| 1. |
- Gross, Cornelius, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term outcomes after adolescent in-patient treatment due to alcohol intoxication : A control group study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Drug And Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier BV. - 0376-8716 .- 1879-0046. ; 162, s. 116-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The long-term psychosocial development of adolescents admitted to in-patient treatment with alcohol intoxication (AIA) is largely unknown. Methods: We invited all 1603 AIAs and 641 age- and sex-matched controls, who had been hospitalized in one of five pediatric departments between 2000 and 2007, to participate in a telephone interview. 277 cases of AIA and 116 controls (mean age 24.2 years (SD 2.2); 46% female) could be studied 5-13 years (mean 8.3, SD 2.3) after the event. The control group consisted of subjects who were admitted due to conditions other than alcohol intoxication. Blood alcohol concentration on admission was systematically measured in the AIA but, owing to the retrospective study design, not in the control group. Subtle alcohol intoxication could therefore not be entirely ruled out in the control group. Long-term outcome measures included current DSM-5 alcohol use disorders (AUD), drinking patterns, illicit substance use, regular smoking, general life satisfaction, use of mental health treatment, and delinquency. Results: AIA had a significantly elevated risk to engage in problematic habitual alcohol use, to exhibit delinquent behaviors, and to use illicit substances in young adulthood compared to the control group. Severe AUD also occurred considerably more often in the AIA than the control group. Conclusions: In the majority of AIAs, further development until their mid-twenties appears to be unremarkable. However, their risk to develop severe AUD and other problematic outcomes is significantly increased. This finding calls for a diagnostic instrument distinguishing between high- and low-risk AIAs already in the emergency room.
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| 2. |
- Rossier, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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A neural circuit for competing approach and defense underlying prey capture
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 118:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predators must frequently balance competing approach and defensive behaviors elicited by a moving and potentially dangerous prey. Several brain circuits supporting predation have recently been localized. However, the mechanisms by which these circuits balance the conflict between approach and defense responses remain unknown. Laboratory mice initially show alternating approach and defense responses toward cockroaches, a natural prey, but with repeated exposure become avid hunters. Here, we used in vivo neural activity recording and cell-type specific manipulations in hunting male mice to identify neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray that encode and control predatory approach and defense behaviors. We found a subset of GABAergic neurons in lateral hypothalamus that specifically encoded hunting behaviors and whose stimulation triggered predation but not feeding. This population projects to the periaqueductal gray, and stimulation of these projections promoted predation. Neurons in periaqueductal gray encoded both approach and defensive behaviors but only initially when the mouse showed high levels of fear of the prey. Our findings allow us to propose that GABAergic neurons in lateral hypothalamus facilitate predation in part by suppressing defensive responses to prey encoded in the periaqueductal gray. Our results reveal a neural circuit mechanism for controlling the balance between conflicting approach and defensive behaviors elicited by the same stimulus.
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