| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Blomkvist, Anna, 1987-
(författare)
-
Intimate relationships and olfaction : Body odors, adult attachment, and romance
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Odors influence several aspects of life, such as thoughts, memories, decisions, and emotions. Numerous studies have shown that human behavior can be affected by odors in different contexts. One such context is social relationships, in which body odors play a role. For example, previous studies have shown that close family members can identify each other’s body odors and prefer these compared to the body odors of non-family members. However, further research is needed to establish how body odors and olfactory functioning affect interpersonal behaviors and intimate relationships. In this thesis, I have conducted three studies highlighting the interplay between intimate relationships and olfaction. The overall purpose of this thesis was to investigate if and how olfaction is related to behaviors in intimate relationships.Study I tested if a romantic partner’s body odors have stress-altering effects and whether such effects differ depending on individual differences in romantic attachment security. As the practice of smelling a partner’s worn garment has been reported as a self-treatment against stress, my colleagues and I carried out an experiment to determine whether exposure to a partner’s body odor attenuates adult individuals’ subjective discomfort and psychophysiological responses. To induce discomfort and stress responses, participants were exposed to weak electric shocks while smelling their partner’s body odor (experimental condition) and three control odors (control conditions). The results showed that partner body odor had an attenuating effect on subjective discomfort during stress. Additionally, highly attachment-secure participants exhibited attenuated skin conductance specifically when exposed to their partner’s body odor. Thus, study I concluded that partner body odor is a scent of security, especially for relatively attachment-secure adults.Next, to determine whether olfaction is linked to sexual outcomes in intimate relationships, study II explored associations between self-reported olfactory functioning, on the one hand, and infidelity and sexual well-being, on the other, using a survey design. Our exploratory analyses found that self-reported olfactory function predicted sexual well-being positively and infidelity negatively, while controlling for other relevant socio-demographic variables. These results are discussed from a relationship science perspective, in which one’s intimate partner signifies sexual bonding in addition to caregiving and attachment. Thus, study II suggests that a partner’s body odor might be a scent of monogamy.Study III summarized the literature on populations with an impaired or total absence of a sense of smell. The interplay between olfaction and intimate relationship variables was examined by reviewing research reports and empirical studies concerning individuals with an impaired sense of smell. My colleague and I provided an overview of how olfactory impairment can impact three types of close social relationships: family relationships, friendships, and romantic relationships. For romantic relationships, which are the main focus of this thesis, three categories were defined in which olfactory impairment can impact close social relationships: eating, social support, and sexuality. Thus, study III concludes that olfactory ability is related to various romantic, intimate relationship behaviors.In sum, all three studies reported findings highlighting that olfaction (body odors and olfactory functioning) is related to intimate relationships. The results from the three studies are discussed via theoretical frameworks concerning the sense of smell, romantic relationships, and attachment. The thesis concludes that olfactory functioning and the experience of body odors are meaningful for intimate relationships and, as such, also for various behaviors in these relationships.
|
|
| 4. |
- Broberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Anknytning i praktiken : Tillämpningar av anknytningsteorin
- 2008
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The book presents basic knowledge of attachment theory, research and clinical applications. It includes chapters of Infant Mental Health, parenting and family life, as well as descriptions of methods to assess attachment security in children, teenagers and adults. Further, it includes chapters on psychopathology and psychotherapy.
|
|
| 5. |
- Broberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Anknytningsteori : Betydelsen av nära känslomässiga relationer
- 2006
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book gives a broad picture of the development of the attachment theory and research related to attachment theory. It presents the links to evolutionary biology, ethology, systems theory as well as to psychoanalytic theory and cognitive psychology.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Broberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Anknytningsteori
- 2020. - 2
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Anknytningsteorin är en av de viktigaste teorierna om nära relationer. Den beskriver betydelsen av tidiga anknytningserfarenheter för den fortsatta utvecklingen av nära känslomässiga relationer under barndom, tonår och vuxenliv.Denna andra utgåva av grundboken Anknytningsteori tar upp den senaste anknytningsforskningen och beskriver hur anknytningen utvecklas från vaggan till graven. Den är grundligt reviderad och utökad med bland annat flera uppdaterade kapitel från Anknytning i praktiken, exempelvis om desorganiserad anknytning, anknytningsbedömningar i olika åldrar samt anknytningsbaserade interventioner. Nya kapitel som tillkommit behandlar bland annat genetik och kultur. Boken ger således en heltäckande och aktuell presentation av anknytningsteorin och flera av dess tillämpningar.Anknytningsteori är skriven för studerande och yrkesverksamma inom psykologi, psykiatri, socialt arbete, pedagogik, medicin och till vidareutbildningar i psykoterapi.
|
|
| 8. |
- Cassibba, Rosalinda, et al.
(författare)
-
Attachment and God representations among lay Catholics, priests, and religious : a matched comparison study based on the Adult Attachment Interview
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Developmental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0012-1649 .- 1939-0599. ; 44:6, s. 1753-1763
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on the idea that believers' perceived relationships with God develop from their attachment-related experiences with primary caregivers, the authors explored the quality of such experiences and their representations among individuals who differed in likelihood of experiencing a principal attachment to God. Using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), they compared attachment-related experiences and representations in a group of 30 Catholic priests and religious with a matched group of lay Catholics and with the worldwide normal distribution of AAI classifications. They found an overrepresentation of secure-autonomous states regarding attachment among those more likely to experience a principal attachment to God (i.e., the priests and religious) compared with the other groups and an underrepresentation of unresolved-disorganized states in the two groups of Catholics compared with the worldwide normal distribution. Key findings also included links between secure-autonomous states regarding attachment and estimated experiences with loving or nonrejecting parents on the one hand and loving God imagery on the other. These results extend the literature on religion from an attachment perspective and support the idea that generalized working models derived from attachment experiences with parents are reflected in believers' perceptions of God.
|
|
| 9. |
- Cassibba, Rosalinda, et al.
(författare)
-
Mothers' attachment security predicts their children's sense of God's closeness
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Attachment & Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 15:1, s. 51-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current research reports that mothers' security of attachment predicts their children's sense of God's closeness. A total of 71 mother–child dyads participated (children's M age = 7.5). Mothers' attachment organization was studied with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; Main, Goldwyn, & Hesse, 2003) and their religiosity and attachment to God were measured with questionnaires. Children were told stories about visually represented children in attachment-activating and attachment-neutral situations, and placed a God symbol on a felt board to represent God's closeness to the fictional children. Children of secure mothers placed the God symbol closer (d = .78) than children of insecure mothers across both types of situations, suggesting that children's experiences with secure-insecure mothers generalize to their sense of God's closeness. Also, girls (but not boys) placed the God symbol closer in attachment-activating than in attachment-neutral situations, giving partial support for an attachment normative God-as-safe-haven model. Finally, mothers' religiosity and attachment to God were unrelated to child outcomes.
|
|
| 10. |
- Cassibba, Rosalinda, et al.
(författare)
-
The role of attachment to God in secular and religious/spiritual ways of coping with a serious disease
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Mental Health, Religion & Culture. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1367-4676 .- 1469-9737. ; 17:3, s. 252-261
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated the role of security in one's attachment to God in relation to both secular and religious/spiritual ways of coping with a serious illness. The main objective was to test whether attachment to God and type of disease were related to secular coping strategies, when controlling for the effects of religious/spiritual coping. Study participants (N = 105) had been diagnosed either with cancer (i.e., an acute disease) and were under chemotherapy/awaiting surgery or with renal impairment (i.e., a chronic disease) and were attending dialysis. Results showed that secure attachment to God was uniquely related to fighting spirit, whereas insecure attachment to God was uniquely linked to hopelessness, suggesting that security, unlike insecurity, in one's attachment to God may impact favourably on adjustment to the disease. The only coping strategy related to type of disease was cognitive avoidance, which was linked to chronic disease.
|
|
| 11. |
- Cherniak, Aaron D., et al.
(författare)
-
Attachment theory and religion
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Current Opinion in Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-250X .- 2352-2518. ; 40, s. 126-130
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory deals with the development and dynamics of interpersonal affectional bonds. It also provides a framework for understanding individuals’ relationship with God, which is central to religion. We review basic concepts of attachment theory and survey research that has examined religion both in terms of normative attachment processes and individual differences in attachment. We cite evidence from cross-sectional, experimental, and longitudinal studies showing that many religious individuals experience God as a source of resilience (e.g. a safe haven and secure base). We also summarize proposed attachment-related developmental pathways to religion. Finally, we review research on religion and mental health undertaken from an attachment viewpoint and discuss future directions.
|
|
| 12. |
- Cherniak, Aaron D., et al.
(författare)
-
Psychedelic Science of Spirituality and Religion : An Attachment-Informed Agenda Proposal
- 2023
-
Ingår i: The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1050-8619 .- 1532-7582. ; 33:4, s. 259-276
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we set an agenda for a psychedelic science of spirituality and religion based on attachment theory. Attachment theory proposes that people develop internal working models (IWMs) of interactions with others from their relational experiences with caregivers. Such IWMs then function as high-level priors or predictive models, enabling people, for better and for worse, to predict and organize their interpersonal and religious/spiritual relationships. One mechanism by which efficacious psychedelic interventions may work is by relaxing the grip of rigid, defensive priors (e.g. insecure IWMs with regard to others and God), further amplified by corrective relational experiences with the therapist, God, or others. We outline three key proposals to steer future research. First, individual differences in attachment security predict the phenomenology and integration of psychedelic experiences. Second, efficacious psychedelic therapy facilitates increased attachment security as a clinically relevant outcome. Third, attachment-related dynamics (e.g. a sense of connection to others/God/the universe, alleviation of attachment-related worries and defenses) are process-level mechanisms involved in the clinical utility of psychedelic treatment. Finally, we discuss the role of religion and spirituality in psychedelic experiences from an attachment perspective.
|
|
| 13. |
- Cherniak, Aaron, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceived attachment history predicts psychedelic experiences : A naturalistic study
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of psychedelic studies. - 2559-9283. ; 8:1, s. 82-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and aims: Emerging research indicates that psychedelics may have therapeutic potential by fostering meaningful experiences that act as in fl ection points in people ' s narratives of personal development. However, psychedelic research has largely failed to address pertinent developmental considerations. We investigated whether attachment -related variables were associated with psychedelic experiences and whether psychedelic experiences moderated expected links between perceived attachment history and current adult attachment orientations. Methods: We administered an online survey to an international Jewish sample ( N = 185) with psychedelic experience. The survey included measures about recollection of attachment interactions with parents (perceived attachment history), adult attachment orientations (anxiety, avoidance), and psychedelic phenomenology (mystical experiences, challenging experiences, emotional breakthrough, ego dissolution, sensed presence) associated with respondents ' most memorable psychedelic experiences. Results: Perceptions of an insecure attachment history were positively linked to all measures of psychedelic phenomenology ( r ' s = 0.19 - 32, p ' s mostly < 0.01). In contrast, adult attachment orientations were unrelated to psychedelic phenomenology. Also, psychedelic phenomenology mostly did not moderate the links observed between perceptions of an insecure attachment history and adult attachment orientations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that perceptions of early attachment experiences may be relevant to psychedelic phenomenology. However, subjective experiences associated with naturalistic psychedelic use do not typically attenuate links between a perceived insecure attachment history and attachment insecurity at present.
|
|
| 14. |
- Cortes, Diana S., et al.
(författare)
-
Mixed support for a causal link between single dose intranasal oxytocin and spiritual experiences: opposing effects depending on individual proclivities for absorption
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1749-5016 .- 1749-5024. ; 13:9, s. 921-932
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intranasal oxytocin (OT) has previously been found to increase spirituality, an effect moderated by OT-related genotypes. This pre-registered study sought to conceptually replicate and extend those findings. Using a single dose of intranasal OT vs placebo (PL), we investigated experimental treatment effects, and moderation by OT-related genotypes on spirituality, mystical experiences, and the sensed presence of a sentient being. A more exploratory aim was to test for interactions between treatment and the personality disposition absorption on these spirituality-related outcomes. A priming plus sensory deprivation procedure that has facilitated spiritual experiences in previous studies was used. The sample (N = 116) contained both sexes and was drawn from a relatively secular context. Results failed to conceptually replicate both the main effects of treatment and the treatment by genotype interactions on spirituality. Similarly, there were no such effects on mystical experiences or sensed presence. However, the data suggested an interaction between treatment and absorption. Relative to PL, OT seemed to enhance spiritual experiences in participants scoring low in absorption and dampen spirituality in participants scoring high in absorption.
|
|
| 15. |
- Davis, Edward B., et al.
(författare)
-
Faith in the Wake of Disaster : A Longitudinal Qualitative Study of Religious Attachment Following a Catastrophic Flood
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Psychological Trauma. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1942-9681 .- 1942-969X. ; 11:6, s. 578-587
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This longitudinal qualitative study explores the impact of natural disasters on religious attachment (perceived relationship with God). We sought to validate and conceptually extend the religion-as-attachment model in a postdisaster context.Method: At 4 weeks (T1; n = 36) and 6 months postdisaster (T2; n = 29), survivors of the 2016 Louisiana flood completed a disaster-adapted version of the Religious Attachment Interview (Granqvist & Main, 2017).Results: At T1 and T2. survivors emphasized God being a safe haven (source of protection, comfort, or nurturance). This emphasis was especially pronounced for survivors who were directly affected (their home or business flooded) or had previous disaster exposure to Hurricane Katrina. Overall, survivors consistently emphasized God serving as a stronger and wiser attachment figure, and it was rare for them to report experiencing perceived separation or loss of intimacy from God. At T1 and T2, around 85% of survivors described their current religious attachment as either having a positive affective quality (e.g., closer, stronger) or as no different from before the disaster; around 15% said it had a negative affective quality (e.g., disappointed, strained). In describing their postdisaster religion/spirituality, survivors highlighted (a) God being a source of love, comfort, strength, and hope; (b) actively putting trust/faith in God; and (c) experiencing God through family/community.Conclusion: Results support and conceptually extend the religion-as-attachment model in a postdisaster context. Findings suggest disasters activate the attachment system, and survivors commonly view and relate with God as an attachment figure, especially one who serves as a safe haven.
|
|
| 16. |
- Davis, Edward B., et al.
(författare)
-
Religious meaning making and attachment in a disaster context : A longitudinal qualitative study of flood survivors
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Positive Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1743-9760 .- 1743-9779. ; 14:5, s. 659-671
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this longitudinal qualitative study was to develop a grounded theory of religious meaning making and attachment in a disaster context. At 1-month (T1; n = 36) and 6-months postdisaster (T2; n = 29), we conducted in-depth interviews with a highly religious sample of adult survivors of the 2016 Louisiana flood, using a disaster-adapted version of the Religious Attachment Interview. We utilized Corbin and Strauss's grounded-theory approach for data analysis. At both timepoints, results revealed that survivors who were theistic believers engaged in postdisaster religious meaning making in which they drew on benevolent God representations and theodicies to appraise the disaster's cause, purpose, and religious-attachment effects, thereby contributing to positive religious-attachment outcomes (religious meanings made; e.g. renewed beliefs and experiences of God's benevolence and providence). Findings are discussed in terms of theories and research on disasters, meaning making, and religious attachment, including implications for research and practice.
|
|
| 17. |
- Davis, Edward B., et al.
(författare)
-
Theistic Relational Spirituality : Development, Dynamics, Health, and Transformation
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1941-1022 .- 1943-1562. ; 13:4, s. 401-415
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most of the world's population identify as religious or spiritual, and most religiously affiliated believers identify with one of the world's major monotheistic traditions: Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. Within each of these traditions, especially Christianity, one important aspect of many believers' religion/spirituality is how they view and relate with God. The purpose of this paper is to describe a model of theistic relational spirituality (i.e., the ways monotheistic believers view and relate with God) that integrates theory and research from the fields of psychology, attachment, social cognition, and interpersonal neurobiology. We argue that theistic relational spirituality comprises two main types of God representations: doctrinal (primarily explicit and affect-light) and experiential (primarily implicit and affect-laden) representations. From an attachment perspective, we discuss the development and dynamics (e.g., context-dependence) of these God representations. We propose that doctrinal- experiential congruence forms the basis of a healthy theistic relational spirituality, when it is contextually adaptive, consistent across time and situations, and aligned with the theistic believer's behaviors. We also delineate potentially adaptive transformation of less healthy forms of theistic relational spirituality. Lastly, we discuss ways in which this model of theistic relational spirituality might direct future research.
|
|
| 18. |
- Dewitte, Laura, et al.
(författare)
-
Meaning Through Attachment : An Integrative Framework
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Psychological Reports. - : SAGE Publications. - 0033-2941 .- 1558-691X. ; 122:6, s. 2242-2265
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose an integrative framework, advancing attachment as a vital factor in the development and maintenance of meaning throughout life. First, early attachment experiences provide a foundation for recognizing patterns and acquiring a sense of order and coherence. Furthermore, interactions with sensitive attachment figures stimulate mentalization capacities and exploration of the inner and outer environment, enabling the formation of complex representations of self, others, and the world, ultimately also molding how individuals appraise meaning in their lives. Second, attachment security can serve as an enduring and powerful resource for handling threats to meaning. When confronted with disruptions to meaning, secure attachment provides a coherent set of representations to fall back on and maintain or regain a firm sense of order and meaning under challenging circumstances. Moreover, by promoting cognitive openness and tolerance of ambiguity, secure attachment facilitates flexible and realistic adjustment of meaning representations when encountering discrepant information.
|
|
| 19. |
- Farias, Miguel, et al.
(författare)
-
The psychology of the new age
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Handbook of the new age. - : London: Brills.
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 20. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Admissibility of attachment theory, research and assessments in child custody decision‐making? Yes and No!
- 2021
-
Ingår i: New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1520-3247 .- 1534-8687. ; 2021:180, s. 125-140
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory, research, and assessments have become increasingly applied to settle child custody cases. We discuss such applications in relation to admissibility criteria for scientific evidence and testimony proposed by Faigman et al. (2014). We argue that attachment theory and research can provide valid “framework evidence”; group-based attachment research has yielded general principles suitable as a frame of reference for pertinent court decisions. In particular, child custody decision-making should generally be guided by research indicating that children benefit from attachment networks. In contrast, assessments of attachment quality fall short of providing valid “diagnostic evidence”; information that a specific individual/dyad is a “true” instance of a general group-level principle. In particular, such assessments do not yield valid information about whether a particular caregiver has better caregiving skills than another caregiver and will better support child development. We conclude that attachment theory and research should be admissible for framework but not for diagnostic testimony.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Attachment goes to court : child protection and custody issues
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Attachment & Human Development. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 24:1, s. 1-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
|
|
| 23. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Diminished ability to identify facial emotional expressions in children with disorganized attachment representations
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 20:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions has long been suggested to be experience dependent, with parental caregiving as an important influencing factor. This study attempts to further this knowledge by examining disorganization of the attachment system as a potential psychological mechanism behind aberrant caregiving experiences and deviations in the ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Typically developing children (N=105, 49.5% boys) aged 6-7years (M=6years 8months, SD=1.8months) completed an attachment representation task and an emotion identification task, and parents rated children's negative emotionality. The results showed a generally diminished ability in disorganized children to identify facial emotional expressions, but no response biases. Disorganized attachment was also related to higher levels of negative emotionality, but discrimination of emotional expressions did not moderate or mediate this relation. Our novel findings relate disorganized attachment to deviations in emotion identification, and therefore suggest that disorganization of the attachment system may constitute a psychological mechanism linking aberrant caregiving experiences to deviations in children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Our findings further suggest that deviations in emotion identification in disorganized children, in the absence of maltreatment, may manifest in a generally diminished ability to identify emotional expressions, rather than in specific response biases.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of Attachment Quality and Organization
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-12
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 26. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil : [Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues]
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Anuario de psicología jurídica. - : Colegio Oficial de la Psicologia de Madrid. - 1133-0740 .- 2174-0542. ; 32:1, s. 115-139
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child's need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual Variations in Attachment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-10
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Individual variations in attachment denote interindividual variations in the organization or quality of attachment behavior in relation to the attachment figure, particularly observable when the attachment system is activated following external or internal cues of threat. Individual variations in attachment are typically described using two dimensions (secure/insecure, organized/disorganized) subsuming four distinct categories (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent/insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized/disoriented). Profound difficulties in forming attachments to others (i.e., reactive attachment disorder [RAD]) are typically reserved for children who have not had any consistently available caregiver (e.g., children growing up in some institutions). Variations in attachment quality are reliably predicted by the caregiver’s pattern of responding to the child’s signals (e.g., sensitivity), with characteristic forms of caregiving believed to be internalized as the child’s internal working models (IWMs, cognitive-affective representations) of self and others, particularly as regards the attachment figure’s availability for protection and support (Bowlby 1973).
|
|
| 29. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Infant Survival
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 30. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
La prise en compte des liens d’attachement au tribunal: protection de l’enfance et décisions de résidence des enfants dans les situations de séparation parentale : [Attachment goes to court: Child protection and child custody issues]
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Devenir. - : CAIRN. - 1015-8154. ; 34:1, s. 15-93
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- La théorie et les recherches sur l’attachement sont utilisées dans de nombreux cadres d’application, y compris dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale [1], mais les incompréhensions sont fréquentes et sources d’erreurs lorsqu’il s’agit de les mettre en pratique. L’objectif de cet article de consensus est donc d’accroître la compréhension, de lutter contre la désinformation et d’améliorer l’utilisation de la théorie de l’attachement dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale sur la base des données probantes, en particulier concernant la protection de l’enfance et les décisions relatives au mode de résidence des enfants de parents séparés. L’article est divisé en deux parties. Dans la première, nous abordons les problèmes liés à l’utilisation de la théorie et de la recherche sur l’attachement dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale, et nous évoquons les raisons qui en sont à l’origine. Pour cela, nous examinons les applications de la théorie de l’attachement dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale dans le contexte actuel de la norme relative à l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant ; nous discutons des incompréhensions concernant la théorie de l’attachement et nous identifions les facteurs qui ont pu entraver sa bonne utilisation. Dans la deuxième partie, nous formulons des recommandations pour une meilleure application de la théorie et de la recherche sur l’attachement. Dans ce but, nous énonçons trois principes fondamentaux à propos de l’attachement : le besoin de l’enfant d’avoir des caregivers [2]familiers et non abusifs ; la valeur de la continuité des soins suffisamment bons ; et les avantages inhérents à la construction d’un réseau de relations d’attachement. Nous discutons également de la pertinence des outils d’évaluation de la qualité de l’attachement et des comportements de caregiving [3] pour éclairer les décisions des tribunaux compétents en matière familiale. Nous concluons que l’évaluation des comportements de soin des parents ou de toute personne en position de donneur de soins à l’enfant (caregivers) devrait être au centre des préoccupations. Bien qu’il existe un désaccord entre nous concernant l’utilisation des outils d’évaluation de la qualité de l’attachement pour éclairer les décisions relatives à la résidence et à la protection des enfants, ces outils apparaissent actuellement comme les plus appropriés pour cibler et mettre en place des programmes de soutien à la parentalité. Pour conclure, nous fournissons quelques orientations afin de guider les chercheurs dans le développement de futures collaborations au niveau interdisciplinaire.
|
|
| 31. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Offspring–Parent Attachment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 32. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Organized-Insecure Attachment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 1-5
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 33. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Psychodynamic Foundations
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Westen (1998) has defined psychodynamic theories with five postulates: (1) much of mental life is unconscious; (2) mental processes operate in parallel so that people can have conflicting feelings that motivate them in opposing ways; (3) stable personality patterns begin to form in childhood, and childhood experiences play an important role in the developing personality, particularly in shaping social relationships; (4) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships guide people’s interactions with others and influence psychological symptomatology; and (5) personality development involves learning to regulate sexual and aggressive feelings but also the move from an immature, socially dependent state to a mature, interdependent one. According to this definition, attachment theory is a psychodynamic theory. However, Bowlby explicitly demarcated his attachment theory from the drive principles.
|
|
| 34. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
Secure Attachment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 35. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Heterogeneity of ADHD Symptoms and Conduct Problems : Cognitive Inhibition, Emotion Regulation, Emotionality and Disorganized Attachment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
|
|
| 36. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(författare)
-
The heterogeneity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems : Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
|
|
| 37. |
- Fransson, Mari, 1978-
(författare)
-
Attachment and the Development of Personality and Social Functioning
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- According to attachment theory, the establishment of an attachment bond to a caregiver not only provides the infant with protection from danger, but also many other resources presumably beneficial to the child’s general psychological development. Although there is substantial empirical support for a link between attachment security and social functioning in childhood and adolescence, less is known about whether childhood attachment contributes to social functioning beyond adolescence. Similarly, attachment has been found predictive of broad aspects of a person’s functioning, but few attempts have been made to link attachment to the currently dominating perspective on personality, the Five Factor Model (FFM). Results in Study I partially supported our expectations, by showing prospective links from middle childhood security to various aspects of social functioning in young adulthood. Further, security contributed to developmental change in social functioning from middle childhood to young adulthood. In Study II, middle childhood security was found to predict some of the FFM personality traits (primarily extraversion and openness) concurrently and prospectively, partially supporting our expectations. The third aim of this thesis was to address whether attachment disorganization, which has usually been found predictive of maladaptive phenomena, may predict also other, non-pathological outcomes. In Study II, we found that higher levels of disorganization in young adulthood were concurrently associated with more openness and lower conscientiousness. Furthermore, in Study III disorganization was shown to be concurrently associated with more New Age spirituality and more absorption in adulthood. In addition, absorption was, in accordance with our expectations, found to statistically mediate the link between disorganization and New Age spirituality. Hence, these findings supported our assumption that disorganization might be expressed in other life domains besides specifically maladaptive ones. Taken together, we suggest that attachment spreads its influence to a broad set of life domains through its continuous influence on general psychological components such as cognitive representations and self-regulation abilities. However, the modest strength of our results indicates that attachment is only one among several factors involved in the development of social functioning, personality traits, and spirituality.
|
|
| 38. |
- Fransson, Mari, et al.
(författare)
-
Interlinkages between attachment and the Five-Factor Model of personality in middle childhood and young adulthood : a longitudinal approach
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Attachment & Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 15:2, s. 219-239
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we examine concurrent and prospective links between attachment and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality from middle childhood to young adulthood (n=66). At age 8.5 years, attachment was measured with the Separation Anxiety Test and at 21 years with the Adult Attachment Interview, whereas the personality dimensions were assessed with questionnaires at both time points. The results showed that attachment and personality dimensions are meaningfully related, concurrently and longitudinally. Attachment security in middle childhood was positively related to extraversion and openness, both concurrently and prospectively. Unresolved/disorganized (U/d) attachment was negatively related to conscientiousness and positively related to openness in young adulthood. U/d attachment showed a unique contribution to openness above the observed temporal stability of openness. As attachment security was also associated with openness, the duality of this factor is discussed together with other theoretical considerations regarding attachment theory in relation to the FFM.
|
|
| 39. |
- Fransson, Mari, et al.
(författare)
-
Is middle childhood attachment related to social functioning in young adulthood?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 57:2, s. 108-116
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study (N = 69) was to examine whether middle childhood attachment, measured using the Separation Anxiety Test (Slough, Goyette & Greenberg, 1988), predicts aspects of social functioning (social initiative, prosocial orientation, social anxiety, loneliness) in young adulthood. Insecurity-avoidance at age 8.5 years was, as expected, negatively related to social initiative and prosocial orientation, and was also positively related to social anxiety and loneliness at age 21 years. In addition, insecurity-avoidance contributed to developmental change in social anxiety from middle childhood to young adulthood. Contrary to our expectations, the two security scales were generally unrelated to future social functioning. Taken together, these results extend previous research by showing that insecurity-avoidance is related to social functioning also beyond childhood and adolescence, and that it contributes to developmental change in social functioning over time. The scarcity of prospective links for the attachment security scales points to the need for future studies addressing when and why attachment does not contribute to future social functioning.
|
|
| 40. |
- Friedlmeier, Wolfgang, et al.
(författare)
-
Attachment transfer among German and Swedish adolescents : A prospective longitudinal study
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Personal relationships. - : Wiley. - 1350-4126 .- 1475-6811. ; 13:3, s. 261-279
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This prospective longitudinal study investigated whether and in what way different functions of attachment relationships are transferred from parents to reciprocal relationship partners in adolescence. Furthermore, the impact of nationality, romantic relationship status, and individual differences in perceived attachment history and current attachment orientation on the timing and extent of transfer was examined. Adolescents from Sweden and Germany were studied over a 12- to 15-month time span. As predicted, the transfer generally unfolded in a step-by-step process in cross-sectional analyses. However, the predicted direction of transfer from parents to peers could not be confirmed in the prospective analyses. Adolescents who had formed a romantic relationship between assessments showed a stronger transfer from parents to peers compared to those who had not. German adolescents had transferred to a larger extent at Time Point 1, but Swedish adolescents caught up by Time Point 2. Finally, the combination of an insecure history with mother and high current anxiety was linked to a particularly high degree of prospective attachment transfer, whereas an insecure history with mother combined with high current avoidance predicted a particularly low degree of prospective transfer.
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
- Granqvist, Pehr, et al.
(författare)
-
Alterations in consciousness and human development
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Altering consciousness. - : Praeger. - 9780313383083 ; , s. 211-234
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Book description: From prehistoric caves to current raves and virtual reality technology, humanity has always sought to alter its consciousness. Altered states of consciousness can be achieved through dreaming, drumming, dancing, meditation, hypnosis, fasting, sex, and a number of other human activities. These strategies affect consciousness by mimicking the natural responses of our nervous system.
|
|
| 44. |
- Granqvist, Pehr, et al.
(författare)
-
Altered consciousness and human development
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Altering consciousness. Multidisciplinary perspectives. Volume II. Biological and psychological perspectives. ; 2, s. 211-234
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
|
|
| 47. |
- Granqvist, Pehr, 1973-
(författare)
-
Attachment and Religion : An Integrative Developmental Framework
- 2002
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the thesis was to examine the applicability of attachment theory to adult and adolescent religiosity. Attachment theory is an empirically oriented research paradigm that takes evolutionary theory as the starting point in the study of child-parent relations and their socioemotional correlates in development. The work consisted of two interrelated tasks. First, limitations in theory and research in the psychology of religion, particularly the traditional psychodynamic perspectives, were highlighted, and attachment theory was proposed as an integrative framework to remedy some of those limitations. Second, four empirical studies (I-IV), based on attachment theoretical predictions, were conducted to investigate relations between individual differences in attachment and religiosity. The combined results from the studies suggest the existence of two religiosity profiles in relation to attachment. Both profiles resemble influential descriptions of individual religiosity differences in the psychology of religion literature. The religiosity of individuals in the first profile is similar to their parents' religiosity and is likely to be stable over time. If religious changes have been experienced, these are likely to be gradual, to occur early in life, and in a context pointing to the importance of relationships with religious significant others. Such individuals' God image is likely to be loving, and not distant. It was hypothesized that these religiosity characteristics stern from experiences with sensitive attachment figures in childhood, and that such experiences have promoted partial adoption of the attachment figures' religious standards. The mental representations of attachment resulting from the favorable experiences were suggested to be responsible for a corresponding image of a loving God. The religiosity of individuals in the second profile is independent of parental religiosity, and is likely to fluctuate (increase and decrease) over time. Their religious changes are more sudden and intense, occur relatively later in life, and in a context pointing to an emotionally supportive function for religion. Such individuals' God image is more distant, and less loving. These religiosity characteristics were hypothesized to stem from experiences with insensitive attachment figures in childhood. It was suggested that they reflect an affect regulation strategy to obtain/maintain a sense of felt security, and that God is utilized as a compensatory attachment-like figure in this regard. Findings pertaining to the profiles generally emerged regardless of whether the design was cross-sectional (I-IV) or longitudinal (III); whether participants were adults (I, II, and IV) or adolescents (Study III); and whether attachment was assessed with self-report questionnaires (I-IV) or independent ratings based on a semi-structured interview (IV).
|
|
| 48. |
|
|
| 49. |
- Granqvist, Pehr
(författare)
-
Attachment and religious development in adolescence : The implications of culture
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Values, religion, and culture in adolescent development. - Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. - 9781107014251 - 9781139013659 ; , s. 315-340
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this attachment-theoretical chapter, I highlight relations between attachment and religious development in adolescence, while taking cultural implications into account. I argue that adolescence is a sensitive phase of development related to both attachment and religiosity. h is period is ot en associated with transfer of attachment functions from parents to age-mates. In the religious realm, this period may be linked to either increased religiosity (e.g., conversion) or to disengagement from religion. During adolescence, an attachment-like relationship with God may also develop. Furthermore, on the basis of empirical studies, I discuss the implications of individual dif erences in attachment security for religious development in adolescence. I distinguish between two notable developmental pathways: secure attachment to religious caregivers as a basis for religious stability (“correspondence pathway”) and insecure attachment to caregivers as a basis of distress regulation through religion (“compensation pathway”). In the i rst case, believers are more likely to experience well-being; in the latter case, religion may serve as a protective factor in development. I also take into account possible negative ef ects of religion on adjustment. Finally, I discuss the cultural generalizability versus specii city of each of the central arguments in the chapter.
|
|
| 50. |
- Granqvist, Pehr, et al.
(författare)
-
Attachment and religious representations and behavior
- 2016. - 3
-
Ingår i: Handbook of attachment. - New York : Guilford Press. - 9781462525294 - 9781462525317 ; , s. 856-878
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter is divided into five major sections. In the first, we argue that people’s perceived relationships with God meet the defining criteria of attachment relationships reasonably well, and hence function psychologically much as other attachments do. We examine in the second section lifespan maturational issues involved in the development of attachment and religion. These first two sections deal with normative/typical aspects of the attachment–religion connection. In the third section, we review empirical connections between religion and individual differences in attachment. This section is subdivided into two subsections—the first focusing on a “compensation” pathway and the second describing a “correspondence” pathway to religion. We address in the fourth major section research findings and implications of the religion-as-attachment model with respect to psychological outcomes. In the final major section, which is new to this edition, we address the current state of theory and research on the attachment–religion connection.
|
|
