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- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Global Fisheries on Developing Countries Possibilities for Income and Threat of Depletion
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study deals with fisheries and trade, focusing on developing countries. Fish is globally traded, and for many developing countries, it is an important net export good. In most of these countries, fisheries are often characterized by poorly defined property rights, accompanied by overcapitalization where too many vessels and fishermen catch too few fish from too small stocks. Management is often de facto open access, where vessels with or without permission to fish land as much as they can catch due to limited monitoring and enforcement activities. Even in developed countries, many fisheries are poorly managed, and recent studies indicate that marine ecosystems are in global decline. While trade generally is beneficial for growth and welfare, the combination of pure open access and trade liberalization may both reduce welfare and stocks for a country—an outcome that can be reinforced by the common use of bad subsidies. However, trade liberalization may have an additional positive impact by promoting the development of property rights in response to increased fish exploitation. The WTO can play a role by adopting a broader classification of subsidies to help eliminate bad subsidies, such as like public support of vessel construction, fuel subsidies, or fishing rights outside developing coastal countries provided at limited or zero cost. The WTO can also ssist by distinguishing good subsidies (e.g., improving fisheries management or improving monitoring and enforcement), which are desirable targets when rich countries allocate aid resource to developing countries.
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| 4. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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On blending mandates, border tax adjustment and import standards for biofuels
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transport sector is a major contributor to green house gas (GHG) emissions and its share is increasing. Biofuels may pro- vide an option to replace fossil fuels and generate an increasing worldwide interest. Rich countries like the US and the European Union ha idies for domestic producers, while applying tari¤s for some of the foreign producers. Mid income and poor countries do not have binding restrictions on carbon emissions in the Ky- oto treaty, but may have great potential for producing biofuels both for domestic and foreign use. In this paper we study trade policies for biofuels. We nd that only by combining an import standard with border tax adjustment the government can ensure cost e¢ cient production of biofuels from a global point of view. We also consider a blending mandate. This fundamentally al- ters the way the market works. For instance, if domestic biofuels production is subsidized, the optimal BTA may be negative.
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- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Policies for second generation biofuels: Current status and future challenges
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report reviews the current status of second generation biofuels. First generation biofuels continue to be substantially subsidized, and this has contributed to the increasing use of such fuel. However, recent studies claim that the future of biofuels lies in second generation biofuels, in particular biochemical ethanol made from cellulose. Thus, in this report we ask the following three questions: How far is second generation biofuels from being a competitive GHG abatement technology? Is it likely that first generation biofuels will bridge the development of second generation biofuels? Should trade policy be used to protect domestic infant second generation biofuels industry from import of low cost first generation biofuels from developing countries?
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| 6. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Promoting Second Generation Biofuels: Does the First Generation Pave the Road?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 7:7, s. 4430-4445
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The U.S., Brazil and a number of European and other countries worldwide have introduced various support schemes for bioethanol and biodiesel. The advantage of these biofuels is that they are relatively easily integrated with the current fossil fuel-based transport sector, at least up to a certain point. However, recent studies point to various negative effects of expanding the production of first generation (1G) biofuels further. 1G biofuels’ problems can be overcome by a transition to second generation (2G) biofuels. So far, 2G biofuels are much more costly to produce. We therefore ask: to what extent is targeted support to 2G biofuels likely to bring costs down? Additionally, are current support schemes for biofuels well designed in order to promote the development of 2G biofuels? We find that the prospects for cost reduction look better for 2G bioethanol than for 2G biodiesel. Bioethanol made from cellulose is far from a ripe technology, with several cost-reducing opportunities yet to be developed. Hence, targeted support to cellulosic ethanol might induce a switch from 1G to 2G biofuels. However, we find little evidence that production and use of 1G bioethanol will bridge the conversion to 2G bioethanol. Hence, to the extent that private investment in the development of 2G bioethanol is too low, current support schemes for 1G biofuels may block 2G bioethanol instead of promoting it.
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| 7. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Trade and Resources: Welfare effects of the Lake Victoria fisheries boom
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we examine the welfare implications of the Tanzanian fisheries boom following from the increase in quantities and prices of the Lake Victoria Nile perch export during 1993-2008. We use the theoretical model by Brander and Taylor (1997) that we try to test empirically. We have a micro level perspective using data from a 1993 World Bank household survey and our own study from 2008, both containing data from about 520 households in the two regions Mwanza and Mara by the lake. Our results indicate that average income has increased in both rural and urban areas. For the poorest part of the population, rural areas experienced only modestly and non-significantly reductions in the fraction below basic needs, while urban areas had a substantial reduction. However, growth was modest and inequality seems to have increased during the period. Concerning human capital measured as education for the household head we found substantial improvements in educational level and a simple regression model confirmed the significant impact of education on household income. We also found that households on average are better off when situated close to the lake.
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| 8. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Trade and resources: Welfare effects of the Lake Victoria fisheries boom
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fisheries Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-7836. ; 167, s. 156-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the welfare implications of the Tanzanian fisheries boom resulting from Lake Victoria Nile perch exports during 1993-2008. In the literature, there are two opposing views on the effect of fish trade: some argue that fish trade can act as an engine of growth, while others contend that trade in fish negatively affects food security, local economies and incomes of the poor. We apply a micro level perspective using data from two years, the first from a 1993 World Bank household survey and the second, our own study from 2008, both covering about 520 households in the two regions, Mwanza and Mara, by Lake Victoria. Our results indicate increasing average income and a reduction in the share of household expenditure on food, both of which are positive indicators of welfare. For the poorest part of the population, urban areas had a substantial reduction in the fraction below the basic needs level, while the change in the rural areas was insignificant. However, growth in both areas was modest and inequality seems to have increased during the period. We conclude that there is more support in our data for a positive than a negative effect of the fish boom on the well-being of those residing in Mwanza and Mara. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.
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| 11. |
- Eggert, Håkan, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Trade Policies for Biofuels
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environment & Development. - : SAGE Publications. - 1070-4965 .- 1552-5465. ; 21:2, s. 281-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present article is to consider optimal trade policies for biofuels, taking into account the potential for carbon leakage and the complex set of policies used or discussed for biofuels. First, the authors consider the case of optimal trade policies and find that the combination of an import standard and a border carbon adjustment welfare dominates using only a border carbon adjustment (BCA). The import standard should be set such that the emissions per unit of output is as if the foreign biofuels industry were subject to the globally optimal green house gas (GHG) emission tax. Second, the authors study the same trade policies in the context of a blending mandate, which significantly alters the way the market works. Given the suboptimal implementation of a blending mandate, the optimal BCA depends on the domestic subsidy to biofuels production. High levels of subsidies may in fact imply a negative BCA; that is, the optimal policy would be to subsidize imports.
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| 12. |
- Fischer, Carolyn, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic technology policy as a supplement to renewable energy standards
- 2018
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Ingår i: Resource and Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0928-7655. ; 51, s. 84-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 In many regions, renewable energy targets are a primary decarbonization policy. Most of the same jurisdictions also subsidize the manufacturing and/or deployment of renewable energy technologies, some being sufficiently aggressive as to engender WTO disputes. We consider a downstream energy-using product produced competitively but not traded across regions, such as electricity or transportation. A renewable energy technology is available, provided by a limited set of upstream suppliers who exercise market power. With multiple market failures (emissions externality and imperfect competition), renewable market share mandates as the binding climate policy, and international trade in equipment, the stage is set to examine rationales for green industrial policy. Subsidies may be provided downstream to energy suppliers and/or upstream to technology suppliers; each has tradeoffs. Subsidies can offset underprovision of the renewable alternative by the upstream suppliers, but they allow dirty generation to expand as the portfolio standard becomes less costly to fulfill. Downstream subsidies raise all upstream profits and crowd out foreign emissions. Upstream subsidies increase domestic upstream market share but expand emissions globally. In our two-region model, strategic subsidies chosen noncooperatively can be optimal from a global perspective, if both regions value emissions at the global cost of carbon. But if the regions sufficiently undervalue global emissions, restricting the use of upstream subsidies can enhance welfare.
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