| 1. |
- Carlson, Rolf, et al.
(författare)
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Speech and music performance : parallels and contrasts
- 1989
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Ingår i: Contemporary Music Review. - 0749-4467 .- 1477-2256. ; 4, s. 389-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speech and music performance are two important systems for interhuman communication by means of acoustic signals. These signals must be adapted to the human perceptual and cognitive systems. Hence a comparitive analysis of speech and music performances is likely to shed light on these systems, particularly regarding basic requirements for acoustic communication. Two computer programs are compared, one for text-to-speech conversion and one for note-to-tone conversion. Similarities are found in the need for placing emphasis on unexpected elements, for increasing the dissimilarities between different categories, and for flagging structural constituents. Similarities are also found in the code chosen for conveying this information, e.g. emphasis by lengthening and constituent marking by final lengthening.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Friberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Musical punctuation on the microlevel : Automatic identification and performance of small melodic units
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of New Music Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0929-8215 .- 1744-5027. ; 27:3, s. 271-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this investigation we use the term musical punctuation for the marking of melodic structure by commas inserted at the boundaries that separate small structural units. Two models are presented that automatically try to locate the positions of such commas. They both use the score as the input and operate with a short context of maximally five notes. The first model is based on a set of subrules. One group of subrules mark possible comma positions, each provided with a weight value. Another group alters or removes these weight values according to different conditions. The second model is an artificial neural network using a similar input as that used by the rule system. The commas proposed by either model are realized in terms of micropauses and of small lengthenings of interonset durations. The models are evaluated by using a set of 52 musical excerpts, which were marked with punctuations according to the preference of an expert performer.
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| 6. |
- Friberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Performance Rules for Computer-Controlled Contemporary Keyboard Music
- 1991
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Ingår i: Computer music journal. - 0148-9267 .- 1531-5169. ; 15:2, s. 49-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A computer program for synthesis of music performance, originally developed for traditional tonal music by means of an analysis-by-synthesis strategy, is applied to contemporary piano music as well as to various computer-generated random music. The program consists of rules that manipulate the durations and sound levels of the tones in a contextdependent way. When applying the rules to this music, the concept harmonic charge, which has been found useful for generating crescendi and diminuendi in performance of traditional tonal music for example, is replaced by chromatic charge. The music is performed on a Casio sampler controlled by a Macintosh II microcomputer. A listening panel of five experts on contemporary piano music or electroacoustic music clearly preferred performances processed by the performance program to "deadpan" performances mechanically replicating the durations and sound levels nominally written in the music score.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Friberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Recent musical performance research at KTH
- 1994
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Aarhus symposium on Generative grammars for music performance 1994. ; , s. 7-12
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 10. |
- Friberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Rules for musical performance
- 1994
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Annan publikation (mjukvara/multimedium) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Fryden, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Roles, tasks and educational functions of postgraduate programme directors : a qualitative study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Postgraduate medical journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0032-5473 .- 1469-0756. ; 91:1080, s. 588-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background A programme director is often required to organise postgraduate medical education. This leadership role can include educational as well as managerial duties. Only a few published studies have explored programme directors' own perceptions of their role. There is a need to explore the use of theoretical frameworks to improve the understanding of educational roles.Objective To explore programme directors' own perceptions of their role in terms of tasks and functions, and to relate these roles to the theoretical framework developed by Bolman and Deal.Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 programme directors between February and August 2013. The data were subjected to content analysis using a deductive approach.Results The various roles and tasks included by participants in their perceptions of their work could be categorised within the framework of functions described by Bolman and Deal. These included: structuring the education (structural function); supporting individuals and handling relations (human resource function); negotiating between different interests (political function); and influencing the culture at the departmental level (symbolic function). The functions most often emphasised by participants were the structural and human resource functions. Some tasks involved several functions which varied over time.Conclusions Programme directors' own perceptions of their roles, tasks and functions varied widely. The theoretical framework of Bolman and Deal might be helpful when explaining and developing these roles.
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| 13. |
- Nayeri, Fariba, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Hepatocyte growth factor may act as an early therapeutic predictor in pneumonia
- 2002
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 34:7, s. 500-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) may reflect the regenerative effect and enhanced local and systemic production of this cytokine after organ injuries. The possibility of using serial serum HGF values in order to predict the results of therapy for pneumonia was investigated in this study. In a prospective multicenter study we investigated the serum levels of HGF and CRP before and within 48 h after treatment in 70 patients with pneumonia. Serum levels of HGF before treatment were significantly higher than the HGF levels of a normal population (p < 0.0001). Within 48 h serum HGF levels had decreased significantly in those patients who ultimately responded to the initial antibiotic therapy (p < 0.0001). Serum HGF levels at 48 h were unchanged or increased in cases in whom the initial therapy was ineffective and had to be changed. CRP and HGF levels were significantly correlated. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis it was found that individual changes in acute serum HGF levels and serum HGF levels obtained within 48 h could predict the results of therapy at least as significantly (p < 0.003) as CRP (p = 0.05), although CRP levels were known and used by the physician to decide whether or not to change the initial therapy. We conclude that serial control of serum HGF levels can be used as an early indicator to predict the results of therapy during treatment of pneumonia.
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| 14. |
- Nayeri, Fariba, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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High serum hepatocyte growth factor levels in the acute stage of community-acquired infectious diseases
- 2002
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 34:2, s. 127-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acute serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were studied in 6 clinical groups with (i) gastroenteritis, (ii) skin and soft tissue infection, (iii) urinary tract infection, (iv) septicemia, (v) influenza, and (vi) chronic hepatitis C in comparison with a normal control group using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. We found that serum HGF levels were significantly higher in patients with acute infectious diseases (p < 0.0001) compared to patients with chronic viral hepatitis and healthy controls. Serum HGF and CRP levels were correlated significantly (r = 0.65, p < 10-7). We conclude that serum HGF levels are elevated in patients with acute infectious diseases.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Expressive aspects of instrumental and sung performance
- 1994
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Symposium on Psychophysiology and Psychopathology of the Sense of Music. - Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 17. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Expressive aspects of instrumental and vocal performance
- 1995
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Ingår i: Music and the Mind Machine: Psychophysiology and Psychopathology of the Sense of Music. - Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several music computers can now convert an input note file to a sounding performance. Listening to such performances demonstrates convincingly the significance of the musicians’ contribution to music performance; when the music score is accurately replicated as nominally written, the music sounds dull and nagging. It is the musicians’ contributions that make the performance interesting. In other words, by deviating slightly from what is nominally written in the music score, the musicians add expressivity to the music.
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| 18. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Music and locomotion. a study of the perception of tones with level envelopes replicating force patterns of walking
- 1992
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Ingår i: STL-QPSR. ; 33:4, s. 109-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Music listening ofien produces associations to locomotion. This suggests that some patterns in music are similar to those perceived during locomotion. The present investigation tests the hypothesis that the sound level envelope of tones allude to force patterns associated with walking and dancing. Six examples of such force patterns were recorded using a force platform, and the vertical components were translated from kg to dB and used as level envelopes for tones. Sequences of four copies of each of these tones were presented with four different fixed inter-onset times. Music students were asked to characterize these sequences in three tests. In one test, the subjects were free to use any expression, and the occurrence of motion words in the responses was examined. In another test, they were asked to describe, ifpossible, the motion characteristics of the sequences, and the number of blank responses were studied. In the third test, they were asked to describe the sequences along 24 motion adjective scales, and the responses were submitted to a factor analysis. The results from the three tests showed a reasonable degree of coherence, suggesting that associations to locomotions are likely to occur under these conditions, particularly when (1) the inter-onset time is similar to the inter-step time typical of walking, and (2) when the inter-onset time agreed with that observed when the gait patterns were recorded. The latter observation suggests that the different motion patterns thus translated to sound level envelopes also may convey information on the type of motion.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Music communication as studied by means of performance
- 1991
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Ingår i: STL-QPSR. ; 32:1, s. 065-083
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article presents an overview of a long-term research work with a rule system for the automatic performance of music. The performance rules produce deviations from the durations, sound levels, and pitches nominally specified in the music score. They can be classified according to their apparent musical function: to help the listener (I) in the differentiation of different pitch and duration categories and (2) in the grouping of the tones. Apart from this, some rules serve the purpose of organizing tuning and synchronization in ensemble performance. The rules reveal striking similarities between music performance and speech; for instance final lengthening occur in both and the acoustic code used for marking of emphasis are similar.
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| 21. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Musicians’ and nonmusicians’ sensitivity to differences in music performance
- 1988
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Ingår i: STL-QPSR. ; 29:4, s. 077-081
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A set of ordered context-dependent rules for the automatic transformation of a music score to the corresponding musical performance has been developed, using an analysis-by-synthesis method [Sundberg, J. (1987): "Computer synthesis of music performance," pp. 52-69 in (J. Sloboda, ed.) Generative Processes in Music, Clarendon, Oxford]. The rules are implemented in the LeLisp language on a Macintosh microcomputer that controls a synthesizer via a MIDI interface. The rules manipulate sound level, fundamental frequency, vibrato extent, and duration of the tones. The present experiment was carried out in order to find out if the sensitivity of these effects differed between musicians and nonrnusicians. Pairs of performances of the same examples were presented in different series, one for each rule. Between the pairs in a series, the performance differences were varied within wide limits and, in the first pair in each series, the difference was pat, so as to catch the subject's attention. Subjects were asked to decide whether the two performances were identical. The results showed that musicians had a clearly greater sensitivity. The pedagogical implications of this finding will be discussed.
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| 22. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Rules for automated performance of ensemble music
- 1989
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Ingår i: Contemporary Music Review. - 0749-4467 .- 1477-2256. ; 3, s. 89-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently developed parts of a computer program are presented that contain a rule system which automatically converts music scores to musical performance, and which, in a sense, can be regarded as a model of a musically gifted player. The development of the rule system has followed the analysis-by-synthesis strategy; various rules have been formulated according to the suggestions of a professional string quartet violinist and teacher of ensemble playing. The effects of various rules concerning synchronization and timing and also tuning, in performance of ensemble music are evaluated by a listening panel of professional musicians. Further support for the notion of melodic clzarge, previously introduced and playing a prominent rule in the performance rules, is found in a correlation with fine tuning of intervals.
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| 23. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Rules for automatized performance of ensemble music
- 1987
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Ingår i: STL-QPSR. ; 28:4, s. 057-078
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recently developed parts of a computer program are presented that contain a rule system which automatically converts music scores to musical performance, and which, in a sense, can be regarded as a model of a musically gifted player. The development of the rule system has followed the analysis-by-synthesis strategy; various rules have been formulated after having been suggested by a professional string quartet violinist and teacher of ensemble playing. The effects of various rules concerning synchronization and timing and, also, tuning in performance of ensemble music are evaluated by a listening panel of professional musicians. Further support for the notion of melodic charge, previously introduced and playing a prominent rule in the performance rules, is found in a correlation with fine tuning of intervals.
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| 24. |
- Sundberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Threshold and preference Quantities of Rules for Music Performance
- 1991
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Ingår i: Music perception. - : University of California Press. - 0730-7829 .- 1533-8312. ; 9:1, s. 71-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an analysis- by-synthesis investigation of music performance, rules have been developed that describe when and how expressive deviations are made from the nominal music notation in the score. Two experiments that consider the magnitudes of such deviations are described. In Experiment 1, the musicians' and nonmusicians' sensitivities to expressive deviations generated by seven performance rules are compared. The musicians showed a clearly greater sensitivity. In Experiment 2, professional musicians adjusted to their satisfaction the quantity by which six rules affected the performance. For most rules, there was a reasonable agreement between the musicians regarding preference. The preferred quantities seemed close to the threshold of perceptibility.
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| 25. |
- Thompson, W. F., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating rules for the synthetic performance of melodies
- 1986
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Ingår i: STL-QPSR. ; 27:2-3, s. 027-044
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Starting from a text-to-speech conversion program (Carlson & Granstrom, 1975), a note-to-tone conversion program has been developed (!Xmdberg & ~rydh, 1985). It works with a set of ordered rules af fe&- ing the performance of melodies written into the computer. Depending on the musical context, each of these rules manipulates various tone parameters, such as sound level, fundamental frequency, duration, etc. In the present study the effect of some of the rules developed so far on the musical quality of the performance is tested; various musical excerpts perbrmed according to different combinations an5 versions of nine performance rules were played to musically trained listeners who rated the musical quality. The results support the assumption that the musical quality of the performance is improved by applying the rules.
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| 26. |
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