| 1. |
- Maxwell, Tania L., et al.
(författare)
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Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Nature. - 2052-4463. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tidal marshes store large amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Field data quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks provide an important resource for researchers, natural resource managers, and policy-makers working towards the protection, restoration, and valuation of these ecosystems. We collated a global dataset of tidal marsh soil organic carbon (MarSOC) from 99 studies that includes location, soil depth, site name, dry bulk density, SOC, and/or soil organic matter (SOM). The MarSOC dataset includes 17,454 data points from 2,329 unique locations, and 29 countries. We generated a general transfer function for the conversion of SOM to SOC. Using this data we estimated a median (± median absolute deviation) value of 79.2 ± 38.1 Mg SOC ha−1 in the top 30 cm and 231 ± 134 Mg SOC ha−1 in the top 1 m of tidal marsh soils globally. This data can serve as a basis for future work, and may contribute to incorporation of tidal marsh ecosystems into climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Graversen, Rune Grand, 1970-
(författare)
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On the recent Arctic Warming
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Arctic region attracts considerable scientific interest in these years. Some of the Earth's most pronounced signs of the recent climate change are found here. The summer sea-ice cover is shrinking at an alarming rate. At the same time the region warms faster than the rest of the globe.The sea-ice reduction implies an increase of solar-radiation absorption at the surface leading to warming which is expected to be larger at higher than at lower latitudes. It is therefore often assumed that the sea-ice reduction is a major cause of the observed Arctic temperature amplification. However, results presented in this thesis suggest that the snow and ice-albedo feedbacks are a contributing but not dominating mechanism behind the Arctic amplification. A coupled climate-model experiment with a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration reveals a considerable Arctic surface-air-temperature amplification in a world without surface-albedo feedback. The amplification is only 8 % larger when this feedback is included. Instead the greenhouse effect associated with an increase of humidity and cloud cover over the Arctic seems to play a major role for the amplification.Reanalysis data, which are partly based on observations, show Arctic temperature amplification well above the surface in the troposphere. In the summer season, the amplification has its maximum at ~ 2 km height. These trends cannot be explained by the snow- and ice-albedo feedbacks which are expected to induce the largest amplification near the surface. Instead, a considerable part of the trends aloft can be linked to an increase of the atmospheric energy transport into the Arctic.A major topic of this thesis is the linkage between the mid-latitude circulation and the Arctic warming. It is suggested that the atmospheric meridional energy transport is an efficient indicator of this linkage.
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| 5. |
- Graversen, Rune Grand, et al.
(författare)
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Reply : Communications arising
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 455, s. E4-E5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Graversen, Rune G., et al.
(författare)
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Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 451:7174, s. 53-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Near-surface warming in the Arctic has been almost twice as large as the global average over recent decades1, 2, 3, 4, 5—a phenomenon that is known as the 'Arctic amplification'. The underlying causes of this temperature amplification remain uncertain. The reduction in snow and ice cover that has occurred over recent decades6, 7 may have played a role5, 8. Climate model experiments indicate that when global temperature rises, Arctic snow and ice cover retreats, causing excessive polar warming9, 10, 11. Reduction of the snow and ice cover causes albedo changes, and increased refreezing of sea ice during the cold season and decreases in sea-ice thickness both increase heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere. Changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation, as well as cloud cover, have also been proposed to cause Arctic temperature amplification12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Here we examine the vertical structure of temperature change in the Arctic during the late twentieth century using reanalysis data. We find evidence for temperature amplification well above the surface. Snow and ice feedbacks cannot be the main cause of the warming aloft during the greater part of the year, because these feedbacks are expected to primarily affect temperatures in the lowermost part of the atmosphere, resulting in a pattern of warming that we only observe in spring. A significant proportion of the observed temperature amplification must therefore be explained by mechanisms that induce warming above the lowermost part of the atmosphere. We regress the Arctic temperature field on the atmospheric energy transport into the Arctic and find that, in the summer half-year, a significant proportion of the vertical structure of warming can be explained by changes in this variable. We conclude that changes in atmospheric heat transport may be an important cause of the recent Arctic temperature amplification.
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| 7. |
- Graversen, Rune G., et al.
(författare)
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Warm winds from the Pacific caused extensive Arctic sea-ice melt in summer 2007
- 2011
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 36:11-12, s. 2103-2112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During summer 2007 the Arctic sea-ice shrank to the lowest extent ever observed. The role of the atmospheric energy transport in this extreme melt event is explored using the state-of-the-art ERA-Interim reanalysis data. We find that in summer 2007 there was an anomalous atmospheric flow of warm and humid air into the region that suffered severe melt. This anomaly was larger than during any other year in the data (1989-2008). Convergence of the atmospheric energy transport over this area led to positive anomalies of the downward longwave radiation and turbulent fluxes. In the region that experienced unusual ice melt, the net anomaly of the surface fluxes provided enough extra energy to melt roughly one meter of ice during the melting season. When the ocean successively became ice-free, the surface-albedo decreased causing additional absorption of shortwave radiation, despite the fact that the downwelling solar radiation was smaller than average. We argue that the positive anomalies of net downward longwave radiation and turbulent fluxes played a key role in initiating the 2007 extreme ice melt, whereas the shortwave-radiation changes acted as an amplifying feedback mechanism in response to the melt.
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| 8. |
- Kapsch, Marie-Luise, et al.
(författare)
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Springtime atmospheric energy transport and the control of Arctic summer sea-ice extent
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 3:8, s. 744-748
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The summer sea-ice extent in the Arctic has decreased in recent decades, a feature that has become one of the most distinct signals of the continuing climate change. However, the interannual variability is large—the ice extent by the end of the summer varies by several million square kilometres from year to year. The underlying processes driving this year-to-year variability are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that the greenhouse effect associated with clouds and water vapour in spring is crucial for the development of the sea ice during the subsequent months. In years where the end-of-summer sea-ice extent is well below normal, a significantly enhanced transport of humid air is evident during spring into the region where the ice retreat is encountered. This enhanced transport of humid air leads to an anomalous convergence of humidity, and to an increase of the cloudiness. The increase of the cloudiness and humidity results in an enhancement of the greenhouse effect. As a result, downward long-wave radiation at the surface is larger than usual in spring, which enhances the ice melt. In addition, the increase of clouds causes an increase of the reflection of incoming solar radiation. This leads to the counterintuitive effect: for years with little sea ice in September, the downwelling short-wave radiation at the surface is smaller than usual. That is, the downwelling short-wave radiation is not responsible for the initiation of the ice anomaly but acts as an amplifying feedback once the melt is started.
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| 9. |
- Kapsch, Marie-Luise, et al.
(författare)
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Summers with low Arctic sea ice linked to persistence of spring atmospheric circulation patterns
- 2019
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 52:3-4, s. 2497-2512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The declining trend of Arctic September sea ice constitutes a significant change in the Arctic climate system. Large year-to-year variations are superimposed on this sea-ice trend, with the largest variability observed in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Knowledge of the processes important for this variability may lead to an improved understanding of seasonal and long-term changes. Previous studies suggest that transport of heat and moisture into the Arctic during spring enhances downward surface longwave radiation, thereby controlling the annual melt onset, setting the stage for the September ice minimum. In agreement with these studies, we find that years with a low September sea-ice concentration (SIC) are characterized by more persistent periods in spring with enhanced energy flux to the surface in forms of net longwave radiation plus turbulent fluxes, compared to years with a high SIC. Two main atmospheric circulation patterns related to these episodes are identified: one resembles the so-called Arctic dipole anomaly that promotes transport of heat and moisture from the North Pacific, whereas the other is characterized by negative geopotential height anomalies over the Arctic, favoring cyclonic flow from Siberia and the Kara Sea into the eastern Arctic Ocean. However, differences between years with low and high September SIC appear not to be due to different spring circulation patterns; instead it is the persistence and intensity of processes associated with these patterns that distinguish the two groups of anomalous years: Years with low September SIC feature episodes that are consistently stronger and more persistent than years with high SIC.
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| 10. |
- Kapsch, Marie-Luise, 1985-
(författare)
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The atmospheric contribution to Arctic sea-ice variability
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Arctic sea-ice cover plays an important role for the global climate system. Sea ice and the overlying snow cover reflect up to eight times more of the solar radiation than the underlying ocean. Hence, they are important for the global energy budget, and changes in the sea-ice cover can have a large impact on the Arctic climate and beyond. In the past 36 years the ice cover reduced significantly. The largest decline is observed in September, with a rate of more than 12% per decade. The negative trend is accompanied by large inter-annual sea-ice variability: in September the sea-ice extent varies by up to 27% between years. The processes controlling the large variability are not well understood. In this thesis the atmospheric contribution to the inter-annual sea-ice variability is explored. The focus is specifically on the thermodynamical effects: processes that are associated with a temperature change of the ice cover and sea-ice melt. Atmospheric reanalysis data are used to identify key processes, while experiments with a state-of-the-art climate model are conducted to understand their relevance throughout different seasons. It is found that in years with a very low September sea-ice extent more heat and moisture is transported in spring into the area that shows the largest ice variability. The increased transport is often associated with similar atmospheric circulation patterns. Increased heat and moisture over the Arctic result in positive anomalies of water vapor and clouds. These alter the amount of downward radiation at the surface: positive cloud anomalies allow for more longwave radiation and less shortwave radiation. In spring, when the solar inclination is small, positive cloud anomalies result in an increased surface warming and an earlier seasonal melt onset. This reduces the ice cover early in the season and allows for an increased absorption of solar radiation by the surface during summer, which further accelerates the ice melt. The modeling experiments indicate that cloud anomalies of similar magnitude during other seasons than spring would likely not result in below-average September sea ice. Based on these results a simple statistical sea-ice prediction model is designed, that only takes into account the downward longwave radiation anomalies or variables associated with it. Predictive skills are similar to those of more complex models, emphasizing the importance of the spring atmosphere for the annual sea-ice evolution.
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| 11. |
- Kapsch, Marie-Luise, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Downwelling Longwave and Shortwave Radiation on Arctic Summer Sea Ice
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Climate. - 0894-8755 .- 1520-0442. ; 29:3, s. 1143-1159
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic summer sea ice has diminished fast in recent decades. A strong year-to-year variability on top of this trend indicates that sea ice is sensitive to short-term climate fluctuations. Previous studies show that anomalous atmospheric conditions over the Arctic during spring and summer affect ice melt and the September sea-ice extent (SIE). These conditions are characterized by clouds, humidity and heat anomalies which all affect shortwave (SWD) and longwave (LWD) radiation to the surface. In general, positive LWD anomalies are associated with cloudy and humid conditions, whereas positive anomalies of SWD appear under clear-sky conditions. Here we investigate the effect of realistic anomalies of LWD and SWD on summer sea ice, by performing experiments with the Community Earth System Model. The SWD and LWD anomalies are studied separately and in combination for different seasons. It is found that positive LWD anomalies in spring and early summer have significant impact on the September SIE, whereas winter anomalies show only little effect. Positive anomalies in spring and early summer initiate an earlier melt onset, hereby triggering several feedback mechanisms that amplify melt during the succeeding months. Realistic positive SWD anomalies appear only important if they occur after the melt has started and the albedo is significantly reduced relative to winter conditions. Simulations where both positive LWD and negative SWD anomalies are implemented simultaneously, mimicking cloudy conditions, reveal that clouds during spring have a significant impact on summer sea ice while summer clouds have almost no effect.
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| 12. |
- Kapsch, Marie-Luise, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of spring atmospheric conditions for predictions of the Arctic summer sea ice extent
- 2014
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 41:14, s. 5288-5296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies have shown that atmospheric processes in spring play an important role for the initiation of the summer ice melt and therefore may strongly influence the September sea ice concentration (SSIC). Here a simple statistical regression model based on only atmospheric spring parameters is applied in order to predict the SSIC over the major part of the Arctic Ocean. By using spring anomalies of downwelling longwave radiation or atmospheric water vapor as predictor variables, correlation coefficients between observed and predicted SSIC of up to 0.5 are found. These skills of seasonal SSIC predictions are similar to those obtained using more complex dynamical forecast systems, despite the fact that the simple model applied here takes neither information of the sea ice state, oceanic conditions nor feedback mechanisms during summer into account. The results indicate that a realistic representation of spring atmospheric conditions in the prediction system plays an important role for the predictive skills of a model system.
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| 13. |
- Koenigk, Torben, et al.
(författare)
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Arctic climate change in 21st century CMIP5 simulations with EC-Earth
- 2012
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Ingår i: Climate Dynamics. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 0930-7575 .- 1432-0894. ; 40:11-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic climate change is analyzed in anensemble of future projection simulations performed withthe global coupled climate model EC-Earth2.3. EC-Earthsimulates the twentieth century Arctic climate relativelywell but the Arctic is about 2 K too cold and the sea icethickness and extent are overestimated. In the twenty-firstcentury, the results show a continuation and strengtheningof the Arctic trends observed over the recent decades,which leads to a dramatically changed Arctic climate,especially in the high emission scenario RCP8.5. Theannually averaged Arctic mean near-surface temperatureincreases by 12 K in RCP8.5, with largest warming in theBarents Sea region. The warming is most pronounced inwinter and autumn and in the lower atmosphere. The Arcticwinter temperature inversion is reduced in all scenarios anddisappears in RCP8.5. The Arctic becomes ice free inSeptember in all RCP8.5 simulations after a rapid reductionevent without recovery around year 2060. Taking intoaccount the overestimation of ice in the twentieth century,our model results indicate a likely ice-free Arctic inSeptember around 2040. Sea ice reductions are most pronouncedin the Barents Sea in all RCPs, which lead to themost dramatic changes in this region. Here, surface heatfluxes are strongly enhanced and the cloudiness is substantiallydecreased. The meridional heat flux into theArctic is reduced in the atmosphere but increases in theocean. This oceanic increase is dominated by an enhancedheat flux into the Barents Sea, which strongly contributes tothe large sea ice reduction and surface-air warming in thisregion. Increased precipitation and river runoff lead to morefreshwater input into the Arctic Ocean. However, most ofthe additional freshwater is stored in the Arctic Ocean whilethe total Arctic freshwater export only slightly increases.
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| 14. |
- Rysgaard, Søren, et al.
(författare)
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A mobile observatory powered by sun and wind for near real time measurements of atmospheric, glacial, terrestrial, limnic and coastal oceanic conditions in remote off-grid areas
- 2022
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Ingår i: HardwareX. - : Elsevier BV. - 2468-0672. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is rapidly altering the Arctic environment. Although long-term environmental observations have been made at a few locations in the Arctic, the incomplete coverage from ground stations is a main limitation to observations in these remote areas. Here we present a wind and sun powered multi-purpose mobile observatory (ARC-MO) that enables near real time measurements of air, ice, land, rivers, and marine parameters in remote off-grid areas. Two test units were constructed and placed in Northeast Greenland where they have collected data from cabled and wireless instruments deployed in the environment since late summer 2021. The two units can communicate locally via WiFi (units placed 25 km apart) and transmit near-real time data globally over satellite. Data are streamed live and accessible from (https://gios.org). The cost of one mobile observatory unit is c. 304.000€. These test units demonstrate the possibility for integrative and automated environmental data collection in remote coastal areas and could serve as models for a proposed global observatory system.
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| 15. |
- Tjernström, Michael, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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The vertical structure of the lower Arctic troposphere analysed from observations and the ERA-40 reanalysis
- 2009
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. - : Wiley. - 0035-9009 .- 1477-870X. ; 135:639, s. 431-443
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ atmospheric observations in the central Arctic are few and mostly from near the surface. A majorityare from coastal regions whereas soundings over the Arctic Ocean are rare. This limits our understanding of the Arcticatmosphere, in particular aloft. It has been established that the vertical thermal structure is often stably stratified; this hasbeen termed the ‘Arctic inversion’. It has also been established that near-surface warming in the Arctic has been larger thanthe global mean warming during the last several decades. To estimate climate trends in this data-sparse region, reanalysisdata have often been used. In this paper we analyse the vertical thermal structure of the lower troposphere over the Arctic Ocean, using soundingsfrom the SHEBA project. We find a strong annual cycle with strong surface inversions occurring only during autumnand winter, typically 500–800 metres deep and ∼10 ◦C strong. Summer is dominated by weaker elevated inversions at∼100–400 m, a few hundred metres deep. Interestingly, this latter type of inversion also occurs frequently in winter,almost half the time. These soundings thus indicate that associating Arctic winter only with strong surface inversions isnot entirely correct. We also compare these soundings to the ERA-40 reanalysis data. Systematic biases in ERA-40 in the SHEBA regioninclude a near-surface warm bias, on average ∼0.5–1.0 ◦C, and a slight mid-troposphere cool bias. There is a significantdifference in ERA-40 performance statistics for the SHEBA year comparing with years without soundings for the sameregion. The analysis increment – a measure of the impact of the observations in the assimilation process – confirms this.For example, the assimilation of the SHEBA soundings reduces the near-surface warm bias by about 50%. However, theoverall vertical structure and its annual variation are surprisingly insensitive to the assimilation of the soundings, and arein fact well represented by ERA-40. We speculate that the main improvement in assimilating the SHEBA soundings lies inan improvement in the timing of weather systems whereas their climatological vertical structure is less affected.
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