| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Granberg, Sarah, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing Person-Centered Audiologic Rehabilitation : Exploring the Use of an Interview Tool Based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Core Sets for Hearing Loss
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2673-6861. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health care interventions that are intended to improve hearing should be based on the results of individual patient assessments. To improve these assessments, the feasibility of an International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)-based interview tool was tested in a single clinical setting in Sweden. Audiologists participating in the study used the interview tool during a four-week testing period and provided written reflections after each session. The use of this tool was also evaluated in a focus group interview that took place after the completion of the project. The results of this study identified both process-related and structure-related factors that were highly relevant to the implementation of this interview tool. Overall, the findings revealed that the use of this interview tool promoted person-centered care in encounters focused on clinical audiological rehabilitation. Specifically, the ICF-based holistic approach permitted the audiologists to acquire more comprehensive patient narratives. The use of the ICF interview tool facilitated patient participation and permitted the audiologist to collect more substantial and meaningful information from each patient.
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| 3. |
- Granberg, Sarah, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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The ICF Core Sets for hearing loss: researcher perspective, Part II : Linking outcome measures to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Audiology. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1499-2027 .- 1708-8186. ; 53:2, s. 77-87
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To link outcome measures used in audiological research to the ICF classification and thereby describe audiological research from the ICF perspective.Design: Through a peer-reviewed or a joint linking procedure, link outcome measures to the ICF classification system using standardized ICF linking rules. Additional linking rules were developed in combination with the established rules to overcome difficulties when connecting audiological data to ICF. Absolute and relative frequencies of ICF categories were reported.Study sample: The identified outcome measures from the previous study (Part I) constituted the empirical material. Results: In total, 285 ICF categories were identified. The most prevalent categories were related to listening, hearing functions, auditory perceptions, emotions and the physical environment, such as noise and hearing aids. Categories related to communication showed lower relative frequencies, as did categories related to the social and attitudinal environment.Conclusions: Based on the linked outcome measures, communication as a research topic is subordinated to other research topics. The same conclusion can be drawn for research targeting the social and attitudinal environment of adults with HL. Difficulties in the linking procedure were highlighted and discussed, and suggestions for future revisions of the ICF from the audiological perspective were described.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Granberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Kompensation för Botniabanans intrång i Umeälvens delta och slätter - En erfarenhetssammanställning
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ekologisk kompensation innebär att den som orsakar en negativ påverkan på naturmiljön vidtar åtgärder för att kompensera för denna. Det finns idag ett växande intresse för ekologisk kompensation som verktyg i miljöarbetet, både iSverige och internationellt. Naturvårdverket arbetar aktivt med frågan, bland annat genom vägledning och forskning, och har ambitionen att sprida erfarenheter från genomförda kompensationsprojekt.I samband med byggande av järnvägen Botniabanan genom Natura 2000-området Umeälvens delta och slätter ställdes krav på omfattande kompensationsåtgärder för projektets påverkan på utpekade fågelarter och habitat. Det har fram till nu saknats en samlad redovisning av effekterna i miljön och de erfarenheter som vunnits i arbetet med kompensationsprojektet.Det finns en stor efterfrågan på vägledning om praktiskt genomförande av kompensationsprojekt. För att kunna ge sådan vägledning krävs ökad kunskap om hur vitt skilda aspekter såsom teknik, ekonomi, ekologi, juridik, dialog och samråd, långsiktig förvaltning och uppföljning samverkar med varandra. Botniabanans kompensationsprojekt hade en hög komplexitet och är det största av sitt slag som genomförts i Sverige hittills. Projektet är därmed inte något typiskt kompensationsprojekt, men Naturvårdsverkets har ändå förhoppningen att de erfarenheter som sammanställs i denna rapport ska kunna bidra till att planering och genomförande av framtida större kompensationsprojekt underlättas.
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| 6. |
- Granberg, Åsa, 1977-
(författare)
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Microbotryum violaceum on Silene dioica : understanding traits that influence plant-pathogen interactions
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The dynamics of a plant-pathogen interaction vary both within and among species. Both spatial structuring and specific genetic and life-history characteristics will affect the interaction and the outcome of a potential co-evolution between the two organisms. In this thesis I have studied the interaction between the wild perennial herb Silene dioica and its automictic, obligate anther smut Microbotryum violaceum MvSd. From the plant perspective, I have examined different aspects of biochemical resistance in S. dioica to M. violaceum MvSd. From the pathogen perspective, I have focused on the breeding system of M. violaceum MvSd and its connection to fitness and distribution of genetic diversity. I have used varying methods; glasshouse trails involving inoculation of plants with the pathogen, classical Mendelian analysis involving controlled crosses between plants, microscopic studies of spores and molecular DNA-analysis. With the results I demonstrate that resistance to M. violaceum MvSd in S. dioica can be specific to the attacking pathogen strain and also spatially highly diverse both within and among populations within a metapopulation. Together, these factors are likely to delay the establishment of the disease within host populations and reduce the spread and amount of disease, once it has been established. The results also suggest that the specific resistance expressed against two different M. violaceum MvSd strains were determined by separate gene systems and that, in both cases, the resistance was simply inherited. This implies a potential for relatively rapid response to M. violaceum-induced selection in S. dioica populations variable for resistance. My results also show that automixis clearly is the predominating breeding system of M. violaceum MvSd, similarly to what earlier has been shown for M. violaceum MvSl. Furthermore, I found lower levels of neutral genetic diversity in M. violaceum MvSd in the northern parts of Sweden, compared to what has been found in populations in more southern Europe. This result is consistent with predictions that populations in the outer regions of a species distribution have lower levels of genetic variation. Moreover, populations were highly differentiated in northern Sweden, which could have been generated by high selfing rates, genetic drift and high population turnover rates, all factors that coincide with life-history and ecology of M. violaceum MvSd. However, despite the general low variability in neutral genetic markers, I did find variation in fitness related traits, both within and among populations, as well as differences in infection ability between strains, suggesting there is a potential for co-evolution between S. dioica and M. violaceum MvSd in the area. To summarize, this thesis reflect a plant-pathogen system that is highly influenced by constant colonisation-extinction dynamics, which is likely to have influenced both the genetics of resistance in the plant and the breeding system of the pathogen and thus also the interaction between the two organisms.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Granberg, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in breeding system traits within and among populations of Microbotryum violaceum on Silene dioica
- 2008
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Ingår i: International journal of plant sciences. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1058-5893 .- 1537-5315. ; 169:2, s. 293-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breeding systems exert profound effects on the amount and distribution of genetic diversity within and among populations. Knowledge of breeding systems is also important for understanding dynamics between coevolving organisms, e.g., pathogen‐host interactions. Here we study the breeding system of the obligate anther smut Microbotryum violaceum on Silene dioica. Microbotryum violaceum is capable of both inbreeding and outcrossing, but several recent studies on other host races have indicated that automixis via intrapromycelial mating is the predominant breeding system. Compared with conjugations between cells from different meioses, automixis results in slower loss of heterozygosity and faster production of infectious hypha. However, high rates of intrapromycelial matings have been suggested to invoke a fitness cost due to production of fewer infectious dikaryons. Working with single strains under standardized laboratory conditions, we studied traits that could influence the distribution of genetic variability and pathogen fitness. We found that intrapromycelial mating is the dominant conjugation form for M. violaceum var. dioica but that the breeding system varies, partly because of genetic differences, both within and among populations. Further, we did not find the predicted fitness reduction for intrapromycelial matings, suggesting that intrapromycelial mating is a highly favorable breeding system for M. violaceum.
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| 9. |
- Hällgren, Camilla, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Digital Competences at the Intersection of Value Issues and Social Relations?
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When the Swedish commission for digitalisation launched their first report; A digital agenda in human service - a bright future can be ours, in 2014, a major part was dedicated to teaching, learning and the educational system. Then, in June 2017 a national strategy for sustainable digital transformation in Sweden followed, aiming for Sweden to become a leading country in advancing the opportunities of digitalisation. To deliver this aim, a modernisation of the education system was identified as one key measure. In the same year the National Digitalisation Strategy for the School System was presented and the Swedish national curricula were revised with stronger writings about digital competence and put into effect in 1st of July 2018. In short, these revisions propose abilities to programming as central, but also abilities to solve problems, translate ideas into action by creative use of digital technology, work with digital texts, media and tools, understand and use digital systems and services, to critically and responsibly relate to media and information as well as understand the impact of digitalisation on individuals and society. Moreover, digital competence is said to apply to all students and staff members from preschool to adult education. The strategies on digitalisation are comprehensive - but there are still important matters that call for attention. For instance, what does digital competence mean, and more specific, what does it mean in relation to value issues in curricula and more widely? What does adequate digital competence mean in relation actual, everyday practices where technology, social values and matters of identity intersect – both outside and within formal school contexts, like the K-12 school, youth recreation centers and higher education?In this paper, the intersection of digital competence and social values in education is explored by critical discourse analysis. Ideas of governing through policy are conceptualised from critical and post-structural perspectives. A first analysis of the most recent policy documents on digitalization, produced by the Swedish government is presented. One initial and tentative result is the overwhelming absence of ethical matters. In neither of the policies the use of IT, and the competences therefore required is related to value issues and social relations mediated by technology. Ethics, rather, seems to concern questions of netiquette and behavior (such as avoiding bullying) and legal issues of copyright, cheating and fraud. One other tentative result is the gap between policies of digital competence and the policies of social values inscribed as fundamentals in the curricula and more widely. We suggest that this discursive gap is a dilemma. This is not, however, to argue that current framings of digital competence are inadequate, but to suggest that if the government’s digital agenda shall be a true human service, bring a bright future and a sustainable digital transformation of Sweden, the ethical component needs to be upgraded. Value issues, social relations, what it is to exist as a human; what technology does to the human condition, need to be included and equally relevant to other components of digital competences.
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| 10. |
- Idoffsson, Åsa, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Development and validation of an instrument to measure nursing workload in the postanaesthesia care unit An observational study
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. - Philadelphia : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0265-0215 .- 1365-2346. ; 37:10, s. 864-873
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND There are no instruments specifically developed for the measurement of nursing workload in postanaesthesia care units (PACUs). An objective and valid instrument is essential for planning work flow and staffing in this unique hospital environment that encompasses elements of elective and acute postsurgical care. Previous studies show that increased workload is associated with increased complication rates in ICUs. Thus, workload assessment may be an important tool for improving postsurgical outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and validate a postanaesthesia workload instrument (PAWI) for measurement of workload in PACUs for adults above 18 years of age. DESIGN Development and validation consisted of three parts: Delphi consensus to establish content validity; internal validation including feasibility, face validity and inter-rater reliability testing; and national external validation consisting of feasibility, inter-rater reliability, criterion validity, construct and face validities. SETTING PACUs in nine university and regional hospitals in Sweden. RESULTS The final instrument consisted of 11 workload domains. The response rate was 98% and overall feasibility of PAWI was 100%. Content and face validity were demonstrated by consensus after two Delphi rounds. In national external validation, good agreement between experts was demonstrated with Cohens kappa greater than 0.75 in nine domains and 0.6 to 0.74 in the remaining two domains. A significant relationship was seen between PAWI and the nine equivalents of nursing manpower use score (NEMS) (r = 0.439, P < 0.001). There were no floor or ceiling effects. There was a significant association between PAWI points and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grade (P = 0.007) but not between PAWI points and age. CONCLUSION We developed and validated PAWI, an instrument for objectively measuring workload in postanaesthesia care units. PAWI demonstrated good feasibility and metric properties.
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| 11. |
- Meheretu, Yonas, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of orthohantavirus-reactive antibodies in humans and peri-domestic rodents in northern Ethiopia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI. - 1999-4915. ; 13:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2012, Tigray orthohantavirus was discovered in Ethiopia, but its seasonal infection in small mammals, and whether it poses a risk to humans was unknown. The occurrence of small mammals, rodents and shrews, in human inhabitations in northern Ethiopia is affected by season and presence of stone bunds. We sampled small mammals in two seasons from low-and high-density stone bund fields adjacent to houses and community-protected semi-natural habitats in Atsbi and Hagere Selam, where Tigray orthohantavirus was first discovered. We collected blood samples from both small mammals and residents using filter paper. The presence of orthohantavirus-reactive antibodies in blood was then analyzed using immunofluorescence assay (human samples) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (small mammal samples) with Puumala orthohantavirus as antigen. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR using small mammal blood samples. Total orthohantavirus prevalence (antibodies or virus RNA) in the small mammals was 3.37%. The positive animals were three Stenocephalemys albipes rats (prevalence in this species = 13.04%). The low prevalence made it impossible to determine whether season and stone bunds were associated with orthohantavirus prevalence in the small mammals. In humans, we report the first detection of orthohantavirus-reactive IgG antibodies in Ethiopia (seroprevalence = 5.26%). S. albipes lives in close proximity to humans, likely increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
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| 12. |
- Rodrigues De Miranda, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Virus Diversity and Loads in Crickets Reared for Feed: Implications for Husbandry
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Veterinary Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2297-1769. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Insects generally have high reproductive rates leading to rapid population growth and high local densities; ideal conditions for disease epidemics. The parasites and diseases that naturally regulate wild insect populations can also impact when these insects are produced commercially, on farms. While insects produced for human or animal consumption are often reared under high density conditions, very little is known about the microbes associated with these insects, particularly those with pathogenic potential. In this study we used both target-free and targeted screening approaches to explore the virome of two cricket species commonly reared for feed and food, Acheta domesticus and Gryllus bimaculatus. The target-free screening of DNA and RNA from a single A. domesticus frass sample revealed that only 1% of the nucleic acid reads belonged to viruses, including known cricket, insect, bacterial and plant pathogens, as well as a diverse selection of novel viruses. The targeted screening revealed relatively high levels of Acheta domesticus densovirus, invertebrate iridovirus 6 and a novel iflavirus, as well as low levels of Acheta domesticus volvovirus, in insect and frass samples from several retailers. Our findings highlight the value of multiple screening approaches for a comprehensive and robust cricket disease monitoring and management strategy. This will become particularly relevant as-and-when cricket rearing facilities scale up and transform from producing insects for animal feed to producing insects for human consumption.
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| 13. |
- Rodrigues De Miranda, Joachim, et al.
(författare)
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Virus Prospecting in Crickets-Discovery and Strain Divergence of a Novel Iflavirus in Wild and Cultivated Acheta domesticus
- 2021
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Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4915. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Orthopteran insects have high reproductive rates leading to boom-bust population dynamics with high local densities that are ideal for short, episodic disease epidemics. Viruses are particularly well suited for such host population dynamics, due to their supreme ability to adapt to changing transmission criteria. However, very little is known about the viruses of Orthopteran insects. Since Orthopterans are increasingly reared commercially, for animal feed and human consumption, there is a risk that viruses naturally associated with these insects can adapt to commercial rearing conditions, and cause disease. We therefore explored the virome of the house cricket Acheta domesticus, which is both part of the natural Swedish landscape and reared commercially for the pet feed market. Only 1% of the faecal RNA and DNA from wild-caught A. domesticus consisted of viruses. These included both known and novel viruses associated with crickets/insects, their bacterial-fungal microbiome, or their plant food. Relatively abundant among these viral Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) was a novel Iflavirus, tentatively named Acheta domesticus Iflavirus (AdIV). Quantitative analyses showed that AdIV was also abundant in frass and insect samples from commercially reared crickets. Interestingly, the wild and commercial AdIV strains had short, extremely divergent variation hotspots throughout the genome, which may indicate specific adaptation to their hosts' distinct rearing environments.
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| 14. |
- Sjögren, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical examination of leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic crowns (Empress) in general practice : a retrospective study
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Journal of Prosthodontics. - 0893-2174 .- 1139-9791. ; 12:2, s. 122-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate leucite reinforced-glass ceramic crowns (Empress) placed in patients who regularly visit general practices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred ten Empress crowns, placed in 29 patients who visited a general practice on a regular basis, were evaluated according to the California Dental Association's (CDA) quality evaluation system. In addition, the occurrence of plaque and certain gingival conditions was evaluated. All crowns were luted with resin composite cement. The mean and median years in function for the crowns were 3.6 and 3.9 years, respectively. RESULTS: Based on the CDA criteria, 92% of the 110 crowns were rated "satisfactory." Eighty-six percent were given the CDA rating "excellent" for margin integrity. Fracture was registered in 6% of the 110 crowns. Of the remaining 103 crowns, the CDA rating excellent was given to 74% for anatomic form, 86% for color, and 90% for surface. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed regarding fracture rates between anterior and posterior crowns. With regard to the occurrence of plaque and bleeding on probing, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between the Empress crowns and the controls. CONCLUSION: Most of the fractured crowns had been placed on molars or premolars. Although the difference between anterior and posterior teeth was not statistically significant with respect to the fracture rates obtained, the number of fractured crowns placed on posterior teeth exceeded that of those placed on anterior teeth. The difference between the fracture rates may have clinical significance, and the risk of fracture has to be taken into consideration when placing crowns on teeth that are likely to be subjected to high stress levels.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Weinholt, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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En samhällsekonomisk utvärdering av samarbete mellan räddningstjänst och väktare
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antalet förstainsatsaktörer i Sverige idag utanför de traditionella (räddningstjänst, polis och ambulans) är få, och lite forskning har förts på området. Det finns dock exempel där räddningstjänsten har anlitat väktarbolag eller utrustat hemtjänstpersonal med pulversläckare. Flertalet av dessa samarbeten är relativt nystartade och få utvärderingar har gjorts som visar de faktiska effekterna av dem. Syftet med denna rapport är att beskriva och kartlägga samhällekonomiska nyttor och kostnader av icke-traditionella förstainsatsaktörer som samarbetar med räddningstjänsten.Studien har genomförts genom fallstudier av två samarbeten; Söderköping räddningstjänst som har ett avtal med LA Jour & Säkerhet AB samt Södertörns brandförsvarsförbund (SBBF) som samarbetar med väktarbolag i Södertälje och Botkyrka. Sju semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från väktarbolag, räddningstjänst och kommun. Den metod som används vid analysen är nationalekonomisk kostnadsnyttoanalys.De nyttor som har identifierats är att väktarna sparar tid, bidrar med lägesrapporter, stöttar insatserna genom att vara behjälpliga på plats, upptäcker incidenter eller bränder vid rondering. De har god lokalkännedom och kan hjälpa till att låsa upp brandbommar och dörrar, vilket indirekt sparar tid åt räddningstjänsten. Samarbetet bidrar också till att de arbetar preventivt; de pratar med ungdomar och andra grupper i samhället och skapar relationer som på sikt har möjlighet att gagna säkerheten och tryggheten i kommunen.Kostnaderna för att utbilda och utrusta väktarna är idag låga. Däremot har det framkommit att väktarna gärna skulle vilja ha mer utbildning så att de kan rycka ut vid fler typer av larm. Det har även framkommit att bättre kommunikationskanaler skulle kunna bidra till ökade möjligheter att åka på fler larm och att vara bättre förberedda på vad de kan bidra med vid olika typer av larm.Den kvantitativa analysen utförs för samarbetet i Söderköping och visar att detta har en hög utdelning. Varje investerad krona i Söderköping har gett en avkastning på åtta kronor, när värdet av den minskade insatstid som väktarna bidrar med beräknas. Nyttan är dock undervärderad då många nyttor (beskrivna ovan) inte kan värdesättas monetärt.Det som har begränsat den kvantitativa analysen är det faktum att väktarnas rapportering i Botkyrka och Södertälje inte särskiljer räddningstjänstsuppdrag från övriga uppdrag. Detta hade möjliggjort en kvantitativ analys även för samarbetet med Södertörn, vilket hade kunnat bidra till att resultaten blivit applicerbara på fler kommuner. Emellertid finns inget som indikerar att andra kommuner inte kommer att erfara samma effekter eller kostnader som de undersökta samarbetena har lett till. Däremot bör kommuner analysera behov och förutsättningar i sin kommun för samarbeten av det här slaget innan de inför dem med tanke på att det uppstår kostnader, om än låga.
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| 17. |
- Weinholt, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of enhanced collaboration between fire and rescue services and security officers
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10th International ISCRAM Conference. - 9783923704804 ; , s. 735-740
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hypothesis of this study is that collaboration between fire and rescue services and new actors, with basic rescue skills, might be a cost effective way to improve emergency response. Interview studies of collaborations between fire and rescue services and security officers in three Swedish municipalities are presented. Seven semi-structured interviews are conducted with representatives from the security officer companies, the fire and rescue services and security managers at the municipalities. The method used to evaluate the collaborations quantitatively is Cost-benefit analysis. The collaborations have positive economic effects for society that most likely outweighs the costs. There also exist several external effects that are not possible to value monetarily, but that represent positive values for society. The results and their generalizability are discussed, as well as the possibility for these new collaborations to improve crisis management.
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| 18. |
- Åsa, Weinholt
(författare)
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Exploring Collaboration Between the Fire and Rescue Service and New Actors : Cost-efficiency and Adaptation
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The emergency services serves an important purpose in society by ensuring that people in need, regardless of their geographical location, receives help when they fall victims to undesirable incidents. Existing resources are however often limited and concentrated to urban areas making travel distances to remote areas long. Local authorities are also facing budget constraints and clients are becoming more demanding. This means that the emergency services need to do more, but with less resources. Collaboration with new actors has therefore been proposed as a solution. There exist several actors with basic knowledge in both fire suppression or medical treatment that might be able to contribute at an early stage in order to reduce response time and provide help to citizens in need. However, little research has been dedicated to investigating the possibilities and the potential of new collaborative practices in every day accidents.In this thesis collaboration between new actors and the fire and rescue service (FRS) in Sweden is studied. The aim is to analyze whether collaborative practices leads to an increased cost-efficiency, for the FRS and society as a whole. The thesis also aims to analyze how traditional actors and new actors adapt to collaborative practices.For evaluating cost-efficiency in the FRS stochastic frontier analysis is used and for analyzing the societal effects cost-benefit analysis is applied. In total three cases are studied; (1) security officers assisting the FRS in fire alarms (2) home care nurses collaborating with the FRS in medical alarms and (3) citizens responding to FRS-alarms through SMS.The results do not show that collaboration have led to increased cost-efficiency in the FRS during the studied time period. However, despite that no evidence for increased cost-efficiency is found in the FRS, there are several societal gains from collaborating related to e.g. equity, quality and effectiveness. And the costs for implementing collaborative arrangements are relatively low. It is however argued that to be able to get the most out of collaboration more emphasis should be put on building common platforms, where the different organizations and actors can communicate, share experiences, organize joint training sessions and actually collaborate. Today interaction outside the rescue site hardly exist between the collaborative partners; the actual collaboration between the FRS and the new actors is limited only to the response phase. Also, the FRS do not adapt their bureaucratic structures to collaborate with the new actors. Instead the changes associated with collaboration affect mainly the new actors, as an addition to their regular duties. Factors related to discretion, professional identity and personal motivation are identified as important for understanding how new actors adapt to collaboration.
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