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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution, Black Carbon, and Their Source Components in Relation to Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - Durham : National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 127:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) in ambient air has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but few studies have considered incident disease in relation to PM from different sources.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study associations between long-term exposure to different types of PM and sources, and incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in three Swedish cities.METHODS: ), and black carbon (BC) from road wear, traffic exhaust, residential heating, and other sources in Gothenburg, Stockholm, and Umeå. Registry data for participants from four cohorts were used to obtain incidence of IHD and stroke for first hospitalization or death. We constructed time windows of exposure for same-year, 1- to 5-y, and 6- to 10-y averages preceding incidence from annual averages at residential addresses. Risk estimates were based on random effects meta-analyses of cohort-specific Cox proportional hazard models.RESULTS: exposure from residential heating.DISCUSSION: Few consistent associations were observed between different particulate components and IHD or stroke. However, long-term residential exposure to locally emitted BC from traffic exhaust was associated with stroke incidence. The comparatively low exposure levels may have contributed to the paucity of associations.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Charlotta, et al.
(författare)
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Traffic noise and cardiovascular health in Sweden : the roadside study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Noise & Health. - : Medknow. - 1463-1741 .- 1998-4030. ; 14:59, s. 140-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term exposure to traffic noise has been suggested to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, few studies have been performed in the general population and on railway noise. This study aimed to investigate the cardiovascular effects of living near noisy roads and railways. This cross-sectional study comprised 25,851 men and women, aged 18-80 years, who had resided in Sweden for at least 5 years. All subjects participated in a National Environmental Health Survey, performed in 2007, in which they reported on health, annoyance reactions and environmental factors. Questionnaire data on self-reported doctors diagnosis of hypertension and/or CVD were used as outcomes. Exposure was assessed as Traffic Load (millions of vehicle kilometres per year) within 500 m around each participants residential address. For a sub-population (n = 2498), we also assessed road traffic and railway noise in L den at the dwelling facade. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess Prevalence Odds Ratios (POR) and 95 Confidence Intervals (CI). No statistically significant associations were found between Traffic Load and self-reported hypertension or CVD. In the sub-population, there was no association between road traffic noise and the outcomes; however, an increased risk of CVD was suggested among subjects exposed to railway noise >= 50 dB(A); POR 1.55 (95 CI 1.00-2.40). Neither Traffic Load nor road traffic noise was, in this study, associated with self-reported cardiovascular outcomes. However, there was a borderline-significant association between railway noise and CVD. The lack of association for road traffic may be due to methodological limitations.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Gidhagen, Lars, 1951-
(författare)
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Emissions, dynamics and dispersion of particles in polluted air
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main objective of this thesis is to yield information on how atmospheric fine and ultrafine particles are dispersed in populated areas. Quantitative information on emissions, transport and removal is needed to assess the health risks of inhalable particles. Most effort is dedicated to describe, on the local and urban scales, the distribution of ultrafine particles (and thereby also total number concentrations) originating from traffic emissions. A minor part addresses the dispersion of toxic particles of industrial origin, dispersed over regional scales. The importance of aerosol dynamics for the distribution of ultrafine particles is assessed by coupling a three-dimensional dispersion model to a monodisperse aerosol model. Meteorological forcing, sometimes in a complex geometry, is simulated by a CFD model on the local scale and by a weather forecast model on the larger scales. The principal result of the study is that particle number concentrations can, at least for Swedish conditions, be simulated and quantitatively assessed in urban models in a similar way as particle mass or gaseous pollutants. The variability of the emissions and the removal effects of coagulation and dry deposition are investigated. Vehicle emissions of particle number vary with a factor of two depending on ambient temperature, with higher concentrations during cold conditions. Other important factors that determine particle emissions are fleet composition, vehicle speed (especially for gasoline-fueled cars) and the dilution rate in the microenvironment where emissions take place. Coagulation affects particle number concentrations in highly polluted environments like car tunnels or street canyons under low wind speed conditions, while it is of less importance in the urban background (reduced number concentrations of a few percent, as compared to completely inert particles). Dry deposition is effective over the road surface, due to the velocities and turbulence produced by moving vehicles. Dry deposition also has significant effects on the urban background concentrations, reducing average levels with up to 20-30%. Dry deposition is also shown to be an important mechanism to remove fine particulate mass on the regional scale. Simulated particle number concentrations, based on emission factors determined for the local vehicle fleet and influenced by aerosol dynamic processes, are evaluated against measured concentrations for three different traffic microenvironments and also for the entire Stockholm area. Regional dispersion of arsenic in PM10 is assessed and model results compared to measurements in Central and Northern Chile.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Gidhagen, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling effects of climate change on air quality and population exposure in urban planning scenarios
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in meteorology. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-9309 .- 1687-9317. ; , s. 240894-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We employ a nested system of global and regional climate models, linked to regional and urban air quality chemical transport models utilizing detailed inventories of present and future emissions, to study the relative impact of climate change and changing air pollutant emissions on air quality and population exposure in Stockholm, Sweden. We show that climate change only marginally affects air quality over the 20-year period studied. An exposure assessment reveals that the population of Stockholm can expect considerably lower NO2 exposure in the future, mainly due to reduced local NOx emissions. Ozone exposure will decrease only slightly, due to a combination of increased concentrations in the city centre and decreasing concentrations in the suburban areas. The increase in ozone concentration is a consequence of decreased local NOx emissions, which reduces the titration of the long-range transported ozone. Finally, we evaluate the consequences of a planned road transit project on future air quality in Stockholm. The construction of a very large bypass road (including one of the largest motorway road tunnels in Europe) will only marginally influence total population exposure, this since the improved air quality in the city centre will be complemented by deteriorated air quality in suburban, residential areas.
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| 11. |
- Gidhagen, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of NOx and ultrafine particles in a street canyon in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 38:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model has been used to assess the concentrations of NOx and particle number in a street canyon in Stockholm with a high traffic volume. Comparisons of a simulated 11-week long time series of NOx with measurements (both sides of the street, urban background excluded) show good agreement, especially if emissions are distributed to be three times higher along the side of the street where the traffic is uphill, as compared to the downhill side. The simulation of number concentrations of inert particles indicates a similar asymmetry in emissions. A month-long measurement of particle size distribution (7–450 nm) at street level indicates that the ratio of nucleation size mode particle (7–20 nm) to total particle number (7–450 nm) is decreasing for increased particle surface area. Given the strong dominance of the locally generated particles over the urban background, this is interpreted as a local change in the size distribution. The results of a monodisperse aerosol dynamic model, coupled to the CFD model that simulates also the turbulence generated by vehicle movements, show that coagulation and deposition may reduce total particle inside the canyon with approximately 30% during low wind speeds. Most of the removal occurs shortly after emission, before the particles reach the leeward curb-side. Losses between the leeward curb-side and other locations in the street, e.g. roof levels, is estimated to be smaller, less than 10%. Coagulation is the dominating removal process under low wind speed conditions and deposition for higher wind speeds, the summed removal being smaller for high wind velocities. Deposition is enhanced over the road surface due to the velocities generated by vehicle movements. Although coagulation and deposition removal is most effective on the smallest ultrafine particles, this effect is not sufficient to explain the observed change in size distribution. It is suggested that also the formation of particles in the exhaust plumes is influenced by a larger particle surface area in the ambient air.
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| 12. |
- Gidhagen, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Towards climate services for European cities : Lessons learnt from the Copernicus project Urban SIS
- 2020
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Ingår i: Urban Climate. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier. - 2212-0955. ; 31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing share of Europe's population living in cities makes urban climate change impact assessment and adaptation a critical issue. The urban environment is characterized by its sensitivity to small-scale meteorological, hydrological and environmental processes. These are generally not fully described in climate models, largely because of the models' insufficient spatial resolution. The Urban SIS climate service offers historical and future simulated data downscaled to 1 km × 1 km resolution over selected European metropolitan areas. The downscaled data are subsequently used as input to air quality and hydrological impact models, all made available to users as Essential Climate Variables and Sectoral Impact Indicators through a web portal. This paper presents the Urban SIS climate service and demonstrates its functionality in a case study in Stockholm city, Sweden. Good model performance was attained for intra-city temperature gradients and small-scale precipitation extremes. Less positive results were obtained for large-scale precipitation and hydrology, mainly due to an insufficient domain size in the meteorological and climate modelling, in turn related to the substantial computational requirements. An uncertainty classification approach was developed to aid the interpretation and user application of the data. We hope our lessons learnt will support future efforts in this direction.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Krecl, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclists' exposure to air pollution under different traffic management strategies
- 2020
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 723
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We characterized the air pollution exposure of cyclists in the city center of Curitiba (Brazil) and then systematically analyzed the influence of several traffic management strategies (bus lanes, bicycle lanes, traffic calming area, traffic lights, and cleaner vehicle technologies) on the exposure. We focused on concentrations of particulates monitored on-board bicycles: PM2.5, black carbon mass (BC) and particle number concentration (PNC), and also reported on total volatile organic compound concentrations (TVOC). Overall, mean (+/- standard deviation) exposure was moderate compared to other cities around the world (BC: 6.98 +/- 11.53 mu g m(-3), PM2.5: 33.22 +/- 25.64 mu g m(-3), PNC: 3.93 x 10(4) +/- 4.17 x 10(4) cm(-3), TVOC: 361 +/- 99 ppb). Concentrations were higher in the morning rush hour than in the afternoon traffic peak, and exhibited a large spatial variability. Bus stops and signalized traffic intersections emerged as hotspots when compared to the rest of the journey, increasing all particulate concentrations. Lower exposure was found on streets with low traffic (particularly, small number of heavy-duty vehicles) and within shallow canyon structures. The impact of traffic calming areas on cyclists' exposure is still inconclusive and further experimental and modelling studies are needed. Simple emission calculations based on traffic activity and real-world emission factors suggested that replacing the diesel bus fleet with hybrid electric buses might largely decrease (64%) the exposure to BC in the city center. Urban planners could use this valuable information to project new cycleways, which would lead to healthier active transportation. Synchronizing traffic signals might further reduce exposure at intersections.
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| 16. |
- Langner, J., et al.
(författare)
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Model-simulated source contributions to PM2.5 in Santiago and the central region of Chile
- 2020
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Ingår i: Aerosol and Air Quality Research. - : Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research. - 2071-1409 .- 1680-8584. ; 20:5, s. 1111-1126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The contributions to PM2.5 from different emission sectors across central Chile and the Santiago metropolitan area during summer/fall and winter have been evaluated using a chemical transport model. The simulations generally underestimate the mean PM2.5 concentrations compared to measurements conducted at stations in Santiago that belong to the Chilean National Air Quality Information System (SINCA). The potential reasons for this discrepancy include underestimated direct PM2.5 emissions, missing emissions for semi-and intermediately volatile organic compounds (SVOCs and IVOCs) and overestimated wind speeds in the simulations. The simulated winter PM2.5 concentrations in Santiago are lower and higher than the values observed during nighttime, and daytime and late evening, respectively, which may be related to excessive simulated wind speeds, as well as to uncertainties in the diurnal variation in the emissions. During summer/fall, the simulated diurnal variation better agrees with the observations, but the peak concentrations during the morning are underestimated, whereas those during the evening are overestimated. The simulated contributions of different aerosol components to the PM2.5 at one station in Santiago are all lower than the observed values, except for elemental carbon equivalent black carbon (BCe), which exhibit comparable or higher levels in the simulations. The absolute differences are the largest for the total organic matter, whereas the relative differences are the largest for BCe and ammonium. The simulated sector contributions indicate that emissions originating from transport and construction machinery dominate the PM2.5 in Santiago; however, residential wood combustion is the primary source in other urban areas of central Chile, except near major point sources. Away from urban areas, traffic routes and major industrial sources, secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) is estimated to be the largest component of the aerosol, whereas the simulated secondary organic aerosol (SOA) only contributes a small fraction.
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| 17. |
- Nilsson Sommar, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and black carbon in relation to natural and cause-specific mortality: a multicohort study in Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bmj Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To estimate concentration-response relationships for particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) in relation to mortality in cohorts from three Swedish cities with comparatively low pollutant levels. Setting Cohorts from Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umea, Sweden. Design High-resolution dispersion models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter <= 10 mu m (PM10) and <= 2.5 mu m (PM2.5), and BC, at individual addresses during each year of follow-up, 1990-2011. Moving averages were calculated for the time windows 1-5 years (lag1-5) and 6-10 years (lag6-10) preceding the outcome. Cause-specific mortality data were obtained from the national cause of death registry. Cohort-specific HRs were estimated using Cox regression models and then meta-analysed including a random effect of cohort. Participants During the study period, 7 340 cases of natural mortality, 2 755 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 817 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed among in total 68 679 individuals and 689 813 person-years of follow-up. Results Both PM10 (range: 6.3-41.9 mu g/m(3)) and BC (range: 0.2-6.8 mu g/m(3)) were associated with natural mortality showing 17% (95% CI 6% to 31%) and 9% (95% CI 0% to 18%) increased risks per 10 mu g/m(3) and 1 mu g/m(3) of lag1-5 exposure, respectively. For PM2.5 (range: 4.0-22.4 mu g/m(3)), the estimated increase was 13% per 5 mu g/m(3), but less precise (95% CI -9% to 40%). Estimates for CVD mortality appeared higher for both PM10 and PM2.5. No association was observed with respiratory mortality. Conclusion The results support an effect of long-term air pollution on natural mortality and mortality in CVD with high relative risks also at low exposure levels. These findings are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.
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| 18. |
- Omstedt, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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SIMAIRscenario - ett modellverktyg för bedömning av luftföroreningars hälsoeffekter och kostnader
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SIMAIRscenario är ett nytt webbaserat modellverktyg för bedömning av luftföroreningars hälsoeffekter och kostnader. Det tillhör SIMAIR familjen, som är ett nationellt modellsystem för emissioner och luftkvalitet. I SIMAIRscenario kan följande göras: Importera haltfält från olika spridningsmodeller som t.ex. SIMAIR och Airviro. Bearbeta dessa med hjälp av olika matematiska operatorer. Importera och lagra detaljerade befolkningsdata för hela Sverige och bearbeta dessa med hjälp av olika matematiska operatorer. Presentera halter och befolkningsdata på karta. Utföra exponeringsberäkningar för olika halt- och befolkningsfält och presentera beräkningsresultaten på karta och i tabeller. Beräkna risker i form av extra hälsoutfall och göra ekonomisk värdering av dessa. Med hjälp av SIMAIRscenario kan nyttan av förbättrad luftkvalitet mellan ett basfall och ett scenariofall beräknas, uttryckt som hälsovinst och kostnadsvinst. Verktyget är därför speciellt lämpad som ett planeringsverktyg för olika alternativa förändringar av emissioner och halter. Exempel på en sådan tillämpning ges i rapporten. I denna rapport presenteras SIMAIRscenario tillsammans med översiktliga beskrivningar av kunskapsläget vad gäller hälsoeffekter från luftföroreningar och ekonomiska värderingar av dessa. Varje del i beräkningarna innehåller osäkerheter. Det gäller såväl för haltberäkningar som för hälsouppskattningar och ekonomiska värderingar. Det är därför angeläget att genomföra analyser av dessa och också ta fram en metodik för att kvantifiera osäkerheten i de olika beräkningsstegen. Detta är dock en komplicerad problemställning som inte rymts i det här redovisade projektet. SMHI föreslår att en sådan metodik utvecklas som ett eget projekt.
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| 19. |
- Segersson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Health Impact of PM10, PM2.5 and Black Carbon Exposure Due to Different Source Sectors in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Umea, Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 14:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The most important anthropogenic sources of primary particulate matter (PM) in ambient air in Europe are exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from road traffic and combustion of solid biomass. There is convincing evidence that PM, almost regardless of source, has detrimental health effects. An important issue in health impact assessments is what metric, indicator and exposure-response function to use for different types of PM. The aim of this study is to describe sectorial contributions to PM exposure and related premature mortality for three Swedish cities: Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umea. Exposure is calculated with high spatial resolution using atmospheric dispersion models. Attributed premature mortality is calculated separately for the main local sources and the contribution from long-range transport (LRT), applying different relative risks. In general, the main part of the exposure is due to LRT, while for black carbon, the local sources are equally or more important. The major part of the premature deaths is in our assessment related to local emissions, with road traffic and residential wood combustion having the largest impact. This emphasizes the importance to resolve within-city concentration gradients when assessing exposure. It also implies that control actions on local PM emissions have a strong potential in abatement strategies.
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| 20. |
- Segersson, David, 1978-
(författare)
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Quantification of population exposure and health impacts associated with air pollution
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is substantial evidence that air pollution, in particular particulate matter (PM), affects our health. The overall objective of this thesis is to understand and quantify population exposure to ambient air pollution and related health impacts. In four included papers, atmospheric dispersion modelling is used to estimate source-specific contributions to pollution levels. Results from the dispersion modelling are evaluated by comparison with available concentration measurements and used to estimate the related health impact. New approaches for health impact assessment are proposed and new methods for exposure assessment are developed. Assessment of health impacts related to different sources of air pollution can be used to identify the most cost-effective abatement strategies. The proposed methods for health impact assessment are applied to evaluate three viable abatement strategies for Stockholm and Gothenburg, the two largest cities in Sweden.The first two papers in the thesis more specifically investigate the importance of using source-specific associations between exposure and premature mortality. One of the main conclusions is that different health risk functions should be applied for near-source and long-range exposure to fine PM. The praxis of today, to use the same linear risk function regardless of source and composition of the PM, most likely underestimates the importance of local sources and may thereby discourage cities from acting to reduce emissions. It is also concluded that a more specific risk function for exposure to coarse PM from road wear would allow for better prioritizations between different abatement measures, especially for countries where studded winter tires are used.Near-source exposure in the urban environment is characterized by strong gradients, requiring a relatively high spatial resolution to capture variations within the population. A new method that allow estimating source-specific exposure with sufficient spatial resolution over large areas and long time periods is presented and applied to create a uniquely detailed NOx exposure assessment for Sweden over three decades.Emissions from road traffic and residential wood combustion (RWC) are found to be the most important contributors to near-source exposure to PM. When three abatement strategies for road traffic are evaluated for Stockholm and Gothenburg, it is shown that a strategy resulting in overall traffic reduction, such as introduction of congestion charges, is a good choice. Reduced use of studded tires is also evaluated, but this measure mainly affects the emissions of coarse PM from road wear, for which health impacts are more uncertain. The on-going electrification of light vehicles also has more uncertain health benefits, at least when studded tires are used, given that the heavier electric vehicles lead to increased emissions of coarse PM from road wear.Improving the description of exposure to PM from RWC is identified as first priority to increase the accuracy in estimates of near-source exposure in Sweden. A comparative study of how this exposure is estimated in the Nordic countries is presented. It is concluded that a more extensive reference dataset with descriptions of emissions and concentration measurements for RWC would be highly valuable for model evaluation and further improvement of model parametrizations.
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| 21. |
- Stockfelt, Leo, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term effects of total and source-specific particulate air pollution on incident cardiovascular disease in Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351. ; 158, s. 61-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims: Long-term exposure to air pollution increases cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality, but it is not clear which components of air pollution are the most harmful, nor which time window of exposure is most relevant. Further studies at low exposure levels have also been called for. We analyzed two Swedish cohorts to investigate the effects of total and source-specific particulate matter (PM) on incident cardiovascular disease for different time windows of exposure. Methods: Two cohorts initially recruited to study predictors of cardiovascular disease (the PPS cohort and the GOT-MONICA cohort) were followed from 1990 to 2011. We collected data on residential addresses and assigned each individual yearly total and source-specific PM and Nitrogen Oxides (NO) exposures based on dispersion models. Using multivariable Cox regression models with time-dependent exposure, we studied the association between three different time windows (lag 0, lag 1-5, and exposure at study start) of residential PM and NO exposure, and incidence of ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Results and discussion: During the study period, there were 2266 new-onset cases of ischemic heart disease, 1391 of stroke, 925 of heart failure and 1712 of atrial fibrillation. The majority of cases were in the PPS cohort, where participants were older. Exposure levels during the study period were moderate (median: 13 mu g/m(3) for PM10 and 9 mu g/m(3) for PM2.5), and similar in both cohorts. Road traffic and residential heating were the largest local sources of PM air pollution, and long distance transportation the largest PM source in total. In the PPS cohort, there were positive associations between PM in the last five years and both ischemic heart disease (HR: 1.24 [95% CI: 0.98-1.59] per 10 mu g/m(3) of PM10, and HR: 1.38 [95% CI: 1.08-1.77] per 5 mu g/m(3) of PM2.5) and heart failure. In the GOT-MONICA cohort, there were positive but generally non-significant associations between PM and stroke (HR: 1.48 [95% CI: 0.88-2.49] per 10 mu g/m(3) of PM10, and HR: 1.50 [95% CI: 0.90-2.51] per 5 mu g/m(3) of PM2.5, in the last five years). Effect estimates were stronger for women, non-smokers, and higher socioeconomic classes. Exposure in the last five years seemed to be more strongly associated with outcomes than other exposure time windows. Associations between source-specific PM air pollution and outcomes were mixed and generally weak. High correlations between the main pollutants limited the use of multi-pollutant models. Conclusions: The main PM air pollutants were associated with ischemic heart disease and stroke (in women) at the relatively low exposure levels in Gothenburg, Sweden. The associations tended to be stronger for women than for men, for non-smokers than for smokers, and for higher socioeconomic classes than for lower. The associations could not be attributed to a specific PM source or type, and differed somewhat between the two cohorts. The results of this study confirm that further efforts to reduce air pollution exposure should be undertaken in Sweden to reduce the negative health effects in the general population.
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| 22. |
- Willers, Saskia M., et al.
(författare)
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Fine and coarse particulate air pollution in relation to respiratory health in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 42:4, s. 924-934
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health effects have repeatedly been associated with residential levels of air pollution. However, it is difficult to disentangle effects of long-term exposure to locally generated and long-range transported pollutants, as well as to exhaust emissions and wear particles from road traffic. We aimed to investigate effects of exposure to particulate matter fractions on respiratory health in the Swedish adult population, using an integrated assessment of sources at different geographical scales. The study was based on a nationwide environmental health survey performed in 2007, including 25 851 adults aged 18-80 years. Individual exposure to particulate matter at residential addresses was estimated by dispersion modelling of regional, urban and local sources. Associations between different size fractions or source categories and respiratory outcomes were analysed using multiple logistic regression, adjusting for individual and contextual confounding. Exposure to locally generated wear particles showed associations for blocked nose or hay fever, chest tightness or cough, and restricted activity days with odds ratios of 1.5-2 per 10-mu g.m(-3) increase. Associations were also seen for locally generated combustion particles, which disappeared following adjustment for exposure to wear particles. In conclusion, our data indicate that long-term exposure to locally generated road wear particles increases the risk of respiratory symptoms in adults.
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