| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Barbosa, S., et al.
(författare)
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Workshop on Engaging the Human-Computer Interaction Community with Public Policymaking Internationally : Extended Abstract
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceeding CHI EA '13 CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450318990 ; , s. 3279-3282
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an increasing interest in the intersection of human-computer interaction and public policy. This day-long workshop will examine successes and challenges related to public policy and human computer interaction, in order to provide a forum to create a baseline of examples and to start the process of writing a white paper on the topic.
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| 3. |
- Bark, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Use and usefulness of HCI methods : Results from an exploratory study among Nordic HCI practitioners
- 2006
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Ingår i: People and Computers XIX - The Bigger Picture. - London : Springer London. - 184628192X ; , s. 201-217
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As an HCI practitioner, it would be of great value to know which methods other HCI practitioners find most useful in different project phases. Also it would be interesting to know whether the type of ICT projects has any effects on HCI practitioners' perception of the usefulness of the methods. This paper presents results from an exploratory survey of HCI practitioners in the Nordic countries conducted in the fall of 2004. 179 of the respondents were usability professionals or UI designers with two or more years of experience. The survey results give insights with regard to whether or not HCI practitioners are included in those project phases regarded as most important. Also it describes which HCI methods that are used in different project phases, and how useful different HCI methods are perceived to be. The study complements existing HCI practitioner survey investigations by an explicit allocation of the HCI methods under consideration to concrete project phases, and by including analyses of group differences between practitioners working with different kinds of development projects.
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| 4. |
- Bark, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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USE AND USEFULNESS OF HCI METHODS : RESULTS FROM AN EXPLORATORY STUDY AMONG NORDIC HCI PRACTITIONERS
- 2005
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Ingår i: People and Computers XIX. - 184628192X
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As an HCI practitioner, it would be of great value to know which methods other HCI practitioners find most useful in different project phases. Also it would be interesting to know whether the type of ICT projects has any effects on HCI practitioners’ perception of the usefulness of the methods. This paper presents results from an exploratory survey of HCI practitioners in the Nordic countries conducted in the fall of 2004. 179 of the respondents were usability professionals or UI designers with two or more years of experience. The survey results give insights with regard to whether or not HCI practitioners are included in those project phases regarded as most important. Also it describes which HCI methods that are used in different project phases, and how useful different HCI methods are perceived to be. The study complements existing HCI practitioner survey investigations by an explicit allocation of the HCI methods under consideration to concrete project phases, and by including analyses of group differences between practitioners working with different kinds of development projects.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bengt, Göransson, et al.
(författare)
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Usability Design : Extending Rational Unified Process with a New Discipline
- 2003
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Ingår i: Interactive Systems: Design, Specification and Verification, 10th International Workshop, DSV-IS 2003, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, June 2003, Revised Papers, LNCS 2844. - 3540201599 ; , s. 316-330
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Bernhaupt, Regina, et al.
(författare)
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4(th) Workshop on Software and Usability Engineering Cross-Pollination : Usability Evaluation of Advanced Interfaces
- 2009
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Ingår i: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION - INTERACT 2009, PT II, PROCEEDINGS. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642036576 ; , s. 954-956
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The usability evaluation of advanced interfaces such as intelligent, adaptive and context-aware interfaces presents several challenges. These interfaces need to be evaluated over an extended time period and used in their actual Context Of use, rather than in a laboratory setting. Usability evaluation methods for traditional interactive systems have been extensively researched and are well understood. These methods include heuristic evaluation, usability testing and field studies. The goal of this workshop is to bring together people who are engaged in the design and evaluation of advanced interfaces across different disciplines. The objective is to exchange ideas and techniques relevant to the usability evaluation of advanced interfaces and to establish guidelines for the evaluation of such interfaces that cross-pollinate the different disciplines.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Blomkvist, Stefan
(författare)
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User-centred design and agile development of IT systems
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the knowledge on the interaction between humans and computers, too many IT systems show great deficits when it comes to usability. Every day we run into technology that makes our every day life and our work unnecessarily complex and difficult because of the IT systems that are not designed to support our tasks in a usable way. This thesis deals with different aspects of usability and the process of how to develop usable IT systems effectively. Primarily, the systems concerned are used in professional work, such as case handling systems in large government organisations.The main objective of this research is to understand which essential factors in the system development process that facilitate the development of usable IT systems. Another key subject is how human-computer interaction (HCI) knowledge can be integrated into systems development, in particular the integration of user-centred design (UCD) and agile software development. The research is based on a qualitative approach and on reflections from my own experience in development projects. It also includes exploratory studies and design cases.The attempts of bridging the gap between HCI and software engineering have not been notably successful in practice. To address some of these problems, there is a need for a more precise definition of user-centred design, which is proposed in the thesis. Also, the complicated reality of systems development is not considered enough by HCI researchers and practitioner. To reach better results, UCD has to be integrated as a natural part of the development process. In the thesis, I argue that the agile approach together with UCD can be a good starting point for this integration. The agile approach emphasises that responding to change in development is more important than strictly adhering to a plan. Also, it prioritises regular deliveries of working software over extensive models and documentation. However, from an HCI perspective, agile processes do not inherently provide the required support for user-centred design. Nevertheless, the basic values and specific methods of agile development may have the potential to work very well together with UCD. For instance, iterative development is fundamental to both user-centred design and agile development.Finally, the research addresses how iterative methods can be used to find design solutions that support the users to cope with the problems of overview and control in case handling work.
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| 11. |
- Boivie, Inger, 1959-
(författare)
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A Fine Balance : Addressing Usability and Users’ Needs in the Development of IT Systems for the Workplace
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IT systems with poor usability are a serious problem in many workplaces. Many workers, particularly office workers, spend a large part of their workday at the computer, and usability problems can cause frustration and impact negatively on productivity. This thesis discusses some of the problems associated with addressing usability and users’ needs in IT systems development.Usability issues and users’ needs are often marginalised or even abandoned in systems development. Technical issues and deadlines are given precedence, while usability activities and user activities are cut back or cancelled. Research shows that there are various obstacles to usability and user involvement, including difficulties with understanding the usability concept, insufficient usability expertise and a lack of time and resources.This thesis presents a number of studies that look at the problem from different angles. The main question is why usability and users’ needs are marginalised in bespoke systems development, where IT systems are built for a specific work context. The research presented in this thesis also addresses user-centred systems design as a way of integrating usability issues and users’ needs into systems development. The thesis concludes with a discussion about different ways of viewing and representing the users’ work: the systems theoretical view and the view of work as a social process. The former emphasises the formal aspects of work and views users as components in an overall system, whereas the latter focuses on work as a social process and people as active agents. The discussion concludes with the argument that the conflict between these two views is played out in the systems development process, which may help explain some of the difficulties that arise when working with usability and users’ needs.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Boivie, Inger, et al.
(författare)
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The Lonesome Cowboy - A Study of the Usability Designer Role in Systems Development. Interacting with Computers
- 2006
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Ingår i: Interacting with computers. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0953-5438 .- 1873-7951. ; 18:4, s. 601-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on an evaluation of the usability designer role as applied in two Swedish systems development organisations. The role was initially defined by us, but evolved in these two organisations. We conducted interviews with usability designers, project managers and a user representative. Our main research question was whether or not the introduction of a usability designer has been successful in terms of changes in the systems development process and the impact the role has had on products, projects and organisations. To some extent, the role has met our expectations and intentions for instance, in helping the usability designers shift their focus towards design, and assume some kind of "users' advocate" role. But in other ways, the role "failed". The usability designers in our study are still facing the kind of problems and obstacles that usability professionals have always had to deal with.
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| 14. |
- Boivie, Inger
(författare)
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Usability and users’ health issues in systems development
- 2003
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The figures of reported health problems in computer-supported, administrative, work are alarmingly high and increasing. The main health problems are visual discomfort, repetitive strain injuries (RSI) and stress-related disorders. Some important risk factors are poor workstation design, constrained work postures, repetitive work and long hours of computer use every day. Others are high demands, poor control over workload and work pace and poor relations to management and colleagues. There is also evidence that poor design and usability of the computer systems as well as technical problems with the computer add to the pressure perceived by the user, which may in its turn cause stress-related disorders.Systems (software) development is often technology-driven and the design and contents of the resulting system shapes the work situation, including factors affecting the users' health and well-being. There are numerous examples in the literature describing how poorly designed systems fail to support the real work practices, introducing new ones that are inadequate and more time-consuming. Thus these, supposedly supporting, computer systems get in the way of efficient and effective work, adding a burden on the workers rather than helping them out.This thesis tries to describe some of the relations between the systems development process and users' health complaints, in a work context. I also discuss whether or not the concepts of usability and user experience can be used to address users' health issues in the systems development process. The main results indicate that although usability must be addressed, it is not sufficient. Occupational health issues must be explicitly integrated in systems development, and be given priority. This thesis also describes some potential methods and techniques for doing that.
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| 15. |
- Borg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Accessibility to electronic communication for people with cognitive disabilities : a systematic search and review of empiricla evidence
- 2014
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Ingår i: Universal Access in the Information Society. - : Springer. - 1615-5289 .- 1615-5297.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to identify and synthesize measures for accessibility to electronic communication for people with cognitive disabilities by seeking answers to the following research questions: What measures to make electronic communication accessible to people with cognitive disabilities are evaluated and reported in the scientific literature? What documented effects do these measures have? Empirical studies describing and assessing cognitive accessibility measures were identified by searches of 13 databases. Data were extracted and methodological quality was assessed. Findings were analyzed and recommendations for practice and research were made. Twenty-nine articles with considerable variations in studied accessibility measures, diagnoses, methods, outcome measures, and quality were included. They address the use of Internet, e-mail, telephone, chat, television, multimedia interfaces, texts and pictures, operation of equipment, and entering of information. Although thin, the current evidence base indicates that the accessibility needs, requirements, and preferences of people with cognitive disabilities are diverse. This ought to be reflected in accessibility guidelines and standards. Studies to systematically develop and recommend effective accessibility measures are needed to address current knowledge gaps.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Cajander, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Användbara IT-stöd : En utvärdering av ett forskningsprojekt vid CSN, Centrala studiestödsnämnden
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utvecklingsrådet för den statliga sektorn har tagit ett initiativ för att stödja myndigheternas arbete med att förbättra arbetsmiljön och sänka sjukfrånvaron. Därför startades programmet Satsa friskt. Programmet ger stöd i form av ekonomiskt bidrag och experthjälp till olika projekt inom statliga myndigheter. Ett av Satsa Friskts insatsområden är Människa IT . Inom detta område har det sedan 2004 bedrivits ett antal olika projekt vid flera statliga verk. Vi har från MDI (avdelningen för människa-datorinteraktion, institutionen för informationsteknologi) vid Uppsala universitet varit mer omfattande inblandad i tre olika sådana projekt: vid CSN, Migrationsverket och SMHI. Syftet och innehållet har varierat en del mellan de olika projekten, men ett huvudsakligt fokus har varit hur man kan se till att de framtida IT-stödda arbetena inom myndigheterna blir effektivare och arbetsmiljön bättre. Genom att bättre beakta användbarhets- och arbetsmiljöaspekter vid kravställande, utveckling och införande av IT-stöd kan man stödja en positiv utveckling av verksamheten som sådan liksom av arbetsinnehåll och arbetsmiljö för den enskilde individen. Resultatet kan då bli effektivare verksamhet, bättre service till kunder och ett hälsosammare och hållbarare arbete för de anställda. Denna rapport beskriver det arbete som under åren 2005-2007 genomförts i samverkan mellan CSN, Centrala studiestödsnämnden, och MDI, Uppsala universitet. Förutom en kort beskrivning av innehållet i det arbete som gjorts inom projektet redovisar denna rapport en utvärdering av resultatet, de lärdomar som vi gjort från projektet, de råd vi kan ge till andra som vill ta del av dessa lärdomar samt en förteckning av de rapporter av olika slag som producerats.
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| 18. |
- Cajander, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating Procurement, Usability and Off-the-Shelf Office Software
- 2007
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Ingår i: COST294-MAUSE Workshop Downstream Utility. - 9782917490013 ; , s. 25-29
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Off-the-shelf office software has lately been receivingincreasing attention in Sweden. This experience reportillustrate different perspectives on a usability evaluation ofthe procurement process and the off-the-shelf softwaresystem. This study was part of a long-term action researchproject in a large government organization. Data wascollected through documents, interviews, and participatoryobservations. This paper describes how the usabilityevaluation was carried out, how the context of the usabilityevaluation changed during these weeks and finally discussand interpret why the stakeholders experienced theevaluation as useful. The usability evaluation was found tobe very useful by stakeholders from the organization,whereas the usability expert as well as our research grouphad difficulties in seeing the usefulness. Findings indicatean agenda that was revealed late in the project as one of themain reason for the importance of the evaluation. Also atrue belief in the perfection of the off-the-shelf officesoftware and a somewhat different view of what usability ismight explain the downstream utility.
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| 19. |
- Cajander, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Existing but not explicit - The user perspective in scrum projects in practice
- 2013
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Ingår i: Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2013. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783642404764 ; , s. 762-779
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agile software development processes are becoming more common, but this does not mean that the user perspective in the development is catered for. It has its challenges to integrate the users' aspects in Scrum projects in practice. In order to better understand these challenges we have interviewed IT professionals using Scrum focusing on four different areas: responsibility for the user perspective, emphasis on usability and user experience through documentation, usability activities with users and the organisational and contextual settings for emphasizing the user perspective. Results show that the responsibility for the user perspective is unclear in Scrum projects, and that often the user perspective is neither discussed nor described in the projects. However, the user perspective is often present through informal feedback used to understand the context of use and inform design for example. Finally the paper presents implications for working with the user perspective in Scrum projects.
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| 20. |
- Cajander, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Management perspectives on usability in a public authority: a case study
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles. - New York, NY, USA : ACM New York. - 1595933255 ; , s. 38-47
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In trying to understand the problem of poor usability in computer-supported work, this article looks at management and their perspective on usability in a public authority. What are their underlying basic values, assumptions and attitudes? Why do managers interpret usability as they do, and what are the consequences for the organization and for usability? The empirical basis is an interpretive case study where 19 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results indicate that usability is interpreted differently, depending on the formal roles of informants. Furthermore, a majority of the informants express personal, but limited, responsibility for usability. Moreover, we found that basic values are based on an instrumental view of work where efficiency and economy are important constituents. We identified that even though users participate in IT development, they have no formal responsibility or authority. They have become IT workers in that they perform highly technical tasks such as integral testing.
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| 21. |
- Cajander, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a usability coaching method for institutionalizing usability in organisations
- 2010
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Ingår i: Human-computer interaction. - New York : Springer. - 9783642152306 ; , s. 86-97
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ideas related to user centred systems design are difficult to implement in organisations and usability is given low priority in in-house systemsdevelopment. This problem is multifaceted and complex and needs to be addressed with a method capable of adapting to situations, people and context. Inthis paper we outline a new method – usability coaching – that has the capability for dealing with the situated problems of introducing user centred systemsdevelopment in an organisations. The method is the results of a larger action research case study in which 9 individuals in an organization received usabilitycoaching. Our study indicates that the coaching program made coachees workmore actively with usability activities; hence the coaching program had a substantial effect on their actions and contributed to the organizational change.
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| 22. |
- Cajander, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Usability and Users’ Health Issues in Systems Development : Attitudes and Perspectives
- 2008
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Ingår i: Maturing Usability. - London : Springer London. - 9781846289415 ; , s. 243-266
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poor usability and hence a stressful work situation is still a severe problem in computer-supported work, despite efforts to increase the focus on these issues. Consequently, Sweden has a high level of sick rates, particularly in the civil service sector, and some problems relating to inadequate IT systems with poor usability. In this chapter, we aim at understanding attitudes about and practices for integrating usability and users’ health issues in systems development. Quality in value—i.e. users’ well-being, productivity, and user satisfaction—is shaped by attitudes and perspectives underpinning discourse in systems development. These attitudes and perspectives are embedded in the methods, models, and representations used in systems development, as well as in discourse and action. In our qualitative study, data was collected through semistructured interviews with 127 informants, and in a case study of an ongoing project in one organization. During analysis of data, we identified problems with attitudes and perspectives about users and their work, such as the strong focus on automation, efficiency, and surveillance of work, which shaped the development of new technology and ultimately shapes the work situation of the user. Furthermore, we identified that the work of civil servants was frequently discussed in terms of simple steps and procedures that can be predefined and automated in accordance with clearly defined rules and regulations. Finally, we suggest user-centered design and field studies to address the problems and to improve the understanding of the users’ needs and work practices in development projects.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Cajander, Åsa, 1971-
(författare)
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Usability – Who Cares? : The Introduction of User-Centred Systems Design in Organisations
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis analyses the difficulties encountered in the promotion of usability, especially in relation to occupation health issues, when developing IT systems in a public authority. It examines what happens when User-Centred Systems Design (UCSD) approaches are introduced to organisations with in-house systems development for their employees. It studies how stakeholder values affect the outcomes in terms of usability, occupational health, and institutional acceptance. Moreover, new methods are examined and evaluated as potential tools for assisting the adoption of UCSD. These methods are for example Field studies for system developers, Usability coaching for stakeholders and Management views of usability.A stated aim is to influence systems development in practice. Hence an action research paradigm has been employed, carrying out research and change in real life settings, gathering and analysing data using qualitative techniques.This thesis is based on a constructivist perspective, where theories in the areas of learning and organisational change have been used in order to better understand the research questions.The research demonstrates that most people are enthusiastic to, and interested in, UCSD with a focus on the computerised work environment. Many of the stakeholder groups, such as managers, users, project managers and system developers, changed their construct of identity as well as practice when UCSD was introduced.However, this research shows that there are several values that affect systems development and hinder usability work. These include for example value of rationality and objectivity, and differing values and perspectives underpinning descriptions and discourse on work and systems development. Values such as automation, efficiency, and customer satisfaction shape the development of new technology, and ultimately the tasks, work practices integrated in IT systems.Moreover, the results demonstrate that even though many consider usability as important, few take active responsibility for it, as the title of this thesis suggests.
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| 25. |
- Cajander, Åsa
(författare)
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Values and perspectives affecting IT systems development and usability work
- 2006
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Computer supported work is often stressful and inadequate computer systems and poor usability contribute to the problem. Still the work situation, and work environment of users are seldom considered when developing computer systems, and it is difficult to incorporate the ideas of User Centred Systems Design (UCSD) in practice. Hence, this research addresses the difficulty in integrating usability, UCSD and occupational health issues in IT systems development in order to improve the resulting work situation and well-being of users. How do basic values and perspectives of stakeholders in systems development projects affect the work with UCSD, usability and users’ health issues in the organisations studied?This research aims at influencing systems development in practice; hence, research is carried out in real life settings with an action research approach. Data is gathered and analysed with a qualitative research approach with interview studies, meetings with stakeholders, analysis of documentation, observations and field studies. The theoretical framework adheres to situated action, participatory design, and UCSD that stresses the importance of involving users in the design process.This research shows that several basic values and perspectives affect systems development and hinder the usability work, for example, the perspective on user representatives, the value of rationality and objectivity, and the perspective underpinning descriptions and discourse on work. Moreover, this research indicates that the strong business values of automation, efficiency and customer satisfaction shape the development of new technology, and ultimately the tasks and work practices of the civil servants. In short, the studies show that there are some contradictions in business values and the implementation of user-centred systems design, usability and health issues in systems development.Attitudes and perspectives are not easily changed, and change comes gradually. In these organisations, we continuously discuss the integration of health issues in systems development, and by introducing and changing the models of systems development these will hopefully enable communication and change forwards of new perspectives and values. However, a focus on models alone is insufficient and therefore we need to develop a systematic approach to include reflection and new perspectives. Perhaps the reflection itself would help us see our values and perspectives and to alter them?
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Eriksson, Elina, et al.
(författare)
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HCI and UN's Sustainable Development Goals : Responsibilities, Barriers and Opportunities
- 2016
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Ingår i: NordiCHI '16. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450347631
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite increasing interest, Sustainable HCI has been critiqued for doing too little, and perhaps also at times for doing the wrong things. Still, a field like Human-Computer Interaction should aim at being part of transforming our society into a more sustainable one. But how do we do that, and, what are we aiming for?With this workshop, we propose that HCI should start working with the new global Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that were formally adopted by the UN in September 2015. How can Sustainable HCI be inspired by, and contribute to these goals? What should we in the field of HCI do more of, and what should we perhaps do less of? In what areas should we form partnerships in order to reach the Sustainable Development Goals and with whom should we partner?
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| 32. |
- Eriksson, Elina, et al.
(författare)
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Hello World! - Experiencing Usability Methods without Usability Expertise
- 2009
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Ingår i: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION - INTERACT 2009, PT II, PROCEEDINGS. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783642036576 ; , s. 550-565
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- How do you do usability work when no usability expertise is available? What happens in an organization when system developers, with no previous HCI knowledge, after a 3-day course, start applying usability methods, and particularly field studies? In order to answer these questions qualitative data were gathered through participatory observations, a feed back survey, field study documentation and interviews from 47 system developers from a public authority. Our results suggest that field studies enhance the developer's understanding of the user perspective, and provide a more holistic overview of the use situation, but that some developers were unable to interpret their observations and see solutions to the users' problems. The field study method was very much appreciated and has now become standard operating procedure within the organization. However, although field studies may be useful, it does not replace the need for usability pro fes sion als, as their knowledge is essential for more complex observations, analysis and for keeping the focus on usability.
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| 33. |
- Eriksson, Elina, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing usability roles in public authorities
- 2008
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Ingår i: NordiCHI 2008. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education. - 9781595937049 ; , s. 113-122
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most common ways of introducing usability into development work in a public authority is by employing a usability professional. But how successful is this strategy when it comes to increasing focus on usability in the organization and how successful have these usability professionals been in introducing usability activities into the development work in their organizations? This paper is based on five case studies on the introduction of usability professionals in public authorities in Sweden. These different ways of introducing usability are discussed and analyzed. Based on this data we draw conclusions about what to consider in order to achieve a successful introduction of usability. Interviews with nine usability professionals were conducted all of which were recorded, analyzed and condensed into the case studies presented. One lesson learned from the case studies is the importance of a formal title as it shapes interpretations of what usability is about. Another issue discussed is the usefulness of a formal job description, and personal characteristics of the person working with usability. Based on the case studies we draw the conclusion that a senior usability professional is to be preferred since introduction of usability often implies organizational change as well as conflicts and discussions at a management level. Another conclusion that can be drawn from the studies is that usability work is more successful in the short perspective if it contributes directly to the design and program code instead of focusing on strategic levels such as policy, evaluation of existing systems and method development.
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| 34. |
- Eriksson, Elina
(författare)
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Making sense of usability : Organizational change and sensemaking when introducing user-centred systems design in public authorities
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Computers have become an everyday encounter, not at least in work settings. These computers must support the user in order for her to work in an effective and efficient manner. The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has among other things been focusing on this issue, and there are numerous methods and activities that aim at helping developers to develop usable computer systems. However, the methods and activities must be used in practice in order to be beneficial, not only within research, thus the methods must make sense to the system developers, as well as the organization in which they shall be applied. Furthermore, the organization must change in order to incorporate these methods and activities, and this change must impact a larger part of the organization than just the IT-department.My research has revolved around the introduction of usability methods in public authorities, in particular user-centred systems design (UCSD). My methodology has been action research, which implies a close collaboration with practitioners. Some of the methods used to gather data have been interviews, participatory observations, research diaries and field studies.In this licentiate thesis I present my work up to date and the theories that have informed my understanding of organizations and organizational change. Furthermore I have been influenced by the sensemaking theory, which can be used in order to understand how people make sense of technology, methods and organizational change. With the help of these theories, I extend my results further than presented in the papers.The notion of organizational change when introducing usability issues has not achieved sufficient attention in the HCI-field. This thesis is a step towards an understanding of this issue. Furthermore, I have, with the results from my papers together with the theories presented shown that although formal documents can be used to promote change, it is not enough. Rather there is a need to further explore the interplay between formal aspects and the situated work, and how to enhance sensegiving in this sensemaking process.
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| 35. |
- Eriksson, Elina, 1979-
(författare)
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Situated Reflexive Change : User-Centred Design in(to) Practice
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Technology used in the Swedish workplace is perceived to be controlling, gener- ally still difficult to use, and with a low degree of usability. Even though the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been concerned with researching different ways of developing usable systems for at least half a century, there seem to be problems with the diffusion of the results into practice. One of the possible approaches to developing usable systems is user-centred design, and in this thesis I am concerned with the issue of introducing user-centred design and usability work in public authorities and institutions. I will present work done in two different research projects with a focus on change, where the aim has been to introduce or enhance usability work. Through a lens of social construction- ism and reflexivity I will explore the outcome of the projects and the implica- tions for the introduction of user-centred design in practice. Furthermore, I will explore whether the focus on the introduction of usability work might hinder the formation of a sustainable change in the organizations interested in devel- oping usable systems. The research question then becomes; can we introduce usability work in organizations?The answer to this question is no. Instead, we need to change our perspective from introduction to situated reflexive change: focusing on sensemaking and a situated process of ongoing change, where the stakeholders in the organization themselves must play an active and responsible part. This entails a shift from dualism to duality and a reconsideration of what our usability methods can con- tribute with. Furthermore, I will explore possible approaches to working with situated reflexive change with tools that are familiar in the field of HCI, but with an expanded scope. In particular I will discuss field studies conducted by system developers as a tool for making sense of usability issues, personas as a tool for inducing reflexivity in and on practice, and usability coaching as a sensemaking tool for both organizational stakeholders and researchers in order to understand and reflect upon change.
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| 36. |
- Folstad, Asbjorn, et al.
(författare)
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How HCI-practitioners want to evaluate their own practice
- 2006
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Ingår i: NordiCHI 2006. - New York, NY, USA : ACM New York. - 1595933255 ; , s. 417-420
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- How do individual HCI-practitioners evaluate their own work practice? And how would they like to evaluate it? Answers to these questions will give new knowledge on the state-of-the-practice in this area, and provide insight for researchers trying to improve practitioners' ability to evaluate their development project activities. The questions were investigated through questionnaire survey responses of 179 HCI-practitioners from the Nordic countries. It was found that the general maturity for evaluation of own practice were fairly high. However, the results indicate that HCI-practitioners tend not to evaluate their practice with regard to its impact on the development team and project leader; which may be counter productive to the downstream utility of HCI activities. Presentation of ongoing development of evaluation procedures, based on the results, will be included in the talk at NordiCHI 2006.
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| 37. |
- Folstad, Asbjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Manifesto for Living Lab Co-creation
- 2009
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Ingår i: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION - INTERACT 2009, PT II, PROCEEDINGS. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642036576 ; , s. 979-980
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing interest in Living Labs for innovation and development in the field of information and communication technology. In particular there seem to be a tendency that current Living Labs aim to involve users for co-creative purposes. However, the current literature on Living Lab co-creation is severely limited. Therefore an Interact workshop is arranged as a first step towards a manifesto for Living Lab co-creation.
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| 38. |
- Forsslund, Jonas, 1983-
(författare)
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Preparing Spatial Haptics for Interaction Design
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spatial haptics is a fascinating technology with which users can explore and modify3D computer graphics objects with the sense of touch, but its application potentialis often misunderstood. For a large group of application designers it is still unknown,and those who are aware of it often have either too high expectations of what is technicallyachievable or believe it is too complicated to consider at all. In addition, spatialhaptics is in its current form ill-suited to interaction design. This is partly because theproperties and use qualities cannot be experienced in an application prototype until asystem is fully implemented, which takes too much effort to be practical in most designsettings. In order to find a good match between a solution and a framing of aproblem, the designer needs to be able to mould/shape/form the technology into a solution,but also to re-frame the problem and question initial conceptual designs as shelearns more about what the technology affords. Both of these activities require a goodunderstanding of the design opportunities of this technology.In this thesis I present a new way of working with spatial haptic interaction design.Studying the serially linked mechanism from a well-known haptic device, and a forcereflectingcarving algorithm in particular, I show how to turn these technologies froman esoteric engineering form into a form ready for interaction design. The work isgrounded in a real application: an oral surgery simulator named Kobra that has beendeveloped over the course of seven years within our research group. Its design hasgone through an evolutionary process with iterative design and hundreds of encounterswith the audience; surgeon-teachers as users and potential customers. Some ideas, e.g.gestalting authentic patient cases, have as a result received increased attention by thedesign team, while other ideas, e.g. automatic assessment, have faded away.Simulation is an idea that leads to ideals of realism; that e.g. simulated instrumentsshould behave as in reality, e.g. a simulated dental instrument for prying teeth is expectedto behave according to the laws of physics and give force and torque feedback.If it does not, it is a bad simulation. In the present work it is shown how some of therealism ideal is unnecessary for creating meaningful learning applications and can actuallyeven be counter-productive, since it may limit the exploration of creative designsolutions. This result is a shift in perspective from working towards constantly improvingtechnological components, to finding and making use of the qualities of modern,but not necessarily absolute cutting-edge, haptic technology.To be able to work creatively with a haptic system as a design resource we needto learn its material qualities and how - through changing essential properties - meaningfulexperiential qualities can be modulated and tuned. This requires novel tools andworkflows that enable designers to explore the creative design space, create interactionsketches and tune the design to cater for the user experience. In essence, this thesisshows how one instance of spatial haptics can be turned from an esoteric technologyinto a design material, and how that can be used, and formed, with novel tools throughthe interaction design of a purposeful product in the domain of dental education.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Georgsson, Mattias
(författare)
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Toward Patient-centered, Standardized, and Reproducible Approaches of Evaluating the Usability of mHealth Chronic Disease Self-management Systems for Diabetes
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 422 million patients worldwide according to World Health Organization data with 30.3 million in the United States and 64 million in Europe. The prevalence speaks to the need for improved ways to support patients in disease self-management. mHealth solutions are increasingly used for this; however, usability is a current challenge affecting patients’ mHealth use. Recent literature emphasizes an increased focus on patient-centeredness in diabetes care, user-centeredness in chronic disease mHealth system design and standardized, systematic approaches for usability evaluation. The aim of this thesis and its individual studies was to incorporate these foci into the evaluation of two mobile health self-management systems for diabetes.Study I used ISO standard 9241-11 to examine the relationship between selected group characteristics of diabetes patients on specific interaction outcomes to quantitatively identify needed system modifications. Study II utilized a multi-method design to assess diabetes patients’ mHealth usage and combined two novel analytic methods to structure and analyze results. Study III used a modified, user-oriented heuristic evaluation (HE) method, validated tasks and in-depth severity factor ratings to identify critical problems from patients’ point of view. By developing and employing a modified, user-centered cognitive walkthrough method (UC-CW), study IV assessed its effectiveness and efficiency in finding relevant usability problems for users as well as patients’ acceptance. The modified CW was validated against the golden-standard user test with Think Aloud.Study I emphasized the importance of considering user characteristics in mHealth performance as these influenced interaction outcomes. All patients had difficulties with multiple-step tasks. Patients more recently diagnosed were able to perform tasks more successfully, with fewer errors and at faster times and had higher satisfaction scores; similar outcomes to the more experienced users. Educational level did not, however, seem to influence performance. In study II, the usability test with Think-Aloud (TA), in-depth interviews and questionnaires contributed to 19 consolidated issues, and triangulated on 5 critical usability problems for users. The combined analysis methods resulted in structured, categorized descriptions to aid in problem-solving. In Study III, the disease-related, critical information deficiencies found by expert evaluators using the modified, structured method also converged on and highlighted potentially adverse user concerns. Study IV demonstrated that the UC-CW found more critical user problems compared to the user test with TA despite both methods producing similar major average severity ratings and violations of heuristic categories. The modified method was more efficient per detected problem and experienced as less cognitively demanding and with a higher ease of use.These studies offer different approaches that include patient-centered, efficient and user-acceptable methods and method modifications to detect critical usability issues for users. Importantly, improved mHealth designs for users could mean improvement in interactions, interaction performance, increased adoption, and long-term perhaps even increased adherence to interventions for chronic conditions.
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| 41. |
- Gollasch, David, et al.
(författare)
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Designing Technology for Neurodivergent Self-determination : Challenges and Opportunities
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2023 - 19th IFIP TC13 International Conference, Proceedings. - : Springer Nature. ; , s. 621-626
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Technology for neurodivergent people has been developed in the past to align them with expectations by neurotypical people. Participants in the widest sense are encouraged to discuss the major challenges and opportunities in designing technology for neurodivergent persons in the context of education, work and for leisure. A key focus is to address knowledge acquisition, skill development, and joy from the perspective of a neurodivergent classmate, colleague, or teammates. At higher education institutions, accommodations are not common everywhere and mostly unknown to lecturers. In the workplace, management tools should respond to the requirements of an employee with autism or ADHD. Technology for leisure time is not designed for neurodivergent pleasure. Uptake of the findings are discussed with participants.
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| 42. |
- Grünloh, Christiane
(författare)
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Harmful or Empowering? : Stakeholders’ Expectations and Experiences of Patient Accessible Electronic Health Records
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Healthcare systems worldwide face organisational and financial challenges due to increasing number of people with chronic conditions, increasing costs, and an ageing population. eHealth services have the potential to address some of these challenges, for example, by supporting patients who are engaged in self-care, improving quality of care, and reducing medical costs.In 2012, Region Uppsala in Sweden launched an eHealth service that enabled patients to access their electronic health records through the Internet. The launch of the service was accompanied by strong criticism from healthcare professionals (HCPs) and was heavily debated in the media. Patients on the other hand were very positive towards the service.Albeit promising, the potential of Patient Accessible Electronic Health Records (PAEHRs) cannot be realised if HCPs still have reservations towards the service and their concerns are not fully understood. The purpose of this research is therefore to enhance our understanding of how physicians view PAEHR in relation to both their work environment and the level of patient participation. Furthermore, the aim is to shed light on whether their concerns related to patients’ well-being have materialised in practice and how patients view and make use of the service. Finally, this thesis identifies implicated human values and value tensions related to PAEHR.To enhance our understanding of the physicians’ perspective, semi-structured interviews with 12 physicians in Uppsala were thematically analysed. A national patient survey was conducted to investigate patients’ use of and their experiences with PAEHR. Furthermore, empirical and conceptual investigations were carried out to identify human values and value tensions.The results of this research show that the physicians’ assumptions and views of PAEHR and its consequences for patients were different from the views and actual experiences of patients using the PAEHR system. The physicians were mainly concerned about potential increase in their workload and that it could be harmful for patients to access their Electronic Health Record (EHR), for example, as it might evoke anxiety or worry. The vast majority of patients appreciated timely access to their results, felt more involved in their care, and read their records to become more involved. The investigation of human values associated with PAEHR identified values such as Ownership & Property, Professional Autonomy, Responsibility, Human Well-Being, Accountability & Transparency, and Trust. Furthermore, value tensions were identified that may occur between direct and indirect stakeholders (here: patients and physicians), or are related to an interpretation of PAEHR.This thesis contributes to current research on eHealth in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) by instigating a critical discussion of values associated with eHealth technologies that might be perceived as conflicting given a stakeholder’s framing of the technology. For example, tensions that emerge between values that prioritise placing the responsibility on a physician for their patients versus a value system that prioritises patient autonomy. The findings of this thesis suggest that while policymakers and government agencies adhere to a system of values that place a premium on patient empowerment, paternalistic tendencies are still present among physicians. However, an eHealth service like PAEHR is an important first step towards patient participation. The results of this thesis suggest that the support of patient participation in their own care through PAEHR outweighs the potential harm.
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| 43. |
- Grünloh, Christiane
(författare)
-
To Share or Not to Share? : Expectations of and Experiences with eHealth Services that Allow Users Access to their Health Information
- 2016
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates expectations of and experiences with eHealth services that allow users access to their health information. Although eHealth services are endorsed by many politicians and patients, they are met with strong resistance by health care professionals. Lacking this support hinders the uptake of the full potential of the service, especially with relation to patient participation and empowerment.This research investigates the frames of reference that are constructed by stakeholders in relation to eHealth services, such as direct-to-consumer genetic testing and electronic health records. The results are based on empirical data gathered during an experiment with media informatics students in Germany, and from interviews with physicians in Uppsala, Sweden.The eHealth services in question were framed by the participants of the conducted studies as potentially harmful for its users. The negative expectations were based mainly on a generalized view of patients as not sufficiently knowledgable and hence unable to understand the health information provided by the service. The participants in the reported studies (physicians and students in their role as designers) felt a responsibility to prevent any potential harm for the users of the eHealth service. Due to the framing based on assumed negative consequences for a supposedly vulnerable user group, the participants preferred to advocate against access rather than for patient empowerment and participation. Accessing health information was associated as holding little value for the users.This research enhances the understanding of the elements underlying this skepticism and concern. It shows that a specific view of patients and/or prospective users of an eHealth system can result in incongruent technological frames and value attribution. In line with participatory and value-sensitive design approaches as well as the aim to increase technology acceptance, patients and health care professionals should not only be included in the design process but also engage in joint activities in order to enable reframing.
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| 44. |
- Grünloh, Christiane, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Using Online Reviews as Narratives to Evoke Designer’s Empathy
- 2015
-
Ingår i: 15th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction. - Cham : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. ; , s. 298-315
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gathering health-related data is quite easy, but visualizing them in a meaningful way remains challenging, especially when the application domain is very complex. Research suggests that empathy can facilitate the design process and that narratives can help to create an empathic encounter between designers and the prospective users. We conducted an exploratory quasi-experiment in order to explore whether narratives in form of online reviews are able to evoke designer’s empathy when developing an online platform for a direct-to-consumer genetic testing service. The results suggest that the narratives can help designers to engage with and take the perspective of the prospective user, who is then represented in more detail. Lacking narratives from real people leaves the designers to their own imagination, which can lead to the use of rather abstract stereotypes that do not enable an understanding of the user, but affect the subsequent design decisions.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Accessibility and Public Policy in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: interactions. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 1072-5520 .- 1558-3449. ; 17:3, s. 26-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Principles and guidelines will become more important, due to the development of accessibility policies and the harmonization with Europe in Sweden is discussed. Public policy is the body of principles that underpin the operation of legal systems in a state, which address the social, moral, and economic values that tie a society together. Accessibility policies often start at the international level. Many countries currently have different regulations for interface accessibility. In Sweden the transparency of the public sector is one of the foundations of democracy and the development of an accessible society and is manifested by a duty to publish and promote openness. Public policy and legislation play an important role in contributing to increased accessibility. Sweden is a country of negotiation and transparency, not binding legislation. Involving groups with impairments may not only provide increased accessibility but also increase innovation.
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| 48. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Accomplishing universal access through system reachability : a management perspective
- 2004
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Ingår i: Universal Access in the Information Society. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1615-5289 .- 1615-5297. ; 3:1, s. 96-101
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to describe the need of a method by which we can estimate the return on accessibility investments in information technology (IT) systems. This paper reveals some of the reasons why accessibility still is a secondhand criterion when designing digital services. It also describes the authors experiences regarding the concept of accessibility and how it must develop in order to obtain the status of a basic business criterion for the benefit of disabled people who are currently excluded from public services and labour markets. The paper also questions the need of a separate accessibility standard. Additionally, we discuss some of the hindering in the market and limiting perspectives that are blocking further development. One of the problems in the market seems to be that accessibility as a concept has been more of an issue about creating equal opportunities and therefore probably does not have the quality of a business criterion. In order to bridge that gap, we argue for replacing accessibility with reachability, which is a concept based on a measure used by media when estimating the reached percentage of a population or target group.
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| 49. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Information Utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilization (AIU) is a method for describing and analyzing how information entities identified in information analysis are being used in the work situation. AIU aims at complementing existing methods for user interface design by identifying additional requirements for human-computer interaction. The method focuses on aspects, of computer-supported work, related to cognitive load, aspects of which end users often not are explicitly aware. For skilled workers in a professional work environment, the efficiency of the user interface is extremely important. We earlier stressed that important criteria for design of user interfaces deals with making the interface "obvious" to the users, by minimizing the cognitive load associated with the handling of it. AIU is performed through observation interviews in which human-computer experts interview representative users about their work situation and observe physical information-handling routines. The analysis identifies work tasks in terms of judgments and decision-making situations, requirements concerning the tasks that may have to be performed simultaneously, important features and priorities of the information, actions the user can initiate and so on. The method supports the interface designer with human-computer interaction requirements structured for a workspace-oriented design. It is integrated in user-centered development model and supports the simultaneous development of competence, organization, work activity, and information technology. This article describes the background and contents of the method and how the results of the analysis are documented and used in the design process. A number of application projects have shown that AIU makes it possible to capture aspects of human work and information processing that are important to the design of better interfaces. AIU is not a new method for system development but complements today methods for task and information analysis with more...
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| 50. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
-
Analysis of information utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION. - 1044-7318. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilisation (AIU) is a method for specifying how information entities encountered in information analysis are being physically manipulated in the work situation undergoing analysis. It focuses especially on factors affecting cognitive load. The method supports the human-computer interface designer with relevant and appropriate information structured specifically for a document oriented design methodology. It gives a suitable basis for user centred interface design, without the possible limitations that improper user participation could cause, and focuses on all aspects relevant for a ”good” work environment, such as competence, organisation, work activity and information technology development.Analysis of information utilisation is performed through ”observation-interviews” in which a human-computer expert interviews a typical user about his work situation in the domain of work and observes information handling routines that the user might not be aware of. A number of development projects have shown that this method can constitute an additional step in existing methodologies for capturing aspects of the work situation that can be directly design controlling. This paper describes the method of analysis of information utilisation, and what information that has to be documented while performing the method. It suggests how the method can be incorporated into existing in-house development methodologies, and gives an example of documented analysis results from a development project within the Swedish National Tax Board.
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