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| 2. |
- Eriksson, Louise, et al.
(författare)
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Acceptability of single and combined transport policy measures : the importance of environmental and policy specific beliefs
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 42:8, s. 1117-1128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the acceptability of different transport policy measures was examined. Three measures were assessed individually and as packages combining one push measure (a raised tax on fossil fuel) and one pull measure (in Package 1 improved public transport and in Package 2 a subsidy of renewable fuel). To analyze factors important for the acceptability, we proposed a model where the value-belief-norm theory combined with policy specific beliefs (perceived fairness and perceived effectiveness) predicted acceptability. Furthermore, we examined whether problem awareness or personal norm was more important for acceptability. In a questionnaire study conducted in Sweden, a sample of car users (N = 616) assessed the transport policy measures. Results showed that while the pull measures were perceived to be effective, fair, and acceptable, the push measure and the packages were perceived to be rather ineffective, unfair, and unacceptable. The proposed model was supported for the measures and problem awareness was found to have a direct effect on acceptability for the pull measures while personal norm was found to have a direct effect on acceptability for the push measure and the two policy packages. In addition, perceived fairness and effectiveness were found to be particularly important for acceptability.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Interrupting habitual car use : The importance of car habit strength and moral motivation for personal car use reduction
- 2008
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 11:1, s. 10-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, habitual car use was interrupted by means of an intervention attempting to induce a deliberate consideration to reduce personal car use and forming implementation intentions for the planned changes in travel behavior. The importance of car habit strength and of moral motivation for reducing car use was analyzed. The study was conducted as a field experiment where 71 car users were recruited to either an experimental group or a control group. All participants reported car habit strength and moral motivation to reduce car use (i.e. personal norm) by means of a questionnaire, and recorded car use by means of weekly car diaries pre- and post-intervention. Results demonstrate that the intervention did make the choice of travel mode more deliberate since the association between car use and car habit strength were weakened while the relation between car use and personal norm were strengthened after compared to before the intervention. Moreover, as a result of the intervention car users with a strong car habit and a strong personal norm were found to be more likely to reduce car use as compared to those with a weak car habit and a weak personal norm. Hence, a reduction in car use may be facilitated by interrupting habitual car use, specifically if the car user has a strong car habit and a strong moral motivation to reduce personal car use.
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- Garvill, Jörgen, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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A note on information processing in cross-modal matching
- 1975
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Garvill, J., and Molander, B. A note on information processing in cross-modal matching. Umeå Psychological Re-.ports No. 95, 1975. - Intra-modal and cross-modal matching of farm was studied. The hypothesis that differences in accuracy between modality conditions found in earlier experiments were due to differences in rate of information pick-up between the visual and tactual modalities was tested. The modality conditions were visual standard or tactual standard and visual comparison or tactual comparison. The subjfects made paired comparisons of three-dimensional "nonsense" objects and were allowed to inspect the stimili for as long as they wanted. The time was measured for the standard object and the comparison object. It was found that the visual modality had a higher rate of information pick-up tharij the tactual modality. However, the differences in accuracy between the modality conditions were not eliminated despite the differences in presentation time. Other possible explanations of the differences in accuracy are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Garvill, Jörgen, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the relation between cross-modal transfer of learning and cross-modal matching
- 1977
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Garvill, J., and Molander, B. A note on the relation between cross-modal transfer of learning and cross-modal matching. Umeå Psychological Reports No. 126, 1977. - Cross-modal transfer of learning was studied in a paradigm that closely parallels the one used for studying intra-modal and cross-modal Hatching. The hypotheses that (1) the asymmetric transfer effects found in studies of cross-modal transfer of learning and in studies of intra-modal and eros s-modal Hatching are compatible and (2) that they can be explained in terms of differences in information processing capacity between the visual and the tactual modality were tested. The results supported the hypotheses. It was also found that the amount of cross-modal transfer as well as the asymmetry of transfer are affected by letting the subjects practice the transfer task on each trial.
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| 9. |
- Garvill, Jörgen, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of interference on intra-modal and cross-modal matching of form
- 1977
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Garvill, J., and Molander, B. Effects of interference on intra-modal and cross-modal matching of form. Umeå Psychological Reports No. 124, 1977. - This experiment was designed to test two hypotheses concerning differential memory for visually and tactually acquired information in intranodal and cross-modal matching of form. The intra-modal conditions were VV (visual standard, visual comparison)and TT (tactual standard, tactual comparison). The cross-modal conditions were VT (visual standard tactual comparison) and TV (tactual standard, visual comparison). Between the standard stimulus and comparison stimulus either an unfilled interval or a visual matching task or a tactual matching task was interpolated. The first hypothesis suggests that the memory traces for tactually acquired information are less stable than those for visually acquired information and thus more sensitive to interference. According to the second hypothesis there are modality specific memory storages and the information acquired are coded and stored in the memory for the comparison modality.This hypothesis predicts interference only when the interfering task is presented in the same modality as the comparison stimulus. The results gave clear evidence of interference. However, the interference effects were the same regardless of standard modality, comparison modality or kind of interference. Thus, the results suggest a common form of storage for visual and tactual information.
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| 11. |
- Garvill, Jörgen, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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Intra-modal and cross-modal accuracy in a form discrimination task
- 1969
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Garvill,J., and Malandar, B. Intra-modal and cross-mcxåal accuracy in a farm discrimination task* thieå Psychological Reports, No, 11, 1969. - Intra-modal and cross-modal d iscrimnation was compared under two kinds of presentation either simultaneous ar successive. The modalities were vision and touch and the stimili three-dixrensicoal "nonsense" objects. The intta-modal conditions were expected to result in higher accuracy than the croBSHBßdal ocndit&ans. The asymmetric transfer effect (i.e. touch before vision better than vision before touch) usually found in experiments on cross-modal transfer, but not in experiments cai cross-modal matching, was expected to occur under the condition of successive presentation at least. Hie method was paired comparisons and the results showed higher aoeuraoy fee the intra-modal conditions as ccrapared to the cross-modal conditions. The expected asymmetric effect was not found. Differences between experiments cai cross-mcdal transfer and experiments en cross-modal matching are discussed.
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| 19. |
- Molander, Bo, 1940-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of first stage variations of stimulus meaningfulness and response meaningfulness in the A-B, B-C, A-C paradigm
- 1975
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Molander, B., and Garvill, J. Effects of first stage variations of stimulus meaningfulness and response meaningfulness in the A-B, B-C, A-C paradigm. Uneå Psychological Reports, No. 85, 1975. - With CVC-syllables as low meaningfulness material and common nouns as high meaningfulness material, two levels of stimulus meaningfulness and two levels of response meaningfulness were corrbined to form the four first stage conditions HH, LH, HL and LL in the A-B, B-C, A-C paradigm. The results of the experiment, which was performed according to standard PA learning procedures, indicated that stimulus meaningfulness as well as response meaningfulness contributed to the mediation effects in stage three. The mediation effects, however, seemed to be directly related to first stage performance rather than to meaningfulness per se. The results also suggested that intra-pair and intralist similarity may be important acquisition variables in studies on mediation.
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| 20. |
- Molander, Bo, 1940-, et al.
(författare)
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Response-induced imagery in cross-modal transfer of form discrimination
- 1977
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Molander, B., and Garvill, J. Response-induced imagery in eros s-modal transfer of form discrimination. Umeå Psychological Reports No. 127, 1977. - In a cross-modal transfer experiment subjects learned to associate forais varying in imagery value with three-dimensional objects which were presented either visually or tactually.After training in one modality transfer was tested in the other modality. It was hypothesized that verbal labels facilitate tactual stimulus encoding more than visual stimulus encoding and that this facilitation is more pronounced with high-imagery labels as compared to low-imagery labels. The results showed that transfer in the tactual-visual order was superior to transfer in the visual-tactual order and that the size of this asynmetry was the same for both types of labels. These results are taken to indicate that imagery is of minor importance as a mediating process in the cross-modal transfer of form discrimination.
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| 21. |
- Molander, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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The invariance of asymmetric cross-modal transfer effects
- 1977
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Molander, B., and Garvill, J. The invariance of asymmetric cross-modal transfer effects. Umeå Psychological Reports No. 125, 1977. - In two experiments cross-modal transfer as a function of amount of first modality training was investigated. Subjects learned to associate numbers with three-dimensional objects which were presented either visually or tactually. After training in one of the modalities transfer was tested in the other modality. In the first experiment the transfer test was conducted after 4, 8, 12, 18, or 36 trials of training and in the second experiment it was conducted after learning 100 %, 150 %, or 200 %. Transfer in the tactual-visual order was superior to transfer in the visual-tactual order in all training conditions, and the magnitude of the effect was the same. The results suggest that learning factors are of minor importance as causes to the asymmetry between modalities and that it is more fruitful to concentrate on perceptual factors.
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| 22. |
- Nordin, Steven, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in factors affecting rejecting of food in healthy young Swedish adults
- 2004
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Ingår i: Appetite. - : Elsevier BV. - 0195-6663 .- 1095-8304. ; 43:3, s. 295-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the objectives to better understand gender-related differences in variables of importance for food intake, and interrelations between these variables, 100 healthy, young women and 100 healthy, young men responded to self-administrated questionnaires about general food rejection, learned illness-associated food aversions, disgust (the Disgust Scale), food neophobia (the Food Neophobia Scale), nausea and appetite. The results show that food rejection and aversions were more common in women (69 and 38%, respectively) than in men (47 and 18%), and that women are more disgust sensitive than men. However, no differences between women and men were observed regarding reasons for rejecting food (predominantly sensory attributes), prevalence of gastrointestinal illness as an associated aversion symptom (95 vs 89%), type of aversive food due to associated illness (predominantly high protein items), or food neophobia. Based on path analyses, a model is proposed of interrelations between disgust, food neophobia, learned food aversions, nausea, appetite, and general food rejection in healthy young adults.
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| 23. |
- Nordlund, Annika, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers and facilitators for pro-environmental behavior
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental policy and household behaviour. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 9781134040063 - 9781844078974 ; , s. 99-126
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To what extent we as individuals and members of a household live a sustainable life depends on the choices we make in our everyday life. This means that the products we consume, the way we travel, the kind of appliances we use in our household, and the way we handle our household waste are all examples of behavioural choices with serious implications for the environment. In Chapter 2, the important relationship between the individual and the state was discussed. This relationship is important since much of the everyday pro-environmental behaviours households are expected to execute are policy directed. If the households perceive that they are left without support, that is, left to fend for themselves when it comes to the dos and don’ts within the realm of environmental behavioural choices, this might affect the degree of willingness for change. In order to achieve a change in a sustainable direction there is therefore a need to understand the diversity of factors important for the daily behaviours of citizens. For example, why do some people buy only organic foods and others don’t and what are the reasons for choosing to go by bicycle instead of taking the car? The complexity of everyday life in households has been discussed in depth in Chapter 3. Knowledge of different important factors for daily behaviour is important for the understanding of under what conditions different pro-environmental behaviours are carried outor not by individuals in households. In addition this accentuates the importance of knowledge about barriers and facilitators for policy-makers having to deal with issues of effectiveness and legitimacy, in the design of, for the public, acceptable pro-environmental policies.
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| 25. |
- Stenlund, Tova, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Annoyance and health symptoms and their influencing factors : A population-based air pollution intervention study
- 2009
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Ingår i: Public Health. - London : Academic P.. - 0033-3506 .- 1476-5616. ; 123:4, s. 339-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Interventions for reducing air pollution are important means for improving public health. The role of psychological factors in understanding annoyance and health symptoms due to air pollution is limited and further investigation is required. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an intervention to reduce air pollution (predominantly dust and soot) with respect to perceived pollution, risk perception, annoyance and health symptoms. Another objective was to test a model that describes interrelationsbetween air pollution, perceived pollution, health risk perception, annoyance and health symptoms. Study design: An interventional, population-based questionnaire study. Methods: Surveys were performed before (pre-test) and after (post-test) closure of a sinter plant. Instead,pellets were shipped to the community’s harbour for steel production. Individuals in the community aged 18–75 years were selected at random for participation in the pre-test (n ¼ 738; 74% of the sample participated) and post-test (n ¼ 684; 68% of the sample participated). The two samples were representative of the populations at the two points in time, and thus not identical. Results: After the sinter plant was closed, the environment was perceived as being less dusty, the residentswere more positive in their risk perception, and they reported less annoyance due to dust, soot andodorous substances. No difference was found for health symptoms between the pre-test and the posttest.Based on path analyses, a model is proposed of inter-relations between air pollution, perceived pollution, health risk perception, annoyance and health symptoms. Conclusion: The intervention was successful with respect to perceived dust and soot pollution; toannoyance attributed to dust, soot and odorous substances; and to risk perception. The path analysessuggest that perceived pollution and health risk perception play important roles in understanding and predicting environmentally induced annoyance and health symptoms.
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