (Sweden) of survivor income: one year prior to death the respective figures were 47% and 57%. The trajectories differed substantially. Those dying of alcohol-attributable causes had lower and decreasing incomes for substantially longer periods than survivors and people dying from other causes. These differences were more modest among the highly educated. The baseline sociodemographic characteristics of those dying of alcohol causes did not explain the different trajectories.CONCLUSIONS: In Finland and Sweden, income appears to decline substantially before alcohol-attributable death. Highly educated individuals may be able to buffer the negative effects of extensive alcohol use on their income level. Income trajectories are similar in Finland and Sweden despite marked differences in the level of alcohol-attributable mortality.
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| 14. |
- Wastesson, Jonas W., et al.
(författare)
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Regional variations in excessive polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate drug use among older adults in Sweden : Trends from 2006 to 2020
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Pharmacology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1663-9812. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Potentially inappropriate drug use (PID) is common among older adults. Cross-sectional data suggest that there are marked regional variations in PID in Sweden. There is, however, a lack of knowledge about how the regional variations have changed over time.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the regional differences in the prevalence of PID in Sweden, 2006-2020.Methods: In this repeated cross-sectional study, we included all older adults (>= 75 years) registered in Sweden, yearly from 2006 to 2020. We used nationwide data from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register linked at the individual level to the Swedish Total Population Register. We selected three indicators of PID according to the Swedish national Quality indicators for good drug therapy in the elderly : 1) Excessive polypharmacy (use of >= 10 drugs); 2) Concurrent use of three or more psychotropic drugs; 3) Use of drugs that should be avoided in older adults unless specific reasons exist. The prevalence of these indicators was calculated for each of Sweden's 21 regions, yearly from 2006 to 2020. The annual coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each indicator by dividing the standard deviation of the regions by the national average, to measure relative variability.Results: In the population of about 800,000 older adults per year, the national prevalence of drugs that should be avoided in older adults, was reduced by 59% from 2006 to 2020. There was a slight decline in the use of three or more psychotropics, while the prevalence of excessive polypharmacy increased. The CV for excessive polypharmacy was 14% in 2006 and 9% in 2020 compared to 18% and 14% for use of three or more psychotropics , and stable at around 10% for 'drugs that should be avoided in older adults.' Conclusions:The regional variation in potentially inappropriate drug use decreased or were stable from 2006 to 2020. The regional differences were largest for the use of three or more psychotropics. We found a general tendency that regions with a good performance at the start of the period performed well across the entire period. Future studies should investigate the reasons for regional variation and explore strategies to reduce unwarranted differences.
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| 15. |
- Agahi, Neda, et al.
(författare)
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Heavy alcohol consumption before and after negative life events in late mid-life : longitudinal latent trajectory analyses
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. - : BMJ. - 0143-005X .- 1470-2738. ; 76:4, s. 360-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background People who experience negative life events report more heavy alcohol consumption compared with people without these experiences, but little is known about patterns of change within this group. This study aims to identify trajectories of heavy alcohol consumption before and after experiencing either divorce, or severe illness or death in the family. Furthermore, the aim is to examine characteristics of individuals belonging to each trajectory.Methods Longitudinal study of public sector employees from the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study with up to 5 years of annual follow-ups (n=6783; eligible sample n=1393). Divorce and severe illness or death in the family represented negative life events. Heavy alcohol consumption was categorised as >14 units/week.Results Based on latent trajectory analysis, three trajectories of heavy drinking were identified both for divorce and for severe illness or death in the family: ‘No heavy drinking’ (82% illness/death, 75% divorce), ‘Constant heavy drinking’ (10% illness/death, 13% divorce) and ‘Decreasing heavy drinking’ (7% illness/death, 12% divorce). Constant heavy drinkers surrounding illness or death in the family were more likely to be men, report depression and anxiety and to smoke than those with no heavy drinking. Constant heavy drinkers surrounding divorce were also more likely to be men and to report depression compared with those with no heavy drinking.Conclusions Most older workers who experience divorce or severe illness or death in the family have stable drinking patterns regarding heavy alcohol consumption, that is, most do not initiate or stop heavy drinking.
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| 16. |
- Agahi, Neda, et al.
(författare)
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Smoking and Physical Inactivity as Predictors of Mobility Impairment During Late Life : Exploring Differential Vulnerability Across Education Level in Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1079-5014 .- 1758-5368. ; 73:4, s. 675-683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To test whether older adults from high and low educational groups are differentially vulnerable to the impact of smoking and physical inactivity on the progression of mobility impairment during old age.Methods: A nationally representative sample of older Swedish adults (n = 1,311), aged 57-76 years at baseline (1991), were followed for up to 23 years (2014). Multilevel regression was used to estimate individual trajectories of mobility impairment over the study period and to test for differences in the progression of mobility impairment on the basis of smoking status, physical activity status, and level of education.Results: Compared to nonsmokers, heavy smokers had higher levels and steeper increases in mobility impairment with advancing age. However, there were only small and statistically nonsignificant differences in the impact of heavy smoking on mobility impairment in high versus low education groups. A similar pattern of results was found for physical inactivity.Discussion: Differential vulnerability to unhealthy behaviors may vary across populations, age, time-periods, and health outcomes. In this study of older adults in Sweden, low and high education groups did not differ significantly in their associations between heavy smoking or physical inactivity, and the progression of mobility impairment.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Bryngelson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction in personnel and long-term sickness absence for psychiatric disorders among employees in Swedish county councils : an ecological population-based study.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - 1076-2752 .- 1536-5948. ; 53:6, s. 658-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine whether staff downsizing was related to long-term psychiatric sickness absence. METHODS: We used aggregate data on sickness absence from AFA insurance, as well as information on staff numbers from the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. Bootstrap regression analyses were used to elucidate whether there was a relationship between reduction in personnel and changes in sickness rates. RESULTS: A staff reduction of 1% increased the sickness rate, on average, by 9%. The associations were similar in men and women as well as in different age groups, although statistical significance was only reached in the groups of women and middle-aged employees. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that downsizing may be related to subsequent increases in psychiatric sickness absence. The association appeared after a time-delay of several years.
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| 19. |
- Bryngelson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between gender segregation in the workplace and long-term sickness absence in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 39:6, s. 618-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The aim of the study is to investigate whether the gender composition in workplaces is related to long-term sickness absence (LSA). We start off with Kanter’s theory on ‘‘tokenism,’’ suggesting an increased risk of stress among minority groups (tokens), which, in turn, might increase the risk of ill health and LSA. Methods: The dataset consists of information obtained from the Swedish level of Living Survey (LNU) and the Swedish Establishment Survey (APU), linked to register-based data from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency. The longitudinal data is representative for the Swedish population and consists of 496 women and 566 men, aged 20—55 at baseline. Our study group consisted of employed persons in 1991 and we analyze, by means of piecewise constant intensity regressions, the first entry into LSA with a follow-up period of nine years. Results: Compared with women in gender-integrated workplaces, women’s risk of LSA is most elevated at both extremely male-dominated (0—20% females) and extremely female-dominated workplaces (80—100% females), although the result among women in the most male-dominated group did not reach statistical significance at the 5% level. Men’s risk seems less varied by gender composition. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the gender composition in the workplace has an impact on the risk of LSA, especially among women. Our findings lend no support for Kanter’s theory on the effects of being a token. Most likely, women’s and men’s different status positions have an impact on the different associations found.
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| 20. |
- Bäckman, O., et al.
(författare)
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Hälsa - en fördelningsfråga
- 2008
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Ingår i: Framtider. ; 1, s. 18-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 21. |
- Bäckman, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Marginalisering och uppväxtvillkor
- 2008
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Ingår i: Framtider. - : Institutet för framtidsstudier. - 0281-0492. ; :4, s. 21-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 22. |
- Celeste, R. K., et al.
(författare)
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Social Mobility and Tooth Loss : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Dental Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-0345 .- 1544-0591. ; 101:2, s. 143-150
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study systematically reviews the evidence of the association between life course social mobility and tooth loss among middle-aged and older people. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched in addition to gray literature and contact with the authors. Data on tooth loss were collated for a 4-category social mobility variable (persistently high, upward or downward mobility, and persistently low) for studies with data on socioeconomic status (SES) before age 12 y and after age 30 y. Several study characteristics were extracted to investigate heterogeneity in a random effect meta-analysis. A total of 1,384 studies were identified and assessed for eligibility by reading titles and abstracts; 21 original articles were included, of which 18 provided sufficient data for a meta-analysis with 40 analytical data sets from 26 countries. In comparison with individuals with persistently high social mobility, the pooled odds ratios (ORs) for the other categories were as follows: upwardly mobile, OR = 1.73 (95% CI, 1.53 to 1.95); downwardly mobile, OR = 2.52 (95% CI, 2.19 to 2.90); and persistently low, OR = 3.96 (95% CI, 3.13 to 5.03). A high degree of heterogeneity was found(I2 > 78%), and subgroup analysis was performed with 17 study-level characteristics; however, none could explain heterogeneity consistently in these 3 social mobility categories. SES in childhood and adulthood is associated with tooth loss, but the high degree of heterogeneity prevented us from forming a robust conclusion on whether upwardly or downwardly mobile SES may be more detrimental. The large variability in effect size among the studies suggests that contextual factors may play an important role in explaining the difference in the effects of low SES in different life stages (PROSPERO CRD42018092427).
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| 23. |
- Celeste, R. K., et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic Life Course Models and Oral Health : A Longitudinal Analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Dental Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-0345 .- 1544-0591. ; 99:3, s. 257-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compared socioeconomic life course models to decompose the direct and mediated effects of socioeconomic status (SES) in different periods of life on late-life oral health. We used data from 2 longitudinal Swedish studies: the Level of Living Survey and the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old. Two birth cohorts (older, 1925 to 1934; younger, 1944 to 1953) were followed between 1968 and 2011 with 6 waves. SES was measured with 4 indicators of SES and modeled as a latent variable. Self-reported oral health was based on a tooth conditions question. Variables in the younger and older cohorts were grouped into 4 periods: childhood, young/mid-adulthood, mid /late adulthood, late adulthood/life. We used structural equation modeling to fit the following into lagged-effects life course models: 1) chain of risk, 2) sensitive period with late-life effect, 3) sensitive period with early- and late-life effects, 4) accumulation of risks with cross-sectional effects, and 5) accumulation of risks. Chain of risk was incorporated into all models and combined with accumulation, with cross-sectional effects yielding the best fit (older cohort: comparative fit index = 0.98, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.04, weighted root mean square residual = 1.51). For the older cohort, the chain of SES from childhood -> mid-adulthood -> late adulthood -> late life showed the following respective standardized coefficients: 053, 0.92, and 0.97. The total effect of childhood SES on late-life tooth loss (standardized coefficient: -0.23 for older cohort, -0.17 for younger cohort) was mediated by previous tooth loss and SES. Cross-sectional effects of SES on tooth loss were observed throughout the life course, but the strongest coefficients were at young/mid-adulthood (standardized coefficient: -0.41 for older cohort, -0.45 for younger cohort). SES affects oral health cumulatively over the life course and through a chain of risks. Actions to improve socioeconomic conditions in early life might have long-lasting effects on health if they help prevent people from becoming trapped in a chain of risks.
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| 24. |
- Celeste, R. K., et al.
(författare)
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The individual and contextual pathways between oral health and income inequality in Brazilian adolescents and adults
- 2009
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 69:10, s. 1468-1475
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluate the association between incomeinequality (Gini index) and oralhealth and in particular the role of alternative models in explaining this association. We also studied whether or not income at the individual level modifies the Gini effect. We used data from an oralhealth survey in Brazil in 2002–2003. Our analysis included 23,568 15–19 and 22,839 35–44 year-olds nested in 330 municipalities. Different models were fitted using multilevel analysis. The outcomes analysed were the number of untreated dental caries (count), having at least one missing tooth (dichotomous) and being edentulous (dichotomous). To assess interaction as a departure from additivity we used the Synergy Index. For this, we dichotomized the Gini coefficient (high vs low inequality) by the median value across municipalities and the individualincome in the point beyond which it showed roughly no association with oralhealth. Adjusted rate ratio of mean untreated dental caries, respectively for the 15–19 and 35–44 age groups, was 1.12 and 1.16 for each 10 points increase in Gini scale. Adjusted odds ratio of a 15–19 year-old having at least one missing tooth or a 35–44 year-old being edentulous was, respectively, 1.19 and 1.01. High incomeinequality had no statistically significant synergistic effect with being poor or living in a poor municipality. Higher levels of incomeinequality at the municipal level were associated with worse oralhealth and there was an unexplained residual effect after controlling for potential confoundings and mediators. Municipal level incomeinequality had a similar, detrimental effect, among individuals with lower or higher income.
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| 25. |
- Celeste, Roger Keller, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between levels of income inequality and dental caries and periodontal diseases
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cadernos de Saúde Pública. - 0102-311X .- 1678-4464. ; 27:6, s. 1111-1120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between income inequality at a lagged time of 2 and 11 years with two short latency outcomes (untreated dental caries and gingivitis) and two long latency outcomes (edentulism and periodontal attachment loss > 8mm). We used data from the Brazilian oral health survey in 2002-2003. Our analysis included 13,405 subjects aged 35-44 years. Different lagged Gini at municipal level were fitted using logistic and negative binomial multilevel analyses. Covariates included municipal per capita income, equivalized income, age, sex, time since last dental visit and place of residence (rural versus urban). Crude estimates showed that only untreated dental caries was associated with current and lagged Gini, but in adjusted models only current Gini remained significant with a ratio of 1.19 (95%CI: 1.09-1.30) for every ten-point increase in the Gini coefficient We conclude that lagged Gini showed no association with oral health; and current income Gini was associated with current dental caries hut not with periodontal disease.
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| 26. |
- Celeste, R. K., et al.
(författare)
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Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. - : Wiley. - 0301-5661 .- 1600-0528. ; 39:3, s. 204-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To describe the dynamics of trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden among adults, to assess whether trends follow expected patterns according to the inverse equity hypothesis.Methods: In Sweden, we obtained nationally representative data for the years 1968, 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2000, and in Brazil, for 16 state capitals in 1986 and in 2002. Trends in the prevalence of ‘edentulism’ and of ‘teeth in good conditions’ were described in two groups aged 35–44 with lower and higher economic standards, respectively.Results: There was an annual decline in disparities in ‘edentulism’ of 0.4 percentage points (pp) (95% CI = 0.2–0.7) in Brazil and 0.7pp (95% CI = 0.5–0.9) in Sweden, as a result of improvements in both income groups. Concerning ‘teeth in good conditions’, in Brazil, there was improvement only in the higher income group and absolute disparities have increased (0.5pp annually), while in Sweden, there was a nonsignificant decrease (0.3pp annually) with improvements in both groups. Since 1991 in Sweden and in 2002 in Brazil, our measures of socioeconomic disparities in ‘edentulism’ were not statistically significant. Trends did not differ by sex or dental visit.Conclusions: Despite improvements in both income groups and a decrease in disparities in ‘edentulism’, the poorer group in Brazil has seen no improvement in ‘teeth in good conditions’ and disparities have increased. It appears that Brazil and Sweden reflect different stages of trend for ‘teeth in good conditions’ and the same stages for ‘edentulism’, represented by the inverse equity hypothesis.
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| 27. |
- Celeste, Roger Keller, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of dental care in Brazil and Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 39:6, s. 640-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To describe trends in socioeconomic disparities in utilization of dental care. Methods: We obtained cross-sectional data from Sweden in the period 1968-2000 and from Brazil in 1986 and 2002 for 16 state capitals. The outcome was the percentage of people who reported that they had visited the dentist in the last 12 months, calculated for a higher and a lower income group and stratified by sex, age (two groups: young and adults) and dental status. Adjusted prevalence differences and prevalence ratios were produced using Poisson regression. Results: In Brazil, there was a decline in use of dental care among the 15-19 year olds in the period 1986-2002, but not among the 35-44 year olds. In Sweden, there was a decline among the young and adults between 1991 and 2000. Overall, socioeconomic disparities in use of dental services between the higher and the lower economic groups showed a decline in both countries. The reduction in disparities among young Brazilians was 1.1 percentage points per year (p < 0.01), but among the other age groups the decline was not significant (p>0.01). In the last surveys, the gap remained in both countries and age groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The recent decline in utilization of dental care and in the socioeconomic gap may mirror improvements in oral health. However, there are still relevant and persistent disparities in utilization of dental care in both countries, with a higher proportion of people of higher socioeconomic status visiting the dentist.
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| 28. |
-
Changing Social Equality : The Nordic welfare model in the 21st century
- 2012
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Changing social equality through state policies was perhaps the greatest legacy of the twentieth century. The Nordic countries in particular have been able to raise living standards and curb inequalities without compromising economic growth. But with social inequalities on the rise, how do they fare when compared with countries with alternative welfare models, such as the UK, the Netherlands and Germany? Taking a comparative perspective, this book casts light on the changing inequalities in Europe. Contributions from experts in a range of fields examine the causes, direction and impact of changes, investigating whether support for egalitarian policies is diminishing and whether policies are becoming less effective at reducing inequalities. The book demonstrates how the Nordic countries seem to be on a track that will eventually lead to a welfare model where ‘some are more equal than others’.
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| 29. |
- Dahlberg, Lena, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends and gender associations in social exclusion in older adults in Sweden over two decades
- 2020
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Ingår i: Archives of gerontology and geriatrics (Print). - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-4943 .- 1872-6976. ; 89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Social exclusion in older adults is associated with lower well-being and poorer health. To date there has been little research on whether the level of social exclusion in older adults changes over time, and its association with gender.Aim: To examine trends and gender associations in social exclusion indicators in older adults for the years 1992, 2002 and 2011.Methods: Three waves of data from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), a national survey of adults aged 77 years or older, were analysed: 1992 (n = 537), 2002 (n = 621), and 2011 (n = 904). Summative scales were created for four domains of social exclusion: material resources, social relations and leisure activities, civic participation, and services. Associations between gender and social exclusion within waves were examined as were trends in social exclusion across years.Results: The analyses of trends found significant reductions in exclusion in the domains of material resources and services. Higher levels of exclusion from material resources and civic participation were found in women than men. Within domains, significant trends and gender associations in exclusion were found on several indicators, with indicators showing opposing trends.Conclusion: Although levels of social exclusion have reduced in certain domains during the years examined, our results reflect the persistence of social exclusion in the population of older adults. This underlines the continuing importance of a well-developed welfare and social security system to ensure the social inclusion of vulnerable groups such as older adults.
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| 30. |
- Dahlberg, Lena, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in social exclusion among older women and men in Sweden
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Social exclusion is a framework for understanding the complexity of disadvantage across various domains of life such as material resources, social relations, civic activities and services. Reviews have identified a lack of gender perspective in social exclusion research. This paper will introduce the framework of social exclusion, and examine trends over time in the levels of social exclusion across different life domains for older women and men in Sweden.Methods: Data on indicators of social exclusion were analysed from respondents aged 76+ years who participated in the 1992, 2002 and 2011 waves of the nationally representative Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD).Results: There was evidence of a gender different in exclusion from material resources and civic activities, from which women were more often excluded than men. Regardless of gender there were improvements in access to material resources, such as owning a house/apartment. Social contacts (visiting or being visited by friends) decreased over time, while engagement in cultural activities and going to restaurants increased.Conclusions: Trends in social exclusion in older adults over the last 20 years are dependent on the domain considered. Over a range of indicators, older women were more vulnerable to exclusion than men, which needs to be taken into account in policy to combat exclusion.
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| 31. |
- Eklund, Jenny M., et al.
(författare)
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Keeping delinquency at bay : the role of the school context for impulsive and sensation-seeking adolescents
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Criminology. - : SAGE Publications. - 1477-3708 .- 1741-2609. ; 11:6, s. 682-701
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research shows that a disadvantaged school setting is associated with increased risk of adolescent delinquency. However, there is limited research on individual differences in such contextual effects. In this study, we investigated whether the association between impulsive and sensation-seeking traits and delinquency is modified by the school setting, focusing on schools’ socioeconomic and ethnic composition and average school performance. We also examined whether the association between gender and delinquency varies by school context. Participants were adolescents in ninth grade from the Stockholm School Survey (5619 pupils in 89 schools). The findings showed an attenuating effect of school advantage on adolescents’ individual risk of delinquency. Impulsive and sensation-seeking adolescents, and boys in particular, committed less crime if they attended more advantaged schools.
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| 32. |
- Eyjólfsdóttir, Harpa Sif, et al.
(författare)
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Are trajectories of self-rated health and physical working capacity during the retirement transition predicted by work-related factors and social class?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Work, Aging and Retirement. - 2054-4642 .- 2054-4650.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to identify short and long-term trajectories of self-rated health (SRH) and physical working capacity during the retirement transition, and investigate whether work-related factors and social class predict belonging to these trajectories. We used the representative, biennial Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) 2006–2018. We applied group-based trajectory modeling with B-spline smoothers to model trajectories of SRH (n = 2,183) and physical working capacity (n = 2,152) during the retirement transition. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate trajectory belonging by work-related factors and social class. There was a small “honeymoon effect” in SRH for the total sample. We found four trajectories of SRH and five of physical working capacity. The large majority sustained excellent or good SRH and physical working capacity throughout the study period. Almost 6% had Fairly poor SRH and physical working capacity starting from years before retirement, which remained throughout the study period. High job demands, low job control, adverse physical working conditions, and being in manual occupation increased the likelihood of belonging to the trajectory groups Deteriorating or Fairly poor when compared with the Excellent trajectory group for both SRH and physical working capacity. Our findings suggest that for most people health status is already established some years’ preretirement and maintained for years after retirement, except a short improvement in SRH in accordance with a honeymoon effect. In order to improve health and employability, interventions focusing on working environment should be aimed at younger and midlife employees as well as older workers.
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| 33. |
- Eyjólfsdóttir, Harpa S., et al.
(författare)
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Physical functioning as a predictor of retirement : Has its importance changed over a thirty-year period in Sweden?
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Ageing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1613-9372 .- 1613-9380. ; 19:4, s. 1417-1428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many countries, including Sweden, are implementing policies aimed at delaying retirement and encouraging older workers to remain on the labour market for longer. During recent decades, there have been several major reforms to the pension and social security systems in Sweden. Moreover, the nature of occupations has shifted towards more non-manual and sedentary activities, older women are today almost as active in the labour market as men in Sweden, and physical functioning has improved over time. In this study, we investigate whether the importance of physical functioning as a predictor for retirement has changed over time, for women and men, respectively. We used four waves of nationally representative data from The Swedish Level of Living Survey from 1981, 1991, 2000, and 2010, together with income register data. We found that greater severity of musculoskeletal pain and mobility limitations increased the likelihood of retirement in all waves. Results from logistic regression models with average marginal effects and predictive margins showed that there is a trend towards physical functioning becoming less important for retirement towards the end of the study period, especially for women, when controlling for occupational-based social class, age, adverse physical working conditions, and job demands. People, especially women, reporting impaired physical functioning did not retire to the same extent as in previous decades. This indicates that people stayed longer in the labour market despite impaired physical functioning, which may have repercussions on well-being and quality of life.
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| 34. |
- Eyjólfsdóttir, Harpa S., et al.
(författare)
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Prolongation of working life and its effect on mortality and health in older adults : Propensity score matching
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 226, s. 77-86
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many countries are raising the age of pension eligibility because of increases in life expectancy. Given the social gradient in life expectancy and health, it is important to understand the potential late-life health effects of prolonging working life and whether any effects differ by socioeconomic position. We examined the effect of prolonging working life beyond age 65 on mortality and a series of indicators of late-life physical health (the ability to climb stairs without difficulty, self-rated health, ADL limitations, and musculoskeletal pain) in a representative sample of the Swedish population. In addition to average effects, we also examined heterogeneous effects, for instance by occupational social class. To do this, we use propensity score matching, a method suitable for addressing causality in observational data. The data came from two linked Swedish longitudinal surveys based on nationally representative samples with repeated follow-ups; The Swedish Level of Living Survey and the Swedish Panel Study of Living conditions of the Oldest Old, and from national income and mortality registries. The analytical sample for the mortality outcome included 1852 people, and for late-life physical health outcomes 1461 people. We found no significant average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) of working to age 66 or above on the outcomes, measured an average of 12 years after retirement: mortality (ATT-0.039), the ability to climb stairs (ATT -0.023), self-rated health (ATT -0.009), ADL limitations (ATT -0.023), or musculoskeletal pain (ATT -0.009) in late life. Analyses of whether the results varied by occupational social class or the propensity to prolong working life were inconclusive but suggest a positive effect of prolonging working life on health outcomes. Accordingly, more detailed knowledge about the precise mechanisms underlying these results are needed. In conclusion, working to age 66 or above did not have effect on mortality or late-life physical health.
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| 35. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Country chapter Sweden
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Social protection of non-standard workers and the self-employed during the pandemic. - Brussels : ETUI. - 9782874526114 - 9782874526121 ; , s. 107-117
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish economy was substantially hit by the Covid‑19 pandemic, althoughlock‑down measures were not as tough as in many other European countries.While businesses suffered from the recommendations and rules on socialdistancing, many jobs were protected through a temporary job retention scheme.Access to both unemployment and sickness benefits was made more generous.Temporary compensation for Covid‑19 related risk groups was also introducedand the classification of Covid-19 as a socially dangerous disease made it possibleto apply for a so calleddisease carrier allowance. Most of the temporary measuresin place apply equally to all forms of employment, 1 though some specific ruleswere targeted at the self-employed (e.g. the temporary abolition of the five-yearwaiting rule in unemployment insurance).
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-Temporal and Cross-National Poverty and Mortality Rates among Developed Countries
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental and Public health. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-9805 .- 1687-9813. ; 2013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A prime objective of welfare state activities is to take action to enhance population health and to decrease mortality risks. For several centuries, poverty has been seen as a key social risk factor in these respects. Consequently, the fight against poverty has historically been at the forefront of public health and social policy. The relationship between relative poverty rates and population health indicators is less self-evident, notwithstanding the obvious similarity to the debated topic of the relationship between population health and income inequality. In this study we undertake a comparative analysis of the relationship between relative poverty and mortality across 26 countries over time, with pooled cross-sectional time series analysis. We utilize data from the Luxembourg Income Study to construct age-specific poverty rates across countries and time covering the period from around 1980 to 2005, merged with data on age- and gender-specific mortality data from the Human Mortality Database. Our results suggest not only an impact of relative poverty but also clear differences by welfare regime that partly goes beyond the well-known differences in poverty rates between welfare regimes.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Fritzell, Johan
(författare)
-
Fattig och rik i Sverige
- 2011
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Ingår i: Utanförskap. - : Dialogos Förlag. - 9789175042428
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 42. |
- Fritzell, Johan
(författare)
-
HEALTH INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
- 2014
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Ingår i: Routledge International Handbook of Social Justice. - LONDON : ROUTLEDGE. - 9781315857534 - 9780415620437 ; , s. 339-352
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Segregation och social tillit
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Utanförskap. - Stockholm : Dialogos Förlag. - 9789175042428
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 46. |
- Fritzell, Johan, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Social inequalities in ageing in the Nordic countries
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Ageing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1613-9372 .- 1613-9380. ; 19:2, s. 155-159
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 47. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Societal shifts and changed patterns of poverty
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. - : Wiley. - 1369-6866 .- 1468-2397. ; 19:s1, s. s25-s41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article uses data from the Luxembourg Income Study to analyse cross-national and cross-temporal poverty risks in 11 Western countries. We show that poverty risks have tended to increase from the early 1980s to 2000. In line with what we would expect based on the welfare state literature, the Nordic countries tend to have the lowest poverty rates. However, the proportion of the national population with a market income below the poverty threshold has increased in all countries and the cross-national variation in market income poverty is not apparently related to the type of welfare state regime. We perform a simulation analysis to test whether structural factors, that is, compositional differences in age, family and labour market behaviour, could account for the cross-national variation found. Our results demonstrate the increasing importance of household labour market attachment for alleviating poverty risks, as well as for explaining the cross-national variation in these risks.
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| 48. |
- Fritzell, Johan
(författare)
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Socioekonomiska skillnader i hälsa
- 2012
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Ingår i: Den orättvisa hälsan. - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147099757
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 49. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Sweden : Increasing income inequalities and changing social relations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Changing Inequalities and Societal Impacts in Rich Countries. Thirty Countries' Experiences. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199687428 - 9780191767142
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From an all-time low around 1980, income inequality substantially increased, reflecting a strong rise in top incomes and income from capital, more recently also a widening gap between bottom and middle incomes. Behind this are the dual income tax system, established in the early 1990s, the introduction of earned income tax credits, and a diminished coverage of social insurance programmes, which widened the income gap between employed and non-employed during the 2000s. The benefit and tax systems became less redistributive and thereby contributed to increased income inequalities. Another important element is the deep recession in the early 1990s with skyrocketing unemployment and subsequent cutbacks in welfare provision. Income inequalities, however, increased first and foremost in the aftermath of the recession. The chapter finds no unambiguous trend in social, cultural, and political conditions corresponding to the increased inequalities. There is increased polarization for many indicators between different socio-economic groups.
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| 50. |
- Fritzell, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Trends and Inequality in the New Active Ageing and Well-Being Index of the Oldest Old : a Case Study of Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Ageing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1874-7884 .- 1874-7876. ; 14:5, s. 5-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The policy discourse on active ageing and well-being at the European level tends to have a strong focus on the experiences of the 'young old'. In this study the focus instead is on the oldest old (75 years and older). The theoretical framework is inspired by the Active Ageing Index and the Nordic welfare research tradition. Active ageing and well-being indicators and domains of high relevance for the oldest old are used and a new Active Ageing-Well Being Index (AA-WB Index) is developed. Our aim is to go beyond averages and analyse changes over time and inequality in the AA-WB Index. The prime data is derived from two waves, 2004 and 2014, of the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), a nationally representative sample of older people. The results show an overall improvement in most domains of the AA-WB index, especially in the indicator participation in cultural and leisure activities. The findings also show clear and consistent gender and educational inequalities. In addition, the different domains correlate, implying that inequality within a domain is aggravated by the inequality in another domain. The study highlights that measurements on active ageing and well-being should place a greater importance on the living conditions of the oldest old with a special focus on inequality.
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