| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Aklilu, Abenezer Zeleke, et al.
(författare)
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Economic incentives for carbon sequestration: a review of the literature
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this study is to review studies in economics on policies for carbon sequestration. Specific design problems are associated with heterogeneous land holders, additionality and permanence in carbon projects, and the risk of leakage. It was found that a large part of the literature, which started in the late 1980s, has been focused on the calculation of costs for carbon sequestration, mainly in forests, and on calculations of cost savings from its introduction in climate programs. Results from the literature point to cost savings of up to 40%. The small body of literature on transaction costs, mainly attributed to monitoring and verification, indicates that these costs are modest. The literature on policy design is much more scant, and the main part suggests discounting of the carbon sink value to account for the uncertainty. Assessment of equilibrium prices in the many existing voluntary and regulatory carbon sink markets shows a lower price of carbon sink compared with certain abatement of fossil fuels. This can be explained by risk discounting. A few studies suggest contract design for self-enforcement of efficient carbon projects. This has not yet been implemented in carbon sink offsets in practice, the carbon trade of which corresponds to approximately 0.3% of all carbon trade.
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| 4. |
- Amuakwa Mensah, Franklin, et al.
(författare)
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Fungi diversity in Swedish forests: impact of site quality on standing volume and variability in forest growth
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The impact of biodiversity on forest ecosystem function and provision of ecosystem services has been investigated by many studies, but not the stability in these impacts. This paper calculates the effect of a fungi indicator, forest site quality, on standing volume and variability in forest growth in different forest regions in Sweden. We account for management practices, make use of time series data for a period of approximately 50 years, and estimate forest growth functions totally and for different regions in Sweden. Uncertainty is calculated as the conditional variance in forest growth rate, and the biodiversity indicator together with management practices are used as explanatory variables. Fully modified OLS is used to account for serial correlation and non-stationarity in the variables. The results show that the fungi diversity indicator adds positively to forest growth and growth rate, but increases uncertainty in the growth rate.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Camilla, 1979-
(författare)
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Changing the risk at the margin : Smallholder farming and public policy in developing countries
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines whether the implementation of a social safety net programme in Ethiopia has affected the value, risk and composition of farmers‟ crop portfolios. The empirical analysis suggests that the value and risk of the crop portfolio have not been altered due to the programme. However, the programme seems to have brought about some changes in the land allocated to different crops. Paper [II] studies how a social safety net affects farmers‟ (dis)investments in productive assets. More specifically, it studies how the Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia has changed livestock and tree holdings. The results indicate no significant effect on livestock holdings, but a significant increase in tree holdings. Paper [III] investigates if there is a problem of adverse selection in formal microlending in rural Bangladesh. The results indicate that farmers who only borrow formally have a shadow price of capital that is substantially higher than the average informal interest rate. This suggests that farmers that only borrow formally are perceived as poor credit risks by informal lenders. Paper [IV] explores the economic incentives surrounding the cultivation of opium poppy in Afghanistan. Specifically, it examines the impact of eradication policies when opium is used as a means of obtaining credit, and when the crops are produced in sharecropping arrangements. The results indicate that both these features are likely to affect the outcome of eradication policies.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Samhällsekonomiska aspekter på svensk livsmedelsberedskap – ett nationellt och regionalt perspektiv
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med denna studie är att beräkna ekonomiska effekter av minskad import av insatsvaror till jordbruket och av livsmedel till konsumenterna, och av störningar i transporter mellan olika regioner i Sverige. En minskad import av någon vara medför effekter på och anpassningar av en aktör som sedan sprids vidare till andra sektorer. Kostnader beräknas för producenters och konsumenters anpassningar till ändrade betingelser samtidigt som krav ställs på en viss miniminivå på medborgarnas näringsintag. Beräkningar sker med en partiell jämviktsmodell av det svenska livsmedelsystemet (SASM) som inkluderar tre olika aktörer; jordbrukare, förädlingsled och konsumenter. Den deskriptiva analysen pekar på en stark koncentration särskilt av förädlingsindustrin till södra Sverige, vilket innebär en sårbarhet för de nordliga regionerna. En systematisk analys av kostnader för en halverad import av olika insatsvaror till primärproduktionen, livsmedel för konsumtion och transportkapacitet inom landet pekar på att kravet på näringsintag kan upprätthållas i olika delar av landet. Kostnaden av anpassning i form av minskad produktion och konsumtion kan dock bli hög och uppgå till 101 miljarder kronor per år när samtliga störningar i handel sker samtidigt. Skillnaderna i kostnader mellan norra och södra Sverige är dock stora där kostnaden per invånare kan bli dubbelt så hög i norra Sverige som i södra.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Wild boars and farming in Sweden : an assessment of the costs
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wild boar is among the most wide spread mammal in the world and is known to cause serious damages for farmers in terms of crop losses and impacts on farm infrastructure. This study estimate farmers’ cost of wild boar in Sweden, and how it is determined by land scape diversity, proxies for wild boar population, land ownership, feeding and protective measures by the farmer. Data are obtained from a survey of 3200 farmers, and the results indicate an average annual cost of SEK 28843/farm or SEK 305/ha, of which 62% arises from crop losses and 28% from adjustment and protection costs. However, 60% of the farmers reported no damage cost, and we therefore examined the determinants of the probability of damage cost and, when it occurs, the size. It was found that proxies of wild boar abundance and land scape diversity have significant and positive impact on the likelihood and magnitude of costs. Diversity in the landscape gives access to hiding opportunities for the pigs when searching for food in the agricultural fields. Share of area with forage, rented land, arable land, and protective measures all showed significant and positive effects on the size of the damage cost.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Baresel, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of metal source uncertainty on cost-effective allocation of mine water pollution abatement in catchments
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 78:2, s. 138-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In mine water pollution abatement, it is commonly assumed that known mine waste sites are the major pollution sources, thus neglecting the possibility of significant contribution from other old and diffuse sources within a catchment. We investigate the influence of different types of pollution source uncertainty on cost-effective allocation of abatement measures for mine water pollution. A catchment-scale cost-minimization model is developed and applied to the catchment of the river Dalalven, Sweden, in order to exemplify important effects of such source uncertainty. Results indicate that, if the pollution distribution between point and diffuse sources is partly unknown, downstream abatement measures, such as constructed wetlands, at given compliance boundaries are often cost-effective. If downstream abatement measures are not practically feasible, the pollution source distribution between point and diffuse mine water sources is critical for cost-effective solutions to abatement measure allocation in catchments. In contrast, cost-effective solutions are relatively insensitive to uncertainty in total pollutant discharge from mine water sources.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Brännlund, Runar, et al.
(författare)
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Vetenskapliga rådets utblick
- 2014
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Ingår i: Miljö, ekonomi och politik 2014. - Stockholm : Konjunkturinstitutet. - 9789186315566 ; , s. 117-123
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 17. |
- Brännlund, Runar, et al.
(författare)
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Vetenskapliga rådets utblick
- 2015
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Ingår i: Miljö, ekonomi och politik 2015. - Stockholm : Konjunkturinstitutet. - 9789186315665 ; , s. 113-119
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 18. |
- Brännlund, Runar, et al.
(författare)
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Vetenskapliga rådets utblick
- 2012
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Ingår i: Miljö, ekonomi och politik 2012. - Stockholm : Konjunkturinstitutet. - 9789186315382 ; , s. 189-194
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 19. |
- Brännlund, Runar, et al.
(författare)
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Vetenskapliga rådets utblick
- 2013
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Ingår i: Miljö, ekonomi och politik. - Stockholm : Konjunkturinstitutet. - 9789186315467 ; , s. 145-151
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20. |
- Budh, Erika, 1970-
(författare)
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Essays on Environmental Economics
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays.Essay IThis essay reports on an experimental study of how voluntary contributions in a public good game are affected by framing. In the public good context, average wealth improves from contributions. In the defensive contexts, the voluntary contributions prevent reductions in average wealth. The experiment shows that the subjects classified as conditionally co-operative make zero contributions to a larger extent in the defensive contexts. But there are no significant differences in average contribution levels, owing to compensating contributions by some subjects motivated by warm glow.Essay IIThe aim of this essay is to clarify the magnitude of the sub-optimization cost associated with separate control strategies for compliance with the Swedish environmental quality objectives. The marginal reduction costs are estimated using a separate and an integrated version of a deterministic linear programming model. The main findings are that there are no substantial sub-optimization costs for separate control strategies for CO2, NOX and SO2. But an integrated action strategy could imply enhanced costefficiency in reductions of VOC and particles.Essay IIIIn this essay we develop a multivariate stochastic control framework to deal with the cost efficiency problem associated with multiple emissions, since there are considerable quantification uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of the proposed emission reduction measures. It is found that a composite probabilistic constraint induces considerably lower abatement costs than separable probabilistic restrictions. Moreover, it can be concluded that the possibilities of increasing the cost-efficiency of emission reductions, with an approach that includes all major emissions to air simultaneously, become more apparent in the stochastic framework than in the deterministic setting.Essay IVThe European Union (EU) emission-trading scheme (ETS) is on of the most ambitious emission-trading systems ever and the involved member-states have various national climate strategies. This paper compares two options regarding how Sweden, a memberstate with a stricter national CO2 target than the EU Kyoto commitment, can internalise ETS. In the first strategy, the total emission cap for the Swedish ETS participants is based on the EU Kyoto commitment and combined with existing CO2 taxation. In the second, the ETS participants are exempted from CO2 taxation and the national policy is instead enforced by a stricter emission cap. We evaluate these strategies with a stochastic linear programming model based on 51 measures in Sweden. From the EU perspective, a transition from the first to the second strategy would reduce the cost of complying with the national target by approximately 150 and 40 million € a year, at emission allowance prices of 9 and 54 €/tonne respectively.
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| 21. |
- Eckerberg, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Varför brister politikerna när det gäller miljömålen?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad ska vi svara? Politikernas ambitiösa miljömål uppfylls sällan eller aldrig. När våra elever frågar oss varför blir vi ofta svaret skyldiga. Om politikerna inte vill att väljarna ska dra slutsatsen att de har misslyckats, måste de ange en realistisk väg att nå de uppsatta målen. Det skulle väcka respekt, skriver ledande forskare och samhällsplanerare.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent and uncertain carbon pools
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate policy instruments for interdependent carbon pools and how they can be applied in the EU climate policy to 2050. Cost-effective policy instruments for forest products which are adjusted for the impact on carbon pools are identified. A numerical, dynamic, chance-constrained model including the EU-27 countries shows that inclusion of only one forest carbon pool can reduce costs and increase emission reductions. Results also suggest that decentralized policy instruments for both carbon pools are less costly than uniform instruments at the EU level.
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| 26. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-efficient climate policies for interdependent carbon pools
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - : Elsevier. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 101, s. 86-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate cost-effective climate policy instruments for bioenergy and timber, adapted to the impacts on interdependent forest carbon pools, and applied in the EU climate policy to 2050. We develop a discrete time dynamic model including forest carbon pools in biomass, soil, and products, as well as fossil fuel consumption. The analytical results show that the optimal taxes on forest products depend on the growth in the respective carbon pool. The application to the EU 2050 climate policy for emission trading shows that total costs for target achievement can be reduced by 33 percent if all carbon pools are included, and the carbon tax on fossil fuel can be reduced by 50 percent. Optimal taxes on forest products differ among countries and over time depending on the potential for increased carbon sequestration over the planning period. (C) 2017 The Authors.
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| 27. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal management of invasive species with different reproduction and survival strategies
- 2012
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Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : Wiley. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 25:4, s. 599-628
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a numerical model is developed for analyzing the role of species life history and age structure for the optimal management of a commercial resident species that is exposed to an invasive species. It is shown that reproduction and mortality characteristics of both species ands age structure of the invader at the time of invasion are important for the costs of invasions when the invader and resident species compete for scarce resources. Commercially harvested species with low juvenile survival and high reproduction are found to be economically more robust against invasions. Species with these life-history traits are also the most damaging as invaders. Properties of the harvesting cost function and the discount rate are shown to be of importance for the development of the invader population over time. Hence, it is possible to identify specific combinations of life-history characteristics and economic conditions under which invasions cause particularly large economic damage.
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| 28. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating invasive species with different life history
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioeconomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-6996 .- 1573-6989. ; 17:2, s. 113-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Invasive species often cause economic damage due to their impact on economically valuable resident species. We study optimal regulation in terms of simultaneous control and adaptation when the purpose is to manage an invasive species which competes for scarce resources with a resident species. The optimal policy includes both subsidies for control of an invasive species with zero commercial value, and harvesting taxes on the resident species which are adjusted in the presence of an invasion. A numerical age-structured optimization model is used to analyze the role of species’ life history, i.e. the degree of evolutionary specialization in survival or reproduction, for the choice of strategy and the associated economic instruments. Results show that, irrespective of life history, both policies are implemented in efficient solutions, but subsidies for controlling the invader are used to a larger extent when it is possible to target specific age classes of the invader. If a resident species is harvested non-selectively, the optimal subsidy for control of the invader is lower, and if the invader is specialized in survival the control subsidy mirrors the resident species harvest cycle. © 2014, The Author(s).
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| 29. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Should forests be used as uncertain carbon sinks or uncertain fossil fuel substitutes in the EU Roadmap to 2050?
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigates the contribution of forest carbon sequestration to a cost-efficient EU climate policy from 2010 to 2050 under conditions of uncertainty. We note that there is a trade-off between sequestration and alternative uses of forests such as bioenergy and timber production. A dynamic and probabilistic cost-minimization model is developed, which includes fossil fuel use within the EU Emissions Trading System and forest management in the EU-27 countries. The results suggest that if policy makers wish to meet emissions targets with 80% certainty, this goal will be eight times more expensive than when they were unconcerned with uncertainty. Policy makers’ risk attitudes affect forest management strategy primarily through the inclusion of wood products, where potential carbon emissions reductions are high but also highly uncertain. Excluding wood products from a climate strategy can be expensive if policy maker are insensitive to uncertainty.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Engelmann, Marc, et al.
(författare)
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Hunters' trade-off in valuation of different game animals in Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 92, s. 73-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle accidents and damage to farm and forest land by ungulates have been documented in several studies, which call for regulation of population size according to their damages. These species may also create value for hunters in terms of recreational and other values. However, in Sweden and many other countries hunters have access to multiple game species, which needs to be considered when comparing eventual costs and values of different game. In this study we estimated hunters' trade-offs in valuation of the four main game animals in Sweden, moose, roe deer, wild boar and small game, by regarding them as different attributes of hunting. To this end, a discrete choice experiment framework was used to elicit hunters' trade-offs between the different game animals. Estimates with a mixed logit model showed significant differences in valuations of the game animals. Average annual marginal willingness to pay (WTP) for hunting moose was SEK 1878/animal (SEK 8.44 = 1 USD in 2015), which was approximately four-fold and six-fold the corresponding WTP for roe deer and wild boar, respectively.
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| 32. |
- Engelmann, Marc, et al.
(författare)
-
Hunting value of wild boar in Sweden: a choice experiment
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to estimate hunters’ valuation of wild boar in Sweden. However, hunters have access to hunt, not only wild boar, but also other game such as moose and roe deer. Therefore, wild boar is regarded as an attribute of hunting together with other game, which includes moose, roe deer, and small game. A discrete choice experiment framework is used to elicit hunters’ trade-offs between wild boar, moose, roe deer and small game. Estimates with a mixed logit model showed that the average annual willingness to pay (WTP) for a wild boar is approximately SEK 330/animal, which corresponds to 1/8 of the average WTP for a moose and ¼ of that for a roe deer. The range in WTP is determined by the activity of the hunters, as measured by number of hunting days per year, the least active gives the lowest WTP (SEK 113) and the most active the highest WTP (SEK 529). This can be a result of the specific challenges when hunting the wild boars, which are active in night time and equipped with excellent hearing and smell. Hunters that are farmers also give a relatively low WTP (SEK 134), which can be explained by the damages on crops created by the animal
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| 33. |
- Goedkoop, Willem, et al.
(författare)
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Fishing motives and economic effects of climate change – An application on Arctic char in northern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Bioeconomics. - 1387-6996 .- 1573-6989. ; 25, s. 203-223
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motives for fishing differ among fishers, which may imply different effects of climate change on the net values of fishing. Climate change has impacts on fish population dynamics and on other factors in the fishers’ harvest decision, such as alternative sources of food or income. Here we present a bio-economic model that includes impacts of climate change on fish population and on net values of harvest by fishers with recreational or subsistence fishing motives. The conceptual analysis shows that the economic effects of climate change with simultaneous impacts on fish population growth and harvest values are inconclusive with common fishing access for both fisher types and when there are opposite simultaneous climate effects with exclusive access for one of the fisher types. Numerical results from our model of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in northern Sweden indicate that climate change, measured as temperature increases, reduces fish population growth but increases net values of fishing for both fisher types. The combined net effect of these counteracting forces is that annual net values can almost cease for the subsistence fisher in the future but increase considerably for the recreational fisher.
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| 34. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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A meta-analysis of the recreational value of fishing
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper makes a meta-analysis of studies estimating willingness-to-pay for fishing at the global scale. Focus of studies, determinants of the value, and predictive power are analyzed with 208 usable studies. Most of the studies were applied to fishing in the USA and measured fishing value as value-per-day. Variables reflecting contextual, environmental and study specific factors were included as explanatory determinants in different sub-sample regression models. Mixed effect methods were used, and a robust result was that temperature had a significant and positive effect on the fishing value. The estimated predictive power for sub-sample models with values measured as value-per-day for specific fish species (trout and bass) and valuation methods (contingent valuation and travel cost methods) was relatively good when compared with other studies on meta-analysis of environmental values. Predictions of an increase in temperature by 1°C indicated an increase by 2 % in the fishing value.
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| 35. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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A Meta-Regression Analysis of Hunters' Valuations of Recreational Hunting
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 15
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hunters' valuations of recreational hunting have been estimated by a large number of location-specific studies since the early 1970s, but to date there has been no systematic assessment of this research at the global scale. The present study performed a meta-analysis of 80 studies with 588 value-per-day estimates. The assessment showed a high concentration of studies pertaining to the valuation of deer and the valuation of hunting in the USA. The average value was USD 69 /hunting day in 2020 prices, but the variation was large, ranging from USD 4 to 325 /hunting day. The statistical performance of alternative mixed-effect models explaining the estimated value differences was tested with different hunting attributes (targeted game animal); context variables (income/capita, population density, year of study, region of application); and study characteristics (valuation method, publication outlet). The results showed that the type of game animal, income per capita, and valuation method had significant effects on estimated values. The predictive power was high for all models, supporting the application of the meta-analysis results to guide the management of hunting where primary valuation studies have not been undertaken, in particular outside the USA.
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| 36. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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A numerical model for cost effective mitigation of CO₂ in the EU with stochastic carbon sink
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a model for the analysis of the potential of carbon sinks in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) under conditions of stochastic carbon sequestration by forest land. A partial equilibrium model is developed which takes into account both the ETS and national commitments. Chance constraint programming is used to analyze the role of stochastic carbon sinks for national and EU-wide costs as well as carbon allowance price. The results show that the inclusion of the carbon sink option can reduce costs by as much as 2/3, but the cost saving is dampened when higher reliability of targets achievement is required. When carbon sinks are included, some countries with large carbon sequestration in relation to carbon emissions can achieve their national commitments without any costly reductions in energy use. However, cost estimates are sensitive to changes in assumed parameter values, in particular to changes in given business-as-usual levels of the use of fossil fuel
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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A trading market for uncertain carbon removal by land use in the EU
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 159
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper designs a trading market for uncertain carbon removal from uptake and reduced leakage by restoration of drained peatland, forest management and afforestation in the EU countries. A cost-efficient design of the quantification of carbon removals takes uncertainty into account by introducing a risk premium that differs between countries and measures. Given the cost-efficient design with risk premiums, the marginal and total costs of achieving carbon removal targets for the EU are higher with reliability concern than without because of the larger carbon removals in order to ensure the achievement of a target at a given probability. The results show large differences in costs after trading where some countries meet high costs and other countries make net gains by selling carbon credits on the market. An evaluation of the EU's regulation on legally binding carbon sink assignments for different countries shows that the total cost of a cost-efficient flexibility with trade could be reduced by 50% compared with no trade, and that all countries benefit from such a change.
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| 39. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Air pollutants from shipping: Costs of NOx emissions to the Baltic Sea
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 300
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite a large body of literature on the calculations of costs of air emissions from shipping, calculations of damages to the marine water are missing. This paper calculated the costs of NOx emissions from shipping entering an environmentally heterogeneous sea by applying the abatement cost approach. The total costs and unit shadow cost of NOx were then calculated by means of the marginal abatement cost for international agreements on targets of nitrogen loads to the sea. This conceptual model highlighted the need to distinguish between direct emissions of NOx on the sea and indirect emissions through deposition of emissions on land in the catchment with subsequent transportation into the sea. Calculated total cost amounted to 240 million euros, where indirect deposition accounted for 23% of the costs. The unit shadow costs ranged between 1.41 and 3.69 euros/kg NOx-N depending on location of the vessel.
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| 40. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Aquatic invasive species and ecosystem services: Economic effects of the worm Marenzelleria spp. in the Baltic Sea
- 2018
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 24, s. 13-24
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impacts of alien marine species on ecosystem services have been documented in numerous studies, but estimates of the costs, with explicit quantification of the impact channels, are lacking. We calculated the costs of the invasive worm Marenzelleria in the Baltic Sea, which affects the capacity of the seabed to store nutrients, by combining the production function and replacement cost methods. The nutrient storage capacity is then regarded as an input to nutrient cleaning of the sea, with reduced capacity implying higher costs of reaching nutrient reduction targets. We developed a simple dynamic model which captured the effect of Marenzelleria on the decay rates of nutrient pools in different interconnected sea basins of the Baltic Sea. Evidence and numerical estimates indicated a decrease in sequestration of phosphorus in the different sea basins caused by occurrence of the invasive worm. The total discounted cost of this decrease was estimated for two different international nutrient policy scenarios; cost-effective abatement and current international agreement on country targets. The results showed large differences in total abatement costs between these scenarios, but the calculated cost of the species were similar. The estimated cost ranged between 290 and 1094 billion SEK, depending on the effect of Marenzelleria on sequestration of phosphorus. The average annual cost corresponds to 0.03-0.13% of total gross domestic product of the nine coastal countries. However, the cost was unevenly distributed among the countries, with Poland bearing the largest share because of its large phosphorus loads and access to low-cost abatement options.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Calculating the costs of animal-vehicle accidents involving ungulate in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 70, s. 112-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) involving ungulate species pose a serious problem in many countries, and the prediction of accidents and costs on a regional and national spatial scale is important for efficient accident mitigation. Based on the assumption that AVCs are determined by traffic volume and ungulate population dynamics, this study developed a relatively simple method for calculating and predicting the costs of current and future traffic accidents involving moose, roe deer and wild boar in Sweden. A logistic population model was assumed for all three ungulate species and econometric methods were applied to obtain population growth models based on panel data on traffic accidents, traffic load, hunting bags, hunting licenses and landscape characteristics for each Swedish county and year from 2003 to 2015. The population growth models were used to predict vehicle accidents and costs. The predicted annual discounted costs of AVCs over a 15-year period based on projected ungulate populations and traffic volume fell by 25% from 406 million USD in 2015, however the allocation of costs between ungulates differed. AVCs involving roe deer accounted for the largest share of the costs (54%), but collisions involving wild boar showed the most rapid increase over the study period because of a relatively high estimated growth rate and recent expansion of wild boar populations to several new counties. However, the predicted costs were sensitive to assumptions regarding population dynamics as well as assumptions about future hunting pressure and traffic volume.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Climate change and the value of fishing in the Arctic
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several studies indicate impacts on fish from climate change in the Arctic, but there is no study calculating the effect on the value of fishing. The value of fishing is determined not only by climate change, but also by other variables including prosperity and population density. The present study estimates the impact of these factors on the recreational value of fishing by using meta-regression analysis of studies estimating willingness-to-pay for fishing in the Arctic. The study includes 22 studies with a total of 107 observations, and the results indicate robust results with a positive relation between estimated value and temperature and prosperity, but a negative with precipitation. Using the results from the regression, simulations showed that increases by the same percent in temperature and precipitation give a minor net decrease in the fishing value, but an increase in the temperature with 1 ̊C can raise the average fishing value by approximately 15 percent.
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| 45. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Climate change and the Water Framework Directive: cost effectiveness and policy design for water management in the Swedish Malar region
- 2010
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Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 100, s. 463-484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper calculates the impacts of climatic change on cost effective nutrient management under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) for the eutrophic Malar lake and Stockholm archipelago in south-eastern Sweden. This is carried out for two types of targets: actual nutrient reduction targets and water quality targets as suggested by WFD. Stochastic programming is applied where climatic changes are modelled as impacts on the mean and variability in nutrient loads and water quality. The results indicate significant impacts on abatement costs and associated nutrient policy design for both targets. Climatic change may under favourable conditions 'solve' the water quality problem by achieving the predetermined target without any need for policy instruments, but can also generate large increases in cleaning costs and required charge/subsidy schemes for the same target. The results also point to the importance of target setting, where water quality targets are more robust than nutrient reduction targets with respect to achievement under different climate change impacts.
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| 46. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie
(författare)
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Climate Change and Variability
- 2010
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Ingår i: Climate Change and Resilience Value of Mussel Farming for the Baltic Sea. - 9789533071442 ; , s. 189-197
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 47. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Comparative resilience of US and EU meat processing to the Covid19 pandemic
- 2023
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Ingår i: Food Policy. - 0306-9192 .- 1873-5657. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the similarities in the drop and recovery patterns of US and EU meat production during the Covid19 pandemic, the literature in the two continents assessed their respective meat processing industries' resilience differently - resilient in the EU and non-resilient in the US but offered no resilience metrics in support of their assessments. We cast the differing transatlantic views in the context of the economic resilience literature and operationalize several metrics for cattle, pig, and chicken slaughter. We find the US less resilient than the EU in cattle and pig slaughter. Resilience in chicken slaughter depends on which metric is used. We discuss
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| 48. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective biodiversity restoration with uncertain growth in forest habitat quality
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Forest Economics. - : Now Publishers. - 1104-6899. ; 20, s. 77-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a dynamic model for cost-effective selection of sites for restoring biodiversity when habitat quality develops over time and is uncertain. A safety-first decision criterion is used for ensuring a minimum level of habitats, and this is formulated in a chance-constrained programming framework. The theoretical results show; (i) inclusion of quality growth reduces overall cost for achieving a future biodiversity target from relatively early establishment of habitats, but (ii) consideration of uncertainty in growth increases total cost and delays establishment, and (iii) cost-effective trading of habitat requires exchange rate between sites that varies over time. An empirical application to the red listed umbrella species - white-backed woodpecker - shows that the total cost of achieving habitat targets specified in the Swedish recovery plan is doubled if the target is to be achieved with high reliability, and that equilibrating price on a habitat trading market differs considerably between different quality growth combinations. (C) 2013 Department of Forest Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective management of a eutrophicated sea in the presence of uncertain technological development and climate change
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyse effects of uncertain climate change and technological development on cost-effective abatement of nitrogen and phosphorus for a eutrophied sea. A dynamic model is developed which accounts for differences in the sea’s adjustment to the loads of the two nutrients, uncertainty in climate change effects with probabilistic constraints on nutrient pool targets, and uncertain technological development in a mean-variance framework. The analytical results show that introduction of uncertainty increases abatement costs but that the effect on marginal abatement cost differ for the two types of uncertainty. Marginal abatement cost is increased by technological uncertainty but decreased by the reduction in the risk discount of climate change uncertainties. It is also shown that abatement along the optimal time path is delayed by the introduction of technological uncertainty, but made earlier when considering climate change uncertainty. An application to the eutrophied Baltic Sea indicates that climate change and technological development can reduce total abatement cost by 1/3, but also increase it considerably when uncertainty is included.
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