| 1. |
- Bron, Peter A., et al.
(author)
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Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function?
- 2017
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In: British Journal of Nutrition. - Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 117:1, s. 93-107
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intestinal barrier integrity is a prerequisite for homeostasis of mucosal function, which is balanced to maximise absorptive capacity, while maintaining efficient defensive reactions against chemical and microbial challenges. Evidence is mounting that disruption of epithelial barrier integrity is one of the major aetiological factors associated with several gastrointestinal diseases, including infection by pathogens, obesity and diabetes, necrotising enterocolitis, irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. The notion that specific probiotic bacterial strains can affect barrier integrity fuelled research in which in vitro cell lines, animal models and clinical trials are used to assess whether probiotics can revert the diseased state back to homeostasis and health. This review catalogues and categorises the lines of evidence available in literature for the role of probiotics in epithelial integrity and, consequently, their beneficial effect for the reduction of gastrointestinal disease symptoms.
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| 2. |
- König, Julia, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Human Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease
- 2016
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In: Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology. - New York : Nature Publishing Group. - 2155-384X. ; 7:10
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The gastrointestinal tract consists of an enormous surface area that is optimized to efficiently absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food. At the same time, it needs to provide a tight barrier against the ingress of harmful substances, and protect against a reaction to omnipresent harmless compounds. A dysfunctional intestinal barrier is associated with various diseases and disorders. In this review, the role of intestinal permeability in common disorders such as infections with intestinal pathogens, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and food allergies will be discussed. In addition, the effect of the frequently prescribed drugs proton pump inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on intestinal permeability, as well as commonly used methods to assess barrier function will be reviewed.
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| 3. |
- Wells, Jerry M., et al.
(author)
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Homeostasis of the Gut Barrier and Potential Biomarkers
- 2017
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In: American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. - Bethesda, USA : American Physiological Society. - 0193-1857 .- 1522-1547. ; 312:3, s. G171-G193
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The gut barrier plays a crucial role by spatially compartmentalizing bacteria to the lumen through the production of secreted mucus and is fortified by the production of sIgA and antimicrobial peptides and proteins. With exception of sIgA the expression of these protective barrier factors is largely controlled by innate immune recognition of microbial molecular ligands. Several specialized adaptations and checkpoints are operating in the mucosa to scale the immune response according to the threat and prevent overreaction to the trillions of symbionts inhabiting the human intestine. A healthy microbiota plays a key role influencing epithelial barrier functions. However, perturbation of gut barrier homeostasis can lead to increased inflammatory signaling, increased epithelial permeability and dysbiosis of the microbiota, which are recognized to play a role in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders. Additionally, the gut-brain signaling may be affected by prolonged mucosal immune activation, leading to increased afferent sensory signaling and abdominal symptoms. In turn, neuronal mechanisms can affect the intestinal barrier partly by activation of the HPA-axis and both mast cell-dependent as well as mast cell- independent mechanisms. Several biomarkers have been used to measure gut permeability and loss of barrier integrity in patients but there remains a need to explore their use in assessing impact of nutritional factors on gut barrier function. Future studies should aim to establish normal ranges of the available biomarkers and their predictive value for gut health in human cohorts.
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