| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Ahlsén, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
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Undersökning av biota i anslutning till dumpade fartyg med kemisk ammunition
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På uppdrag av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten har en undersökning utförts i ett dumpningsområde utanför Måseskär där fartyg lastade med kemiska stridsmedel (CWA) sänktes efter andra världskriget.Studien som utfördes av Marine Monitoring AB omfattade fiske efter fisk och skaldjur under 2016 och 2017 i anslutning till tidigare identifierade vrak. Kemiska analyser av de fångade organismerna utfördes av ALS Scandinavia AB och the Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, University of Helsinki (VERIFIN).Valet av målarter gjordes med avseende på deras kommersiella betydelse, födoval samt deras avgiftningsförmåga. Bland fiskar valdes torsk, rödtunga, gråsej, vitlinglyra och pirål och av skaldjur havskräfta och nordhavsräka. På grund av utebliven fångst av nordhavsräka under 2016 års undersökning analyserades det året även den bottenlevande valthornssnäckan.Två typer av försöksdesign användes. Den första frågeställningen var huruvida de fångade arterna var lämpliga som livsmedel. Fiske med garn gjordes därför i nära anslutning till och på vraken och räkburar placerades även i deras omedelbara närhet. Den andra frågan var om den intensiva bottentrålningen i området kunde medföra spridning av sedimentbundna kemiska stridsmedel till ett större område. Kräftburar placerades därför ut i ett område längs den dominerande strömriktningen.Resultaten från de kemiska analyserna från 2016 och 2017 års undersökningar visade på spår av nedbrytningsprodukter från de arsenikhaltiga stridsmedlen Clark I och/eller Clark II i 6 av 49 prover. Vävnadsprover från en havskräfta, två fiskar av arten rödtunga, samt tre samlingsprover av nordhavsräka gav utslag vid analysen. Inga kemiska stridsmedel kunde påvisas i övriga prover.De funna halterna är mycket låga men visar att dessa stridsmedel är sänkta i området, vilket är ny kunskap. Tidigare undersökningar (Sjöfartsverket, 1992 och Spiridonov, M.A., Zhamoida, V.A. 1999) har visat rester av nedbrytningsprodukter av senapsgas (thiodiglykol) och av arsener i sediment i dumpningsområdet.De låga halterna av Clark I och/eller Clark II i vävnaden hos individerna medför ingen ökad hälsorisk vid konsumtion (personlig kommunikation, Salomon Sand, Livsmedelsverket) men rester av kemiska stridsmedel bör inte finnas alls i organismerna. Detektion av rester av kemiska stridsmedel har varit koncentrerad kring de centrala delarna av det vrakområde som undersökts av Sjöfartsverket (2015).Det har under undersökningens gång varit fortsatt intensiv trålaktivitet inom området, men huruvida det har skett någon tydlig spridning av sedimentbundna kemiska stridsmedel utanför vrakområdet har inte kunnat fastställas.
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| 4. |
- Ahlsén, Jimmy, et al.
(författare)
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Undersökning av biota och sediment i anslutning till dumpningsområden av kemisk ammunition på väst- och östkusten 2019
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tidigare undersökningar i dumpningsområdet utanför Måseskär har visat på spår av nedbrytningsprodukter av de kemiska stridsmedlen Clark I och/eller Clark II i biota. Provfiske skedde i de östra delarna av dumpningsområdet utanför Måseskär som tidigare inte undersökts, samt i Gotlandsdjupet där gasbomber har identifierats genom visuella studier. Kemiska analyser av fångade organismer utfördes av the Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, University of Helsinki (VERIFIN).Målarter har valts baserat på deras kommersiella betydelse och ekologiska levnadssätt. På västkusten fångades och analyserades havskräfta, nordhavsräka och pirål. På östkusten fångades och analyserades torsk och skrubbskädda. Provfisket utfördes med passiva redskap så som burar, fällor och garn. I Gotlandsdjupet provtogs och analyserades även sediment.Resultatet från de kemiska analyserna i biota visade på spår av nedbrytningsprodukter från de kemiska stridsmedlen Clark I och/eller Clark II samt från Arsinolja. Nedbrytningsprodukter detekterades i ett samlingsprov från pirål fångad nedströms vraket BAL141 på västkusten samt bland två av sex samlingsprov av torsk fångad i Gotlandsdjupet. Samtliga sedimentprover från Gotlandsdjupet innehöll nedbrytningsprodukter från Clark I och/eller II i form av difenylarsinoxid (3O) och från Arsinolja i form av trifenylarsinoxid (4O) samt metylerade former av Adamsit (2.1) och Clark (3.1). Mängderna var mätbara men under gränsen för kvantifiering.Riskerna för spridning av innehållet i de dumpade kemiska stridsmedlen ökar med tiden på grund av korrosion av inkapslande höljen. Naturliga strömförhållanden leder till höga risker nedströms påverkade områden, något som ytterligare kan förvärras av bottenaktiviteter så som trålning i områdena.I Gotlandsdjupet innehöll samtliga sedimentprover produkter av kemiska stridsmedel vilket tyder på att stora delar av området är påverkat. Samma ämnen som detekterades i sedimentet gick också att finna i vävnaden hos biota fångad på samma positioner. Vid dumpningsområdet på västkusten har nu för första gången påverkade individer hittats innanför territorialgränsen vilket innebär större kontrollmöjligheten från myndigheterna att styra hur området ska komma att nyttjas i framtiden.De låga halterna av nedbrytningsprodukterna som detekterades under tidigare studier 2016 och 2017 samt i den nu aktuella undersökningen medför ingen ökad hälsorisk vid konsumtion enligt Livsmedelsverket. Närvaron tyder dock på att de kan ansamlas i vävnaden hos biotan i områdena. Rester av kemiska stridsmedel bör inte finnas alls i organismerna, varken i det vilda eller på tallriken.
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| 5. |
- Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Combined effects of antifoulants – synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects?
- 2010
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Ingår i: the 15th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, 25-29 July 2010, Newcastle.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antifoulants are often used in combinations in paints. A survey of the scientific literatures shows that the effects of such antifoulant combinations are often predictable with a reasonable accuracy by the classical mixture toxicity concepts of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA). However, some studies also reported mixture effects that were substantially higher (synergistic) or lower (antagonistic) than predicted by either CA or IA. We therefore systematically explored the frequency and quantitative importance of such interactions within a group of 6 antifoulants using settling and growth of marine periphytic communities as the endpoint. All 15 possible 2-compound combinations that can be composed from the pool of six antifoulants were experimentally tested in three different ratios per mixture and their observed toxicity was compared to the predictions by CA and IA. The results show that the toxicities of the mixtures in most cases are at least roughly in agreement with the predictions, but that in several cases antagonistic effects occurred, which were related to the mixture-ratio and concentrations applied. No cases of synergism were observed for any of the investigated combinations. Implications for paint production as well as for the environment will be discussed. This study is part of the Marine Paint research programme funded by MISTRA, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research.
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| 6. |
- Arrhenius, Åsa, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Marine Paint Optimisation: settling assays with marine periphyton communities and sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
- 2008
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Ingår i: The 14th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, July 27-31, 2008, Kobe, Japan.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the Marine Paint Optimisation project the major groups of fouling organisms will be studied. From each group of organisms one model organism was selected and used in settling assays to assess the efficacy of a number of individual antifoulants. A tentative list of existing and promising compounds include medetomidine, tolylfluanide, copper pyrithione, Sea-Nine, Irgarol, copper, Borocide, and Econea. Based on the produced data we will predict the joint effects of almost all possible combinations in terms of efficacy. The optimisation will be based both on high efficacy and low environmental risk. We will present and summarise the results from two settling assays with marine biofilms (microfouling) and the zoospores of the macroalga sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca). The microfoulers are important parts of the fouling community with a high number of different species and individuals which form the basis for all subsequent settlers. In this periphyton assay a multispecies microbial biofilm established in the field on Plexi glas (PMMA) are used to prepare an inoculum using a scrape, shake and sieve technique. Using this approach we include a large set of the potential species in the microbial fouling community. Ulva lactuca belongs to the most common family of fouling macroalgae. Thalli of Ulva lactuca were sampled in the field in September 2007, cultivated in the laboratory until further testing of the zoospores. Both assays are semistatic and run over three days and include both settling and growth. Efficacy data for a number of antifouling agents will be presented. This study is part of the Marine Paint research programme funded by MISTRA.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bellas, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of medetomidine, a novel antifouling agent, on the burrowing bivalve Abra nitida (Muller)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 65:4, s. 575-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of medetomidine, a novel antifouling candidate, on the burrowing bivalve Abra nitida were studied. The burrowing behaviour, sediment reworking activity and faeces production were assessed after 24 h exposure of A. nitida to sublethal concentrations of medetomidine. Medetomidine caused a significant decrease in the burrowing response and in the sediment reworking activity. The median effective concentrations (EC50) were 430 nM (86 mu g/l) and 4.4 nM (0.9 mu g/l), respectively. No effects on the faeces production were detected. Although significant effects of medetomidine on A. nitida were registered, a reversibility of the effects was observed when 24 hexposed animals were incubated in clean seawater and sediment for 24 h. Considerations relating to the future commercialisation of medetomidine for antifouling purposes are discussed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Bellas, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Embryotoxicity of the antifouling biocide zinc pyrithione to sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and mussel (Mytilus edulis)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 50:11, s. 1382-1385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of the new antifouling compound zinc pyrithione (Zpt) on the embryonic development of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) and mussel (Mytilus edulis) were investigated in laboratory toxicity tests. The median effective concentrations (EC50) were 7.7 nM for sea urchin embryos and 8 nM for mussel embryos. Toxic effects of Zpt on the larval growth of the sea urchin were detected at 0.5 nM. Predicted environmental concentrations of Zpt in pleasure craft harbours. are higher than the predicted no effect concentrations for sea urchin and mussel embryos, indicating that Zpt may pose a threat to those species from exposure in the field. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Bellas, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring of organic compounds and trace metals during a dredging episode in the Gota Alv Estuary (SW Sweden) using caged mussels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Water Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 181:1-4, s. 265-279
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of selected trace metals, organotins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in caged blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) during dredging operations in the Gota Alv Estuary (SW Sweden). Maximum values of pollutants in mussel tissues were found after the dredging started. Our results showed that the dredging caused mobilization of organotins from the sediments to the water column during the experimental period. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis were applied to compare and establish relationships between levels of pollutants in mussels and sampling sites during the experimental period. In order to evaluate the biological effects of contaminants, genotoxic damage was measured using the Comet assay, and its potential application for environmental monitoring is discussed.
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| 17. |
- Bellas, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Sublethal effects of a new antifouling candidate on lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae
- 2005
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Ingår i: Biofouling. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0892-7014 .- 1029-2454. ; 21:3-4, s. 207-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sublethal effects of medetomidine, a new generation antifouling compound, on lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus L.) and cod ( Gadus morhua L.) larvae were examined. The effects on respiration rate and on colour adaptation of newly hatched larvae were assessed after 24-96 h exposure. Exposure of lumpfish larvae to the experimental concentrations resulted in a significant decrease in respiration rate (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) = 5-10 nM) and in the percentage of dark larvae (LOEC = 4 nM). However, no effects on respiration rate of cod larvae were detected. In addition to lumpfish larvae being affected at low concentrations of medetomidine, a reversibility of the effects was observed when 96 h-exposed larvae were incubated in clean seawater for 24-48 h. Considerations relating to the future commercialisation of medetomidine for antifouling purposes are discussed.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Burgess, J. G., et al.
(författare)
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The development of a marine natural product-based antifouling paint
- 2003
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Ingår i: Biofouling. - 0892-7014. ; 19, s. 197-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problems with tin and copper antifouling compounds have highlighted the need to develop new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings. Bacteria isolated from living surfaces in the marine environment are a promising source of natural antifouling compounds. Four isolates were used to produce extracts that were formulated into ten water-based paints. All but one of the paints showed activity against a test panel of fouling bacteria. Five of the paints were further tested for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle larvae, Balanus amphitrite, and algal spores of Ulva lactuca, and for their ability to inhibit the growth of U. lactuca. Two paints caused a significant decrease in the number of settled barnacles. One paint containing extract of Pseudomonas sp. strain NUDMB50-11, showed excellent activity in all assays. The antifouling chemicals responsible for the activity of the extract were isolated, using bioassay guided fractionation, and their chemical structures determined.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Granmo, Åke, 1943, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of antifouling paint components (TBTO, copper and triazine) on the early development of embryos in cod (Gadus morhua L.)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - 0025-326X. ; 44:10, s. 1142-1148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the risk of antifoulant use to the commercially important cod (Gudus morphua L.). fertilised cod eggs were exposed to triazine, copper and TBTO singly or combined in laboratory tests with running seawater. :fit the highest tested concentrations ( I 1.5 mug Cu l(-1); 5 mug TBTO l(-1)) larval mortality was increased. The highest concentration of triazine ( () ye I) did not cause any significant mortality. Fertilised eggs that had been exposed to all the three chemicals singly for five days shroud a higher buoyancy than the controls. No synergistic or antagonistic effects were indicated. Embryos/larvae exposed to 0.004-0.8 mug TBTO l(-1) did not show any changed respiration compared to the controls after hatching. It is concluded that existing known field concentrations of the three antifoulants are hardly expected to cause detectable effects on fish embryonic/larval development. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Granmo, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Trend of Organochlorine Marine Pollution Indicated by Concentrations in Mussels, Semipermeable Membrane Devices, and Sediment
- 2000
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 34:16, s. 3323-3329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the short-term trend of pollution by hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlorophenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) emitted to a marine environment, existing and former loads were estimated based on pollutant concentrations in water, blue mussels, and sediment, using partitioning calculations. The study included chemical analyses of organochlorines in sediment samples, caged mussels, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) incubated in the water column and in the outflow from an adjacent plant in order to find out whether the high pollutant concentrations found in the superficial sediment corresponded to former or existing discharges. A comparison was made of hypothetical water concentrations calculated from values determined in SPMDs, mussels, and sediment, assuming equilibrium in the distribution of the pollutants between mussels and water or sediment and water. Sediment-derived water concentrations of HCB in the vicinity of the outlet were much higher than the water concentrations calculated from SPMDs or mussels, indicating that the discharges of HCB from a local source were strongly reduced during the past decade. It is concluded that partitioning calculations applied on analytical data from mussels and superficial sediment, when combined with SPMD data, make possible the detection of short-term changes of environmental loads of hydrophobic pollutants.
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| 24. |
- Halldorsson, H. P., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of pollution on scope for growth of the mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) in Iceland
- 2005
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Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1136. ; 59:1, s. 47-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to evaluate effects of contaminants at high latitudes, the effects on scope for growth (SFG) were evaluated for both transplanted and resident blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) near large and small harbours in Iceland. Low SFG values were found for mussels at the mouth and in the inner part of the large Reykjavik harbour, which could be attributed to elevated levels of organotins and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Mussels in smaller and/or less polluted harbours and sites off Reykjavik harbour only showed a slight reduction in SFG. No major effects were found at sites > 3 km from the large harbour of Reykjavik. SFG provides valuable information on the effects of harbour pollutants in Iceland, in particular in areas of extensive shipping activity. The use of this biomarker on high latitude organisms is highly relevant due to extended oil exploration at higher latitudes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
- Hilvarsson, Annelie, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Bioaccumulation of the new antifoulant medetomidine in marine organisms
- 2009
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Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1136. ; 68:1, s. 19-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biofouling is a huge problem globally and new alternative antifoulants are presently being investigated. one candidate is medetomidine, a commonly used sedative in veterinary medicine, which has been shown to effectively prevent settlement of barnacles. The purpose of this study was to measure uptake, elimination and bioconcentration of medetomidine in Mytilus edulis, Abra nitida, Crangon crangon and periphyton communities to evaluate the risk of bioaccumulation in the marine environment. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were used to assess the bioaccumulation. The calculations of these factors were based on the distribution of the radiolabelled medetomidine. BCF for C. crangon was 2.8 while M. edulis had a BCF of 134 and the periphyton communities' BCF was 1195 l/kg fresh weight (FW). The concentration of medetomidine in the animals reached steady state after 24-48 h for all test systems except for A. nitida, which never stabilised enough to calculate a bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Elimination from the organism's tissues was rapid for three of the test systems with half-lives between 1 and 24 h, A. nitida had a half-life of 96-120 h. This study demonstrates that the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of medetomidine differs between aquatic organisms and that microalgal communities in the form of periphyton have the highest bioconcentration factor of the organisms tested. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Hilvarsson, Annelie, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Medetomidine as a candidate antifoulant: Sublethal effects on juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima L.)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X. ; 83:3, s. 238-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medetomidine is proposed as a candidate antifouling compound proven effective against barnacles. It is routinely used as a sedative in veterinary medicine. It is therefore important to also investigate possible adverse effects on non-target organisms. Thus, sublethal effects on two different ages of juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima) exposed to a wide concentration range of medetomidine (0.063-420 nM) were assessed after exposure under semistatic as well as flow-through conditions, for a maximum of 96 h. Effects on respiration frequency and amount of oxygen consumed were assessed, as well as the ability of turbot to adapt to a dark background. A significant decrease was seen both in respiration frequency with a lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) of 2.1 nM as well as in amount of oxygen consumed (LOEC = 420 nM) and colour adaptation (LOEC = 4.2 nM). Colour adaptation was also evaluated in a short exposure experiment, 1 h, where significant effects were observed (LOEC = 2.1 nM). Reversibility, when fish were incubated in clean seawater following exposure, was seen for all observed effects. Ecological relevance of the observed effects is discussed. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Magnusson, Kerstin, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Contamination and correlation with toxicity of sediment samples from the Skiagerrak and Kattegat
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Sea Research. - 1385-1101. ; 35:1-3, s. 223-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pollution state in the Skagerrak and Kattegat was investigated by determination of pollutant concentrations and toxicity of sediment samples from 11 stations in the area. A comparison was made with the sediment from a reference site near the Faroe Islands. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and organochlorines were determined in whole sediment and heavy metals and ammonia were analysed in filtered pore water. Toxicity was bioassayed in whole sediment with Nitocra spinipes and Daphnia magna, in pore water with Mytilus edulis larvae and in solvent extracts from sediment with tests measuring etoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in Oncorhyncus mykiss and rate of denitrification. Sites close to Goteborg and in an area from the Oslo fjord to the Norwegian Trench were most polluted. Sediment from the Faroe Islands was least polluted and also least toxic. Multivariate statistical analysis indicates that the different tests were sensitive to different kinds of pollutants. Effects on mussel larvae correlated strongest with the occurrence of ammonia, manganese, cadmium and PAHs, Nitocra with alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p'-DDD, Daphnia with arsenic and gamma-HCH, fish EROD activity with benzo[ghi]perylene and unknown compounds associated with organic carbon, and denitrification with chlordanes, dieldrin and a few PAHs. The results indicate that sampling sites close to Goteborg are so polluted that harmful effects on the ecosystem probably occur.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Magnusson, Marina, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of Imposex on the Swedish west coast using Nassarius reticulatus as a bioindicator species
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The survey here described was carried out by Department of Marine ecology and founded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, as a part of the monitoring process established by the OSPAR program in 1987 to monitor certain marine regions for TBT contamination. The present survey has focused mainly on point sources as recommended in OSPAR guidelines.Nassarius reticulatus were collected from two harbours (Brofjorden and Göteborg harbour), were tributyltin (TBT) contamination was suspected, and three bays that served as reference sites (Burholmarna, Kalvhagefjorden and Malö hamn). Observations of imposex and analyses of tissue samples were used to assess the degree of TBT contamination. Results show that no location is unaffected and effects were found in areas expected to be free from imposex.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Scarlet, M. P. J., et al.
(författare)
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Scope for growth and condition index in the clam Meretrix meretix (L.) as biomarkers of pollution in Espírito Santo Estuary, Mozambique
- 2015
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Ingår i: Regional Studies in Marine Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-4855. ; 1, s. 63-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents results of a laboratory study designed to assess the impact of pollution in Espírito Santo Estuary, Mozambique, by the use of scope for growth (SFG) and condition indices in the clam Meretrix meretrix. Low energy balances were observed at all sites from the estuary (0.91-2.89 J h-1g-1) as well as from the comparison site (2.57 J h-1g-1). Lowest condition index was observed in clams from the comparison site. Results from the present study indicate symptoms of stress and impact of pollution, and whether M. meretrix is a suitable candidate species for further studies of environmental contamination in coastal regions. This study is to our knowledge the first to investigate the energy available for growth in M. meretrix in its southern area of distribution. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 34. |
- Skarphéđinsdóttir, Halldóra, 1968-
(författare)
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Bioaccumulation and biological effects of organic contaminants in Icelandic coastal waters
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, studies on organic contamination from both diffuse and point sources in Icelandic waters are presented. The aim was to investigate bioaccumulation and biological effects of the contaminants or biomarkers, and their applicability in environmental marine coastal monitoring, especially in areas with moderate or low levels of contamination such as Iceland.In paper I, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of organochlorines (OCs) from diffuse sources were studied in a marine food web from a “pristine” site in Iceland. The results reveal that OC levels were low on the lower trophic levels, but an order of a magnitude larger in the top predator black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), except for ΣHCH and ΣChlordane levels, which were low and similar in all organisms. ΣPCB, ΣDDT, and HCB tissue concentrations were significantly correlated with trophic level of the organisms as defined by δ15N, indicating biomagnification of these compounds. The OC tissue levels observed here are within the range of levels in biota reported from the Arctic, but orders of magnitude lower than some levels in biota from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Tributyltin (TBT) contamination from antifouling boat paint was evaluated by using imposex in the dogwhelk Nucella lapillus, and with chemical analysis in papers II and III. The results indicated widespread TBT contamination even in fairly remote and sparsely populated areas where boat traffic is limited. Seasonal fluctuations in TBT levels in tissues of dogwhelk and the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) were observed. TBT levels were high during late summer and autumn, and low during winter and spring, which should be considered when monitoring TBT levels with chemical tissue analysis in organisms at high latitudes.In papers IV and V the applicability of using DNA adduct analysis in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) for monitoring genotoxic exposure was investigated with field studies in Iceland and with experiments. The results revealed that relatively low or moderate contamination can result in genotoxic effects such as DNA adduct formation in gills of indigenous blue mussels. Transplantation of mussels from a reference site to a subtidal zone at a contaminated site for 6 weeks on the other hand did not result in DNA adduct levels similar to those in native mussels in the contaminated site.
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| 35. |
- Stigebrandt, Anders, 1942, et al.
(författare)
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An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 44:1, s. 42-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
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| 36. |
- Strand, J., et al.
(författare)
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Butyltin compounds in sediment and molluscs from the shipping strait between Denmark and Sweden
- 2003
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491. ; 124:1, s. 7-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The distribution of tributyltin (TBT) contamination in the subtidal zone of the waters between Denmark and Sweden was investigated in relation to major international shipping lanes. Sediment and different benthic molluscs were sampled in transects along and perpendicularly to the shipping lanes in the Sound (Oresund) and the Kattegat/Skagerrak region. The samples were analysed for TBT and its degradation products, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), using GC-PFPD. In sediments, the TBT concentration ranged from < 1 to 19 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) with a strong correlation between the TBT concentration and the organic fraction in sediment (r(2) = 0.90) in the samples collected in the Sound, where the highest concentrations were found. This relationship was not observed in the samples from the Kattegat because the TBT concentration in most sediment samples was below the limit of detection. In the molluscs, TBT and its degradation products were detected in all samples from the entire area with concentrations ranging from 8.1 ng g(-1) dw in Buccinum undatum to 1316 ng g(-1) dw in Nuculana pernula. The deposit-feeding bivalve N. pernula was found to have a particularly high accumulation potential for TBT. In addition, a strong correlation between TBT concentrations in sediment and N. pernula was found. Therefore this species seems to be an ideal organism for monitoring sediment contamination. The TBT concentration in N. pernula was found to decrease gradually along the shipping lanes from the Sound, through the Kattegat and into the Skagerrak. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Wendt, Ida, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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The efficacy of antifouling biocides: a systematic approach
- 2010
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Ingår i: the 15th international congress on marine corrosion and fouling, 25-29 July 2010, Newcastle.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the Marine Paint Optimization project a broad range of settling tests are used to assess the efficacy of antifoulants, in order to provide a basis for the subsequent development of optimized antifoulant mixtures. Since the fouling community is very complex, and composed of a large number of different species with vastly different sensitivities to the different antifoulants, the test approach has been to select key organisms from all the main fouling groups. By doing so the whole sensitivity range of the fouling community is captured. The “test battery” includes invertebrate larvae (barnacles (Amphibalanus improvisus), sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) and bryozoans (Bugula neritina)) macro algae (sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)) and biofilms (periphyton community, also referred to as slime). The sensitivity range for each individual species has been tested for a list of antifouling compounds, either in use today or likely to be registered and approved by the European Biocidal Product Directive, including Medetomedine, Copper Pyrithione, Zinc Pyrithione, Tolylfluanid, Sea-Nine (DCOIT), Copper, Borocide (TPBP) and Irgarol. EC99 for all tested species and biocides will be presented. This study is a part of the Marine Paint research programme funded by MISTRA.
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| 39. |
- Wikström, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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En studie om hur bottenlevande fauna påverkas av ljud från vindkraftverk till havs
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka eventuella förändringar av beteende och aktivitetsmönster hos marin sedimentlevande fauna under påverkan av lågfrekvent ljud. För att kunna studera ljudets påverkan genomfördes kontrollerade ljudexperiment vid Kristinebergs Marina Forskningsstation i Fiskebäckskil. Försöken utfördes med hjälp av en tongenerator och vibratorer. Med denna utrustning alstrades tre olika frekvenser: 61, 178 och 721 Hz med ett medelljudtryck kring 99 dB re 1 μPa. Val av frekvenser baserades på mätningar av ljudprofilen vid Utgrundens vindpark i Kalmarsund (Ingemanson Technology, 2003) för att återskapa så realistiska förhållanden som möjligt. För att kvantifiera ljudexponeringen gjordes mätningar av såväl ljudtryck som acceleration av vattenpartiklarna i försökstankarna.Totalt studerades fyra olika mjukbottenassocierade arter: limfjordsmussla (Abra nitida), ormstjärna (Amphiura filiformis), sandräka (Crangon crangon) och juvenil (ung) rödspotta (Pleuronectes platessa). För limfjordsmussla studerades först nedgrävningshastighet, därefter dokumenterades dess grävaktivitet i ytsedimentet under 96 timmar. Vid försök med Amphiura filiformis observerades antal aktiva armar som användes för att samla in föda, detta omedelbart efter att ljudet satts igång och därefter under 72 timmar. När sandräka exponerades för ljud noterades antal byten som konsumerades under det första dygnet samt efter 4 dygn. Försöket med juvenil rödspotta utgjordes av ett kort pilotförsök där rödspottorna exponerades för ljud under 15 minuter. Under exponeringen observerades simaktivitet och nedgrävningsaktivitet och efter de inledande 15 minuterna noterades antal gällockrörelser (respiration) under en minut för varje individ.Studien visade att grävaktiviteten hos limfjordsmussla ökade i jämförelse med kontrollgruppen under exponering av ljud vid frekvensen 178 Hz efter 24 timmar. Grävaktiviteten återgick dock till det normala redan efter 48 h exponering då skillnaden inte längre var signifikant skiljd från kontrollgruppen. Beteendet kan tolkas som en respons på det introducerade ljudet samt att en tillvänjning till ljudet förekom. Det gick även att utläsa en trend mot ökad aktivitet vid exponering av 61 Hz vid sista avläsningstillfället efter 96 timmar. Inga effekter på aktivitet eller beteende av födoinsamling och konsumtion av byten kunde påvisas för ormstjärnor och sandräkor i denna studie. Pilotförsöken med rödspotta visade på en initialt ökad respiration för juvenil rödspotta exponerad för ljud med frekvensen 178 Hz. Här kunde också en trend mot ökad respiration påvisas vid frekvensen 61 Hz. Effekterna hos juvenil rödspotta över en längre tid har dock inte studerats.Sammanfattningsvis visade studien att frekvenser vid 178 Hz tycks kunna påverka en viss del av den mjukbottenassocierade faunan vid ljudtryck omkring 99 dB re 1 μPa och med en maximal partikelacceleration på 0,29 – 1,28 ms-2.Huruvida dessa förändringar är allmänna mönster eller specifikt för särskilda arter är i nuläget inte klarlagt.
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| 40. |
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