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- Gimsing, P, et al.
(författare)
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Salvage bortezomib-dexamethasone and high-dose melphalan (HDM) and autologous stem cell support (ASCT) in myeloma patients at first relapse after HDM with ASCT. A phase-2 trial.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Bone Marrow Transplantation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5365 .- 0268-3369. ; 50:10, s. 1306-1311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Until recently, only retrospective studies had been published on salvage high-dose melphalan (HDM) with autologous stem cell 'transplantation' (ASCT). In a prospective, nonrandomized phase-2 study, we treated 53 bortezomib-naïve patients with bortezomib-dexamethasone as induction and bortezomib included in the conditioning regimen along with the HDM. Median progression-free survival (PFS), time to next treatment (TNT) and overall survival (OS) after start of reinduction therapy were 21.6, 22.8 and 46.6 months, respectively. For 49 patients who completed salvage bortezomib-HDM(II) with ASCT, there was no significant difference of PFS and TNT after HDM (II) compared with after the initial HDM(I), and thus patients were their own controls (PFS (I: 20.1 vs II: 19.3 months (P=0.8)) or TNT (I: 24.4 vs II: 20.7 months (P=0.8)). No significant differences in the response rates after salvage ASCT compared with the initial ASCT. Bortezomib-HDM conditioning combo was feasible, and toxicity was as expected for patients treated with bortezomib and ASCT. In conclusion, in bortezomib-naïve patients treated at first relapse with salvage ASCT including bortezomib, PSF and TNT did not differ significantly from initial ASCT and median OS was almost 5.5 years with acceptable toxicity. A recent prospective randomized study confirms salvage ASCT to be an effective treatment.Bone Marrow Transplantation advance online publication, 29 June 2015; doi:10.1038/bmt.2015.125.
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- Mäkelä, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of isotropic deformation theory of plasticity for fracture mechanics analysis of paper materials
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 24:4, s. 388-394
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this work was to validate that isotropic deformation theory of plasticity is a suitable material modelling level for fracture mechanics analysis of paper materials, as has been indicated in previous studies. Six different commercial paper grades were investigated. Laboratory material testing was performed for each paper grade using standardised tensile and fracture toughness test methods. The material data was used to calibrate a fracture mechanics model based on isotropic deformation theory of plasticity with a fracture criterion based on the/-integral. The fracture mechanics model was used to predict failures of notched paper webs and corresponding experiments were performed. The experiments and predictions of failures were performed for several different notch lengths for all six studied paper materials. The experimentally determined force and elongation at break of the notched paper webs were predicted excellently by the fracture mechanics model, which shows that isotropic deformation theory of plasticity is a suitable material modelling level for fracture mechanics analysis of paper materials.
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- Ottesen, V, et al.
(författare)
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Nanocellulose in Paper and Packaging
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One possible way to improve competitiveness of paper materials is through utilization of nanocellulose to achieve new properties or to reduce production cost. Several studies have shown that nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) can act as strength enhancing additive in paper or for paper surface improvements. NFC has the potential to bind large amounts of inorganic fillers in the paper sheet, and by this reduce energy consumption during paper production considerably. However, there are challenges that need to be addressed before the novel concepts can be realized, e.g. impaired drainage and drying of paper resulting from addition of NFC. This may be solved by obtaining the right balance between NFC quality, chemicals and additives. Promising results in this respect have been obtained but this is still in an early stage. Fiber-based packaging materials represent a “green” alternative to petroleum based packaging solutions. Depending on the packaging category, different properties are important. For the segment liquid packaging board, barrier against oxygen is important. Currently, this is obtained by using aluminum, or the petroleum-based polymer EVOH in combination with a water barrier. Replacing these materials with “green” alternatives would represent a large environmental achievement. While superior oxygen barrier properties has been demonstrated for NFC, good barrier against water and oxygen requires the combination of nanofibrils with complementary materials. Adequate combinations with other materials and feasible application techniques are still challenges that need to be solved. Other packaging segments require other properties, e.g. high stiffness or fracture toughness. By development of appropriate nanocellulose qualities, such properties can be improved. By preparing fibrils with small diameter, translucent films can be prepared. This is an interesting property for food packaging, where transparency may be a desired trait.
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- Ottesen, V, et al.
(författare)
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Nanocellulose Properties of Interest for Paper and Packaging
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose Nano-Fibrils (CNF) is a biocompatible nano-material with appealing mechanical and optical properties. The high specific surface area (SSA) of nanofibrils ensure that a large fraction of the polymer chains in each fibril are surface fibrils, meaning numerous surface hydroxyl groups will be available to form bonds between components in the paper, ensuring high density and strength. CNF may be added to conventional paper as a strengthening agent. CNF films may be used as a barrier coating, or CNF sheets may be used in a number of products due to their potential transparency, strength and barrier properties. As a paper additive, CNF as a nanomaterial acts as a material that increases density and form bonds between fibers in the paper, providing an increased strength and stiffness whereas dusting and permeability is reduced. For papers where strength is chiefly limited by inter-fiber bonding strength, increases in excess of 100 % may be achieved by addition of small amounts of CNF. Less, but still significant contributions can be seen for papers whose strength is less dependent on inter-fiber bonding strength. Due to the pore-blocking properties of CNF coupled with Cellulose’s hydrophilic properties, dewatering on the paper machine is a challenge when CNF is used in this fashion. The high density, viz. the low porosity and small pore size (~0.47 nm), of CNF films provide a significant reduction in mass-transport. Applying such a film to a less efficient barrier material, or producing a pure CNF film presents oxygen transfer rates comparable with the best synthetic polymer films produced for this purpose. Sheets of pure CNF or a CNF composite may transmit 90 % of incident light with a wavelength of 600 nm. This transparency is due to the high density and small fibril size in sheets of pure CNF or a CNF-based composite, which results in a lower scattering coefficient compared to corresponding conventional fiber based sheets. Transparent sheets such as these may be of interest in packaging applications where the packaged goods, such as foodstuffs or luxury articles, is desired displayed to the end customer. The properties of CNF, whether as a film, a paper additive or a major paper or composite component may be of significant industrial interest due to the unique properties of the material.
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- Torstensen, Jonathan Ø, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of cellulose nanofibrils for imaging purposes : comparison of liquid cryogens for rapid vitrification
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 25:8, s. 4269-4274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artifact-free imaging of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from aqueous nanocellulose suspensions is nontrivial due to frequent irreversible agglomeration and structure damage during the course of sample preparation, especially as water is solidified prior to freeze-drying. In this study, we have examined the morphologies of CNF suspensions prepared by rapid vitrification in two different liquid cryogens—nitrogen and ethane—followed by freeze-drying. Results obtained by scanning electron microscopy confirm that vitrification in liquid ethane not only greatly improves the survivability of fine-scale CNF structural elements but also significantly reduces the propensity for CNF to agglomerate.
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| 15. |
- Torstensen, Jonathan Ø, et al.
(författare)
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Swelling and Free-Volume Characteristics of TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibril Films.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biomacromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1525-7797 .- 1526-4602. ; 19:3, s. 1016-1025
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in diverse technologies requiring sustainable nanoscale species to form or modify films. The objective of the present study is to investigate the swelling behavior and accompanying free volume of self-standing TEMPO-oxidized (TO) CNF films in the presence of water vapor. For this purpose, we have performed time-resolved swelling experiments on films, prepared according to different experimental protocols, at 90% relative humidity (RH) and ambient temperature. Corresponding free-volume characteristics are elucidated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) conducted at ambient temperature and several RH levels. Increasing the drying temperature of the films (from ambient to 50 °C) is observed to promote an increase in film density, which serves to reduce bulk swelling. These elevated drying temperatures likewise cause the free-volume pore size measured by PALS to decrease, while the corresponding total free-volume fraction remains nearly constant. Similarly, dispersion of TO-CNF into aqueous suspensions by ultrasonication prior to film formation increases both the total free-volume fraction and pore size but reduces the size of individual nanofibrils with little net change in bulk swelling. The swelling and concurrent free-volume measurements reported here generally reveal an increase in the free volume of TO-CNF films with increasing RH.
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