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- Tran, K. B., et al.
(författare)
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The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10352, s. 563-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
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| 2. |
- Alvarez, E. M., et al.
(författare)
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The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
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Ingår i: Lancet Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-2045. ; 23:1, s. 27-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Ghassemi, F., et al.
(författare)
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Transparent Actor Model
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2023 IEEE/ACM 11th International Conference on Formal Methods in Software Engineering, FormaliSE 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350312638 ; , s. 97-107
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several programming and formal modeling languages are designed based on actors. Each language has certain policies for message delivery between actors and for handling the messages in the buffers. These policies are implicit in the semantics of each language. One can infer interesting properties of actor languages related to communication and coordination based on different policies and their interactions. We define the 'Transparent Actor' model where we make policies explicit as points of possible variations. We identify an abstract network entity and define the semantics of Transparent Actors in three parts: actors, network, and composition. We define a core actor language named BABEL as a basis to describe the semantics of Transparent Actors using structural operational semantics (SOS) rules with variation points. These parametric rules make the implicit policies clear and can be used as a template to define the semantics of different actor-based languages. We evaluate the applicability of the template by examining the semantics for actor-based languages Rebeca, Lingua Franca, ABS, AKKA, and Erlang. We implement BABEL in Maude as a proof of concept, then concretize the parametric rules to implement some of the above languages. We consider a few properties, check them via a set of designated litmus test cases using our Maude implementations, and discuss the policy interactions.
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| 10. |
- Jahandideh, I., et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid rebeca : Modeling and analyzing of cyber-physical systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783030237028 ; , s. 3-27
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In cyber-physical systems like automotive systems, there are components like sensors, actuators, and controllers that communicate asynchronously with each other. The computational model of actor supports modeling distributed asynchronously communicating systems. We propose Hybrid Rebeca language to support modeling of cyber-physical systems. Hybrid Rebeca is an extension of actor-based language Rebeca. In this extension, physical actors are introduced as new computational entities to encapsulate physical behaviors. To support various means of communication among the entities, the network is explicitly modeled as a separate entity from actors. We derive hybrid automata as the basis for analysis of Hybrid Rebeca models. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach through a case study in the domain of automotive systems. We use SpaceEx framework for the analysis of the case study.
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| 11. |
- Khosravi, R., et al.
(författare)
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Actors Upgraded for Variability, Adaptability, and Determinism
- 2024
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. ; , s. 226-260
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Rebeca modeling language is designed as an imperative actor-based language with the goal of providing an easy-to-use language for modeling concurrent and distributed systems, with formal verification support. Rebeca has been extended to support time and probability. We extend Rebeca further with inheritance, polymorphism, interface declaration, and annotation mechanisms. These features allow us to handle variability within the model, support non-disruptive model evolution, and define method priorities. This enables Rebeca to be used more effectively in different domains, like in Software Product Lines, and holistic analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems. We develop specialized analysis techniques to support these extensions, partly integrated into Afra, the model checking tool of Rebeca.
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| 12. |
- Moezkarimi, Zahra, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient analysis of belief properties in process algebra
- 2024
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Ingår i: The Journal of logical and algebraic methods in programming. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2352-2208 .- 2352-2216. ; 141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Protocols are typically specified in an operational manner by specifying the communication patterns among the different involved principals. However, many properties are of epistemic nature, e.g., what each principal believes after having seen a run of the protocol. We elaborate on a unified algebraic framework suitable for epistemic reasoning about operational protocols. This reasoning framework is based on a logic of beliefs and allows for the operational specification of untruthful communications. The information recorded in the semantic models to support reasoning about the interaction between the operational and epistemic aspects intensifies the state-space explosion. We propose an efficient on-the-fly reduction for such a unifying framework by providing a set of operational rules. These operational rules automatically generate efficient reduced semantics for a class of epistemic properties, specified in a rich extension of modal μ-calculus with past and belief modality, and can potentially reduce an infinite state space into a finite one. We reformulate and prove criteria that guarantee belief consistency for credulous agents, i.e., agents that are ready to believe what is told unless it is logically inconsistent. We adjust our reduction so that the belief consistency of an original model is preserved. We prove the soundness and completeness result for the specified class of properties.
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| 13. |
- Sirjani, Marjan, et al.
(författare)
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Reactive Actors : Isolation for Efficient Analysis of Distributed Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2019 IEEE/ACM 23rd International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications, DS-RT 2019. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728129235
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we explain how the isolation or decoupling of actors can help in developing efficient analysis techniques. The Reactive Object Language, Rebeca, and its timed extension are introduced as actor-based languages for modeling and analyzing distributed systems. We show how floating-time transition system can be used for model checking of timed actor models when we are interested in event-based properties, and how it helps in state space reduction. We explain how the model of computation of actors helps in devising an efficient state distribution policy in distributed model checking. We show how we use Rebeca to verify the routing algorithms of mobile adhoc networks. The paper is written in a way to make the ideas behind each technique clear such that it can be reused in similar domains.
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| 14. |
- Sirjani, Marjan, et al.
(författare)
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Reo connectors and components as tagged signal models
- 2018
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Ingår i: It's All About Coordination. - Cham : Springer. - 9783540223818 ; , s. 160-173
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tagged Signal Model (TSM) is a denotational framework and a meta-model to study certain properties of models of computation. To study the behavior of Reo connectors in a closed system, we propose two denotational semantics for Reo using TSM. TSM is very similar to the coalgebraic model of Timed Data Streams (TDS), the first formal semantics and the basis for most of the other formal semantics of Reo. There is a direct mapping between the time – data pairs of TDS, and tag – value of TSM. This work shows how treating tags to be either totally or partially ordered has a direct consequence on the results. We looked into five primitive connectors of Reo in both these settings and discuss the determinacy of systems.
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| 15. |
- Zarneshan, M., et al.
(författare)
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Formal modeling and analysis of medical systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Lecture notes in computer science, vol. 12134. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030500283 ; , s. 386-402
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medical systems are composed of medical devices and apps which are developed independently by different vendors. A set of communication patterns, based on asynchronous message-passing, has been proposed to loosely integrate medical devices and apps. These patterns guarantee the point-to-point quality of communication service (QoS) by local inspection of messages at its constituent components. These local mechanisms inspect the property of messages to enforce a set of parametrized local QoS properties. Adjusting these parameters to achieve the required point-to-point QoS is non-trivial and depends on the involved components and the underlying network. We use Timed Rebeca, an actor-based formal modeling language, to model such systems and asses their QoS properties by model checking. We model the components of communication patterns as distinct actors. A composite medical system using several instances of patterns is subject to state-space explosion. We propose a reduction technique preserving QoS properties. We prove that our technique is sound and show the applicability of our approach in reducing the state space by modeling a clinical scenario made of several instances of patterns. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2020.
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