| 1. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
An Exploration of Openness in Hardware and Software Through Implementation of a RISC-V Based Desktop Computer
- 2022
-
Ingår i: OpenSym '22. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450398459 - 9781450398466
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open hardware and open source software platforms bring benefits to both implementers and users in the form of system adaptability and maintainability, and through the avoidance of lock-in, for example. Development of the \riscv\ Instruction Set Architecture and processors during the last ten years has made the implementation of a desktop computer using open hardware, including open processors, and open source software an approaching possibility. We use the SiFive Unmatched development board and Ubuntu Linux, and the recorded experiences of system builders using the Unmatched board to explore the extent to which it is possible to create an open desktop computer. The work identifies current limitations to implementing an open computer system, which lie mainly at the interface between the operating system and hardware components. Potential solutions to the challenges uncovered are proposed, including greater consideration of openness during the early stages of product design. A further contribution is made by an account of the synergies arising from open collaboration in a private-collective innovation process.
|
|
| 2. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software projects : the case of WebRTC
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 26th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958864467 ; , s. 143-162
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Real-time communication (RTC) technologies for the web provide opportunities for individuals and organisations to work and collaborate remotely, and the need for such technologies has recently increased. Use of RTC technologies and tools for the web involves a number of challenges concerning data privacy and lock-in effects, such as dependency to specific suppliers and proprietary technologies. Use of open standards for RTC and open source software (OSS) implementing such standards can create conditions for avoiding issues related to data privacy and lock-in, and thereby provides opportunities for long-term sustainable solutions. The paper characterises how engagement with standardisation of WebRTC in the context of IETF and W3C is related to engagement with the WebRTC OSS project.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Enabling OSS usage through procurement projects : How can lock-in effects be avoided?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030752507 - 9783030752538 - 9783030752514 ; , s. 16-27
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formulation of mandatory requirements in procurement projects has significant influence on opportunities for development and deployment of Open Source Software (OSS). The paper contributes insights on a widespread practice amongst public procurement projects which causes problematic lock-in effects and thereby inhibits opportunities for use of OSS solutions. Through a systematic investigation of 30 randomly selected procurement projects in the software domain the paper highlights illustrative examples of mandatory requirements which cause lock-in and presents five recommendations for how requirements instead should be formulated in order to avoid causing lock-in. Findings show significant lock-in caused by current procurement practices with a stark preference for proprietary software and SaaS solutions amongst procuring organisations.
|
|
| 5. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Half a step behind – bulk disclosure of confidential data in third-party GenAI solutions under the Swedish Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Digital Government: Research and Practice. - : ACM Digital Library. - 2691-199X .- 2639-0175.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technological progress poses unique challenges for the public sector. New technology should be adopted, but it must always be done within the framework of good administration. It follows laws governing public administration must be continuously adapted. Sweden recently amended its secrecy legislation to facilitate the use of third-party cloud solutions by public authorities. When the amendment was enacted, most public sector organisations had already been using external cloud solutions for a long time. Today, there is as much pressure on authorities to implement AI technology as there ever was to move administration into the cloud. This paper uses traditional legal methodology to investigate if the Swedish secrecy legislation adequately enables the use of cloud-based GenAI solutions. Findings indicate that the recent amendment is likely insufficient and that there are significant practical hurdles for the application of the law, particularly with services from global cloud providers. The paper contributes to the understanding of Swedish law, and of the difficulties that can occur anywhere when policy makers and legislators do not move in tandem.
|
|
| 6. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
An Investigation of Work Practices Used by Companies Making Contributions to Established OSS Projects
- 2018
-
Ingår i: ICSE-SEIP '18 Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450356596 ; , s. 201-210
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Professionals contribute to open source software (OSS) projects aspart of their employment. Previous research has addressed motivationsof individuals and the ways they engage with OSS projects.However, there is a lack of research which examines and explainswork practices used by companies in their engagement with projects.Work practices used by companies to contribute to five establishedOSS projects are investigated through examination of the actions ofemployees in public communication channels and draw on our experienceswhen analysing engagement with the same projects. Wefind that companies utilise work practices for contributing whichare congruent with the circumstances and their capabilities thatsupport their short and long term needs. We find that companiescontribute to OSS projects in different ways, such as employing coreproject developers, making donations, and joining project steeringcommittees in order to advance strategic interests.
|
|
| 7. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
Considerations and challenges for the adoption of open source components in software-intensive businesses
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 186
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Component-Based Software Development is a conventional way of working for software-intensive businesses and OpenSource Software (OSS) components are frequently considered by businesses for adoption and inclusion in softwareproducts. Previous research has found a variety of practices used to support the adoption of OSS components, in-cluding formally specified processes and less formal, developer-led approaches, and that the practices used continue todevelop. Evolutionary pressures identified include the proliferation of available OSS components and increases in thepace of software development as businesses move towards continuous integration and delivery. We investigate workpractices used in six software-intensive businesses in the primary and secondary software sectors to understand currentapproaches to OSS component adoption and the challenges businesses face establishing effective work practices to eval-uate OSS components. We find businesses have established processes for evaluating OSS components and communitiesthat support more complex and nuanced considerations of the cost and risks of component adoption alongside matterssuch as licence compliance and functional requirements. We also found that the increasing pace and volume of softwaredevelopment within some businesses provides pressure to continue to evolve software evaluation processes.
|
|
| 8. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
Maintaining interoperability in open source software : A case study of the Apache PDFBox project
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 159
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software interoperability is commonly achieved through the implementation of standards for communication protocols or data representation formats. Standards documents are often complex, difficult to interpret, and may contain errors and inconsistencies, which can lead to differing interpretations and implementations that inhibit interoperability. Through a case study of two years of activity in the Apache PDFBox project we examine day-to-day decisions made concerning implementation of the PDF specifications and standards in a community open source software (OSS) project. Thematic analysis is used to identify semantic themes describing the context of observed decisions concerning interoperability. Fundamental decision types are identified including emulation of the behaviour of dominant implementations and the extent to which to implement the PDF standards. Many factors influencing the decisions are related to the sustainability of the project itself, while other influences result from decisions made by external actors, including the developers of dependencies of PDFBox. This article contributes a fine grained perspective of decision-making about software interoperability by contributors to a community OSS project. The study identifies how decisions made support the continuing technical relevance of the software, and factors that motivate and constrain project activity.
|
|
| 9. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
On business adoption and use of reproducible builds for open and closed source software
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Software quality journal. - : Springer Nature Switzerland AG. - 0963-9314 .- 1573-1367. ; 31:3, s. 687-719
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproducible builds (R-Bs) are software engineering practices that reliably create bit-for-bit identical binary executable files from specified source code. R-Bs are applied in someopen source software (OSS) projects and distributions to allow verification that the distrib-uted binary has been built from the released source code. The use of R-Bs has been advo-cated in software maintenance and R-Bs are applied in the development of some OSS secu-rity applications. Nonetheless, industry application of R-Bs appears limited, and we seekto understand whether awareness is low or if significant technical and business reasonsprevent wider adoption. Through interviews with software practitioners and business man-agers, this study explores the utility of applying R-Bs in businesses in the primary and sec-ondary software sectors and the business and technical reasons supporting their adoption.We find businesses use R-Bs in the safety-critical and security domains, and R-Bs are valu-able for traceability and support collaborative software development. We also found thatR-Bs are valued as engineering processes and are seen as a badge of software quality, butwithout a tangible value proposition. There are good engineering reasons to use R-Bs inindustrial software development, and the principle of establishing correspondence betweensource code and binary offers opportunities for the development of further applications.
|
|
| 10. |
- Butler, Simon, et al.
(författare)
-
On Company Contributions to Community Open Source Software Projects
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0098-5589 .- 1939-3520. ; 47:7, s. 1381-1401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The majority of contributions to community open source software (OSS) projects are made by practitioners acting on behalf of companies and other organisations. Previous research has addressed the motivations of both individuals and companies to engage with OSS projects. However, limited research has been undertaken that examines and explains the practical mechanisms or work practices used by companies and their developers to pursue their commercial and technical objectives when engaging with OSS projects. This research investigates the variety of work practices used in public communication channels by company contributors to engage with and contribute to eight community OSS projects. Through interviews with contributors to the eight projects we draw on their experiences and insights to explore the motivations to use particular methods of contribution. We find that companies utilise work practices for contributing to community projects which are congruent with the circumstances and their capabilities that support their short- and long-term needs. We also find that companies contribute to community OSS projects in ways that may not always be apparent from public sources, such as employing core project developers, making donations, and joining project steering committees in order to advance strategic interests. The factors influencing contributor work practices can be complex and are often dynamic arising from considerations such as company and project structure, as well as technical concerns and commercial strategies. The business context in which software created by the OSS project is deployed is also found to influence contributor work practices.
|
|
| 11. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On availability of Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Joint Proceedings EURAS & SIIT 2023. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958864917 - 3958864910 ; , s. 97-116
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software also promotes wide deployment in software systems, avoidance of different lock-in effects, interoperability, and longevity of systems and associated digital assets. In this paper results are reported on the availability of reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C.
|
|
| 12. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On organisational influences in software standards and their open source implementations
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 67, s. 30-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: It is widely acknowledged that standards implemented in open source software can reduce risks for lock-in, improve interoperability, and promote competition on the market. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the relationship between standards and their implementations in open source software. This paper reports from an investigation of organisational influences in software standards and open source software implementations of software standards. The study focuses on the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project.Objective: The overarching goal of the study is to establish organisational influences in software standards and their implementations in open source software. More specifically, our objective is to establish organisational influences in the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project.Method: By conduct of a case study of the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project we investigate organisational influences in software standards and their implementations in open source software. Specifically, the case study involved quantitative analyses of issue tracker data for different issue trackers for W3C RDFa and the Drupal implementation of RDFa.Results: The case study provides details on how and to what extent organisational influences occur in W3C RDFa and the Drupal implementation of RDFa, by specifically providing a characterisation of issues and results concerning contribution to issue raising and commenting, organisational involvement over time, and individual and organisational collaboration on issues.Conclusion: We find that widely deployed standards can benefit from contributions provided by a range of different individuals, organisations, and types of organisations either directly to a standardisation project or indirectly via an open source project implementing the standard. Further, we also find that open processes for standardisation adopted by W3C may also contribute to open source projects implementing specific standards.
|
|
| 13. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On the availability and effectiveness of open source software for digital signing of PDF documents
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Adoption and Impact. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319178363 - 9783319178370 ; , s. 71-80
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digital signatures are important in order to ensure the integrity and authenticity of information communicated over the Internet involving different stakeholders within and beyond the borders of different nations. The topic has gained increased interest in the European context and there is legislation and project initiatives aiming to facilitate use and standardisation of digital signatures. Open standards and open source implementations of open standards are important means for the interoperability and long-term maintenance of software systems implementing digital signatures. In this paper we report from a study aiming to establish the availability and effectiveness of software provided under an open source license for digital signing and validation of PDF documents. Specifically, we characterise the use of digital signatures in Swedish Governmental agencies, report on the interoperability of open source and proprietary licensed software for digital signatures in PDF documents, and establish the effectiveness of software provided under an open source license for validation of digital signatures in PDF documents.
|
|
| 14. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations : availability, perceptions and practices
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Standardisation. - : TU Delft Open. - 2772-9249. ; 3:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software promotes wide deployment in software systems, interoperability, longevity of systems and associated digital assets, and avoidance of different lock-in effects. In this paper results are reported on the availability of, and perceptions and practices concerning, reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards and policy statements, issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C.
|
|
| 15. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards a reference model on how to utilise Open Standards in Open Source projects : experiences based on Drupal
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Open Source Software. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642389276 - 9783642389283 - 9783642427435 ; , s. 257-263
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is known that standards implemented in Open Source software (OSS) can promote a competitive market, reduce the risk for lock-in and improve interoperability, whilst there is limited knowledge concerning the relationship between standards and their implementations in OSS. In this paper we report from an ongoing case study conducted in the context of the ORIOS (Open Source software Reference Implementations of Open Standards) project in which influences between OSS communities and software standard communities are investigated. The study focuses on the Drupal project and three of its implemented standards (RDFa, CMIS, and OpenID).
|
|
| 16. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Towards open government through open source software for web analytics : The case of Matomo
- 2021
-
Ingår i: eJournal of eDemocracy & Open Government. - Krems : Department for E-Governance and Administration, Danube University Krems. - 2075-9517. ; 13:2, s. 133-153
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Web analytics technologies provide opportunities for organisations to obtain information about users visiting their websites in order to understand and optimise web usage. Use of such technologies often leads to issues related to data privacy and potential lock-in to specific suppliers and proprietary technologies. Use of open source software (OSS) for web analytics can create conditions for avoiding issues related to data privacy and lock-in, and thereby provides opportunities for a long-term sustainable solution for organisations both in the public and private sectors. This paper characterises use of and engagement with OSS projects for web analytics. Specifically, we contribute a characterisation of use of OSS licensed web analytics technologies in Swedish government authorities, and a characterisation of organisational engagement with the Matomo OSS project for web analytics.
|
|
| 17. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Addressing Lock-in, Interoperability, and Long-Term Maintenance Challenges Through Open Source : How Can Companies Strategically Use Open Source?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319577340 - 9783319577357 ; , s. 80-88
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This industry paper reports on how strategic use of open source in company contexts can provide effective support for addressing the fundamental challenges of lock-in, interoperability, and longevity of software and associated digital assets. The fundamental challenges and an overview of an ongoing collaborative research project are presented. Through a conceptual model for open source usage in company contexts we characterise how companies engage with open source and elaborate on how the fundamental challenges can be effectively addressed through open source usage in company contexts.
|
|
| 18. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Effective Strategies for Using Open Source Software and Open Standards in Organizational Contexts : Experiences From the Primary and Secondary Software Sectors
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 39:1, s. 84-92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open source software (OSS) and open standards have become increasingly important for addressing challenges related to lock-in, interoperability and long-term maintenance of systems and associated digital assets. OSS projects operate under different conditions and many projects and organisations consider successful governance and strategic involvement with projects to constitute major challenges. Today, many companies seek to establish work practices which facilitate strategic engagement with OSS projects. Based on findings from collaborative research which draws from rich insights and extensive experiences from practice, the paper presents seven actionable strategies for organisations that seek to leverage long-term involvement with OSS projects.
|
|
| 19. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
How Can Open Standards Be Effectively Implemented in Open Source? : Challenges and the ORIOS Project
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Long-Term Sustainability. - Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York : Springer. - 9783642334412 - 9783642334429 ; , s. 383-388
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many organisations are currently restricted in their choice of software because of restrictions imposed by existing systems. Challenges include a lack of interoperability and a risk of technological lock-in, which many small companies seek to address by utiilising Open Standards and Open Source implementations of such standards when developing and deploying systems. This paper presents an overview of how the industrial research project ORIOS (Open Source software Reference Implementations of Open Standards) seeks to address identified challenges. An overarching goal of the project is to improve understanding within organisations of Open Standards, Open Source Reference Implementations, and the ecosystems around them. This will be done by developing a reference model of necessary and desirable features of an Open Standard, and how Open Standards and their implementations can be utilised by small companies in different usage contexts. An action case study approach will be used as a core strategy for evolving a reference model together with Swedish companies.
|
|
| 20. |
- Lundell, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
On influences between software standards and their implementations in open source projects : Experiences from RDFa and its implementation in Drupal
- 2014
-
Ingår i: OpenSym '14. - New York : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450330169 ; , s. 3:1-3:10
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely acknowledged that standards implemented in open source software can reduce the risk for lock-in, improve interoperability, and promote competition on the market. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the relationship between standards and their implementations in open sourcesoftware. This paper reports from an investigation of influences between software standards and open source softwareimplementations of software standards. The study focuses on the RDFa standard and its implementation in the Drupal project. Specifically, issues in the W3C issue trackers for RDFa and theDrupal issue tracker for RDFa have been analysed. Findings show that there is clear evidence ofreciprocal action between RDFa and its implementation in Drupal. The study contributes novel insights concerning effective processes for development and long-term maintenance of software standards and their implementations in open source projects.
|
|
| 21. |
- Atif, Yacine, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
Open Source Collaboration Tools and Organisational Learning : On Adopting EtherPad in Small Companies
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of FLOSSEdu.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organisations could benefit from the improvements in collaborative learning and increased control gained by the use of open source software. EtherPad enables simultaneous updates on a shared document from remotely located participants. We discuss the adoption life-cycle of this open source tool in the context of a strategic intervention, with a focus on a learning agenda to guide the installation and configuration processes, and to reduce the learning curve involved in the adoption experience.
|
|
| 22. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Achieving Conformance to Document Standards : Can PDF Files Conform to the PDF/A-1b Specification?
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 19:1, s. 1-32
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity of and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study investigates the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.
|
|
| 23. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
On challenges for achieving conformance of files to document standards : The case of PDF/A-1b
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Joint Proceedings EURAS 2021. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958864214 - 395886421X ; , s. 171-190
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- File formats that are standardized and designed for longevity, such as PDF/A, are preferred in the context of long-term archival of digital assets. However, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file due to the complexity and ambiguities in PDF standards. This study aims to investigate challenges when checking PDF/A conformance for real-world PDF files from public sector organizations that are intended for long-term-archival. Findings show that only a small proportion of the PDF files claim to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification and even fewer files pass conformance checks performed through the use of various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the technical specifications of standards and limitations in the implementation of software.
|
|
| 24. |
- Fischer, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
On challenges for achieving conformance to document standards : Can PDF files conform to the PDF/A-1b specification?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 25th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference. - Aachen : Verlagshaus Mainz. - 9783958863552 - 3958863558 ; , s. 21-40
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of long-term archival of digital assets, file formats that are standardized and designed for longevity such as PDF/A are preferred. However, due to the complexity and ambiguities in PDF standards, it is far from trivial to either create standard-conformant files or check the conformance of any given file. This study aims at investigating the challenges when checking real-world PDF files from public sector organizations meant for long-term archival for PDF/A conformance. Results show that only a small set of PDF files claims to conform to the PDF/A-1b specification variant and even fewer files pass conformance checks by various conformance checking tools. Challenges for conformance checking tools include both ambiguities in the standards’ technical specifications and limitations in the implementation.
|
|
| 25. |
- Fischer, Thomas, Dr.-Ing. 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations
- 2023
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research. - : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 20:1, s. 1-19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files’ properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts’ licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard’s requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.’ Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,’ a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival
|
|
| 26. |
- Francke, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Institutional repositories as infrastructures for long-term preservation
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Information research. - : Högskolan i Borås. - 1368-1613. ; 22:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction. The study describes the conditions for long-term preservation of the content of the institutional repositories of Swedish higher education institutions based on an investigation of how deposited files are managed with regards to file format and how representatives of the repositories describe the functions of the repositories. Method. The findings are based on answers to a questionnaire completed by thirty-four institutional repository representatives (97% response rate). Analysis. Questionnaire answers were analysed through descriptive statistics and qualitative coding. The concept of information infrastructures was used to analytically discuss repository work. Results. Visibility and access to content were considered to be the most important functions of the repositories, but long-term preservation was also considered important for publications and student theses. Whereas a majority of repositories had some form of guidelines for which file formats were accepted, very few considered whether or not file formats constitute open standards. This can have consequences for the long-term sustainability and access of the content deposited in the repositories. Conclusion. The study contributes to the discussion about the sustainability of research publications and data in the repositories by pointing to the potential difficulties involved for long-term preservation and access when there is little focus on and awareness of open file formats.
|
|
| 27. |
- Francke, Helena, et al.
(författare)
-
Tillgängliggöra på kort eller lång sikt? : En studie av svenska lärosätens institutionella repositorier
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Presentationen redogör för resultaten av en enkät som besvarades av personal vid 34 svenska lärosätens institutionella repositorier under sommaren 2015. Syftet med studien var att utveckla förståelse för förutsättningarna för långsiktigt digitalt bevarande av materialet i de svenska lärosätenas institutionella repositorier. Detta gjordes dels genom att undersöka organisationernas syn på det institutionella repositoriets funktion och livscykel, dels genom att skapa en bild av innehållet i repositorierna. Presentationen behandlar enkätsvaren kring det institutionella repositoriets funktion med fokus på hur viktigt respondenterna uppskattar att tillgängliggörande och långsiktigt bevarande av forskningspublikationer, studentarbeten och forskningsdata genom repositoriet är. Dessutom behandlas svar som rör policy och arbetssätt vad gäller filformat eftersom dessa val är viktiga vid långsiktigt digitalt bevarande.
|
|
| 28. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
A Gene Ontology based Method for Assessing the Biological Plausibility of Regulatory Hypotheses
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many algorithms that derive gene regulatory networks from microarray gene expression data have been proposed in the literature. The performance of such an algorithm is often measured by how well a genetic network can recreate the gene expression data that the network was derived from. However, this kind of performance does not necessarily mean that the regulatory hypotheses in the network are biologically plausible. We therefore propose a Gene Ontology based method for assessing the biological plausibility of regulatory hypotheses at the gene product level using prior biological knowledge in the form of Gene Ontology annotation of gene products and regulatory pathway databases. Templates are designed to encode general knowledge, derived by generalizing from known interactions to typical properties of interacting gene product pairs. By matching regulatory hypotheses to templates, the plausible hypotheses can be separated from inplausible ones. In a cross-validation test we verify that the templates reliably identify interactions which have not been used in the template creation process, thereby confirming the generality of the approach. The method also proves useful when applied to an example network reconstruction problem, where a Bayesian approach is used to create hypothetical relations which are evaluated for biological plausibility. The cell cycle pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway for S. cerevisiae and H. sapiens are used in the experiments.
|
|
| 29. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
A GO-based Method for Assessing the Biological Plausibility of Regulatory Hypotheses
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Computational Science - ICCS 2006. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783540343813 - 9783540343820 ; , s. 879-886
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many algorithms have been proposed for deriving regulatory networks from microarray gene expression data. The performance of such algorithms is often measured by how well the resulting network can recreate the gene expression data that it was derived from. However, this kind of performance does not necessarily mean that the regulatory hypotheses in the network are biologically plausible. We therefore propose a method for assessing the biological plausibility of regulatory hypotheses using prior knowledge in the form of regulatory pathway databases and Gene Ontology-based annotation of gene products. A set of templates is derived by generalising from known interactions to typical properties of interacting gene product pairs. By searching for matches in this set of templates, the plausibility of regulatory hypotheses can be assessed. We evaluate to what degree the collection of templates can separate true from false positive interactions, and we illustrate the practical use of the method by applying it to an example network reconstruction problem.
|
|
| 30. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas
(författare)
-
Developing Semantic Pathway Comparison Methods for Systems Biology
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Systems biology is an emerging multi-disciplinary field in which the behaviour of complex biological systems is studied by considering the interaction of many cellular and molecular constituents rather than using a “traditional” reductionist approach where constituents are studied individually. Systems are often studied over time with the ultimate goal of developing models which can be used to understand and predict complex biological processes, such as human diseases. To support systems biology, a large number of biological pathways are being derived for many different organisms, and these are stored in various databases. This pathway collection presents an opportunity to compare and contrast pathways, and to utilise the knowledge they represent. This thesis presents some of the first algorithms that are designed to explore this opportunity. It is argued that the methods will be useful to biologists in order to assess the biological plausibility of derived pathways, compare different biological pathways for semantic similarities, and to derive putative pathways that are semantically similar to documented biological pathways. The methods will therefore extend the systems biology toolbox that biologists can use to make new biological discoveries.
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring Influences Between ICT Standards and Their Implementations in Open Source Software Projects : The Case of H.264
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Joint Proceedings EURAS 2021. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958864214 - 395886421X ; , s. 211-226
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Novel results concerning influences between ICT standards and their implementations in open source software (OSS) are presented in this paper. Findings draw from observations and analysis related to the ITU-T H.264 standard and two OSS projects (OpenH264 and x264) that implement the standard. The study reports on a characterisation of organisations that influence and control the H.264 standard, organisations that influence and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard, and influences between contributors involved with the H.264 standard and OSS projects that implement the standard. Furthermore, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to the mix of contributing organisations, and findings are put in relation to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.
|
|
| 35. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Gene Ontology-based Semantic Alignment of Biological Pathways by Evolutionary Search
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. - : World Scientific Publishing. - 0219-7200 .- 1757-6334. ; 6:4, s. 825-842
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large number of biological pathways have been elucidated recently, and there is a need for methods to analyze these pathways. One class of methods compares pathways semantically in order to discover parts that are evolutionarily conserved between species or to discover intraspecies similarities. Such methods usually require that the topologies of the pathways being compared are known, i.e. that a query pathway is being aligned to a model pathway. However, sometimes the query only consists of an unordered set of gene products. Previous methods for mapping sets of gene products onto known pathways have not been based on semantic comparison of gene products using ontologies or other abstraction hierarchies. Therefore, we here propose an approach that uses a similarity function defined in Gene Ontology (GO) terms to find semantic alignments when comparing paths in biological pathways where the nodes are gene products. A known pathway graph is used as a model, and an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is used to evolve putative paths from a set of experimentally determined gene products. The method uses a measure of GO term similarity to calculate a match score between gene products, and the fitness value of each candidate path alignment is derived from these match scores. A statistical test is used to assess the significance of evolved alignments. The performance of the method has been tested using regulatory pathways for S. cerevisiae and M. musculus.
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
GOSAP : Gene Ontology Based Semantic Alignment of Biological Pathways
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A large number of biological pathways have been assembled in later years, and are being stored in databases. Hence, the need for methods to analyse these pathways has emerged. One class of methods compares pathways, in order to discover parts that are evolutionary conserved between species or to discover intra-species similarites. Most previous work has been focused on methods targeted at metabolic pathways utilising the EC enzyme hierarchy. Here, we propose a Gene Ontology (GO) based approach for finding semantic local alignments when comparing paths in biological pathways where the nodes are gene products. The method takes advantage of all three sub-ontologies, and uses a measure of semantic similarity to calculate a match score between gene products. Our proposed method is applicable to all types of biological pathways, where nodes are gene products, e.g. regulatory pathways, signalling pathways and metabolic enzyme-to-enzyme pathways. It would also be possible to extend the method to work with other types of nodes, as long as there is an ontology or abstraction hierarchy available for categorising the nodes. We demonstrate that the method is useful for studying protein regulatory pathways in S. cerevisiae, as well as metabolic pathways for the same organism.
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Long-Term Sustainability of Open Source Software Communities beyond a Fork : A Case Study of LibreOffice
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Long-Term Sustainability. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642334412 - 9783642334429 ; , s. 29-47
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many organisations have requirements for long-term sustainable software systems and associated communities. In this paper we consider long-term sustainability of Open Source software communities in Open Source projects involving a fork. There is currently a lack of studies in the literature that address how specific Open Source software communities are affected by a fork. We report from a case study aiming to investigate the developer community around the LibreOffice project, which is a fork from the OpenOffice.org project. The results strongly suggest a long-term sustainable community and that there are no signs of stagnation in the project 15 months after the fork. Our analysis provides details on the LibreOffice developer community and how it has evolved from the OpenOffice.org community with respect to project activity, long-term involvement of committers, and organisational influence over time. The findings from our analysis of the LibreOffice project make an important contribution towards a deeper understanding of challenges regarding long-term sustainability of Open Source software communities.
|
|
| 40. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On Engagement With ICT Standards and Their Implementations in Open Source Software Projects : Experiences and Insights From the Multimedia Field
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Standardization Research (IJSR). - Hershey, Pennsylvania : IGI Global. - 2470-8542 .- 2470-8550. ; 19:1, s. 1-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overarching goal in this paper is to investigate organisational engagement with an ICT standard and open source software (OSS) projects that implement the standard, with a specific focus on the multimedia field, which is relevant in light of the wide deployment of standards and different legal challenges in this field. The first part reports on experiences and insights from engagement with standards in the multimedia field and from implementation of such standards in OSS projects. The second part focuses on the case of the ITU-T H.264 standard and the two OSS projects OpenH264 and x264 that implement the standard, and reports on a characterisation of organisations that engage with and control the H.264 standard, and organisations that engage with and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard. Further, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to mix of contributing organisations, and findings are related to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.
|
|
| 41. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software projects : The case of H.265
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Joint Proceedings EURAS 2021. - Aachen : Verlag Mainz. - 9783958864214 - 395886421X ; , s. 191-210
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper novel results are reported on engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software (OSS). Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to the ITU-T H.265 standard and five OSS projects (x265, libde265, SVT-HEVC, Kvazaar, and Turing codec) implementing the standard. The study reports on a characterisation of organisations that engage with standard development for the H.265 standard and organisations with declarations for H.265 in the ITU-T patent database in relation to standard development for H.265, and how OSS projects implementing H.265 are related to standard development for H.265.
|
|
| 42. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On influences between ICT standards and their implementations in open source software projects : the case of H.264
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Booklet of Papers of the 11th International Conference on Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT 2020). - Aachen : Verlagshaus Mainz. - 3958863795 - 9783958863798 ; , s. 1-12
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents novel results concerning influences between ICT standards and their implementations in open source software (OSS). Specifically, findings draw from observations and analysis related to the ITU-T H.264 standard and the two OSS projects OpenH264 and x264 that both implement the standard. The study reports on a characterisation of organisations that influence and control the H.264 standard, organisations that influence and control OSS projects implementing the H.264 standard, and influences between contributors involved with the H.264 standard and OSS projects implementing that standard. Further, projects for standardisation and implementation of H.264 are contrasted with respect to mix of contributing organisations, and findings are related to organisational strategies of contributing organisations and previous research.
|
|
| 43. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On Involvement in Open Standards : How Do Organisations Contribute to W3C Standards Through Editorship?
- 2016. - 1
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Integrating Communities. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319392240 - 9783319392257 - 9783319818443 ; , s. 57-70
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the years, a number of open standards have been developed and implemented in software for addressing a number of challenges, such as lock-in, interoperability and longevity of software systems and associated digital artefacts. Understanding organisational involvement and collaboration in standardisation is important for informing any future policy and organisational decisions concerning involvement in standardisation. The overarching goal of the study is to establish how organisations contribute to open standards development through editorship. Specifically, the focus is on open standards development in W3C. Through an analysis of editorship for all W3C recommendations we contribute novel findings concerning organisational involvement and collaboration, and highlight contributions from different types of organisations and countries for headquarter of each organisation. We make three principal contributions. First, we establish an overall characterisation of organisational involvement in W3C standardisation. Second, we report on organisational involvement in W3C standardisation over time. Third, we establish organisational collaboration in W3C standardisation through social network analysis.
|
|
| 44. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On licensing and other conditions for contributing to widely used open source projects : an exploratory analysis
- 2017
-
Ingår i: OpenSym '17. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450351874 ; , s. 9:1-9:14
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open source software (OSS) projects are provided under different open source licenses and some projects use other conditions (in addition to licensing terms) for contributors to adhere to. Licensing terms and conditions may affect community involvement and contributions, and are perceived differently by different stakeholders in different OSS projects. The study reports from an exploratory analysis of licensing terms and other conditions for 200 widely used OSS projects, and an investigation of the relationship between licensing terms and other conditions for contributing. We find that strong copyleft licenses are most common and are used in the majority of the projects. Further, a clear majority of the OSS projects use no specific other condition for contributing in addition to the license terms. However, a clear majority of the OSS projects supported by foundations use other conditions for contributing in addition to the license terms. Finally, use of no specific other conditions in addition to the license terms is more common for projects using strong copyleft licensing compared to projects using non-copyleft licensing.
|
|
| 45. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On organisational involvement and collaboration in W3C standards through editorship
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Internet Services and Applications. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1867-4828 .- 1869-0238. ; 8:1, s. 5:1-5:26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over time, a number of open standards have been developed and implemented in software for addressing a number of challenges, such as lock-in, interoperability and longevity of software systems and associated digital artefacts. An understanding of organisational involvement and collaboration in standardisation is important for informing any future policy and organisational decisions concerning involvement in standardisation. The overarching goal of the study is toestablish how organisations contribute to open standards development through editorship. Specifically, the focus is on open standards development in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Through an analysis of editorship for all W3C recommendations we contribute novel findings concerning organisational involvement and collaboration, and highlight contributions from different types of organisations and countries. We make five principal contributions. First, we establish an overall characterisation of organisational involvement in W3C standardisation. Second, we report on organisational involvement in W3C standardisation over time. Third, we establish how different organisations, organisation types, and countries are involved in W3C technologies. Fourth, we report on organisational involvement in relation to standard development time. Fifth, we establish how organisations collaborate in W3C standardisation through social network analysis.
|
|
| 46. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
On the (lack of) robustness of gene expression data clustering
- 2004
-
Ingår i: WSEAS Transactions on Biology and Biomedicine. - : World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. - 1109-9518 .- 2224-2902. ; 1:2, s. 198-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assess the robustness of partitional clustering algorithms applied to gene expression data. A number of clusterings are made with identical parameter settings and input data using SOM and k-means algorithms, which both rely on random initialisation and may produce different clusterings with different seeds. We define a reproducibility index and use it to assess the algorithms. The index is based on the number of pairs of genes consistently clustered together in different clusterings. The effect of noise applied to the original data is also studied. Our results show a lack of robustness for both classes of algorithms, with slightly higher reproducibility for SOM than for k-means.
|
|
| 47. |
|
|
| 48. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Open Source Software for Data Curation of Digital Assets : a case study
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th International Academic MindTrek Conference. - New York : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450300117 - 1450300111 ; , s. 61-64
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Legacy file formats is an increasing concern for organisations. Therefore it is important for any company to develop sustainable strategies for data curation in order to maintain valuable digital assets. In this paper we report from a case study conducted in a company context aiming to investigate the feasibility of using Open Source approaches for curation of corporate digital assets kept in proprietary legacy file formats to open file formats. We consider different aspects of openness in a corporate strategy for maintaining digital assets. An important aspect concerns activity and company influence in an Open Source tool-chain, another concerns support for data curation of digital assets actually offered by the tool chain. We find that organisational concern over legacy file formats continues to be an issue, and that strong commercial influence on Open Source projects is no guarantee for success.
|
|
| 49. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Open Source Software for Model Driven Development : A Case Study
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Open Source Systems: Grounding Research. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642244179 - 9783642244186 ; , s. 348-367
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Model Driven Development (MDD) is widely used in the embedded systems domain, and many proprietary and Open Source tools exist that support MDD. The potential for sustainability of such tools needs to assessed prior to any organisational adoption. In this paper we report from a case study conducted in a consultancy company context aiming to investigate Open Source tools for MDD. For the company it was interesting to explore the two Open Source modelling tools Topcased and Papyrus for potential adoption. The focus for our case study is on assessing the health of the ecosystems for the two investigated Open Source projects by means of quantitative analysis of publically available data sources about Open Source projects. The health of ecosystems is an important prerequisite for a long term sustainable OSS (Open Source Software) tool-chain in the MDD area, which can aid strategic decision making for potential adoption within a company context. We have established details on the extent to which developers and users are active in two specific OSS ecosystems, and identified organisational influence for both ecosystems. We find that the investigated tools are promising regarding the health of their ecosystems, and a natural next step for the company would be to proceed with a pilot study in order to analyse the effectiveness of the investigated tools in company contexts.
|
|
| 50. |
- Gamalielsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Responsiveness as a measure for assessing the health of OSS ecosystems
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Building Sustainable Open Source Communities (OSCOMM 2010). - Tampere : Tampere University of Technology. - 9789521524110 ; , s. 1-8
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health of an Open Source ecosystem is an important decision factor when considering the adoption of Open Source software or when monitoring a seeded Open Source project. In this paper we introduce responsiveness as a qualitative measure of the quality of replies within mailing lists, which can be used for assessing ecosystem health. We consider one specific metric of responsiveness in this paper, and that is the response time of follow-up messages in mailing lists. We also describe a way for characterising the nature of communication in messages with short and long response times. The approach is tested in the context of the Nagios project, and we particularly focus on the responsiveness for contributors acting in their professional roles as core developers. Our contribution is a step towards a deeper understanding of voluntary support provided in mailing lists of OSS projects.
|
|
