| 1. |
- Albertsson-Wikland, Kerstin, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Growth hormone dose-dependent pubertal growth : a randomized trial in short children with low growth hormone secretion
- 2014
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Ingår i: Hormone Research in Paediatrics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1663-2818 .- 1663-2826. ; 82:3, s. 158-170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background/Aims: Growth hormone (GH) treatment regimens do not account for the pubertal increase in endogenous GH secretion. This study assessed whether increasing the GH dose and/or frequency of administration improves pubertal height gain and adult height (AH) in children with low GH secretion during stimulation tests, i. e. idiopathic isolated GH deficiency.Methods: A multicenter, randomized, clinical trial (No. 88-177) followed 111 children (96 boys) at study start from onset of puberty to AH who had received GH(33) mu g/kg/day for >= 1 year. They were randomized to receive 67 mu g/kg/day (GH(67)) given as one (GH(67x1); n = 35) or two daily injections (GH(33x2); n = 36), or to remain on a single 33 mu g/kg/day dose (GH(33x1); n = 40). Growth was assessed as height SDS gain for prepubertal, pubertal and total periods, as well as AH SDS versus the population and the midparental height.Results: Pubertal height SDS gain was greater for patients receiving a high dose (GH(67), 0.73) than a low dose (GH(33x1), 0.41, p < 0.05). AH(SDS) was greater on GH(67) (GH(67x1), -0.84; GH(33x2), -0.83) than GH(33) (-1.25, p < 0.05), and height SDS gain was greater on GH(67) than GH(33) (2.04 and 1.56, respectively; p < 0.01). All groups reached their target height SDS.Conclusion: Pubertal height SDS gain and AH SDS were dose dependent, with greater growth being observed for the GH(67) than the GH(33) randomization group; however, there were no differences between the once-and twice-daily GH(67) regimens. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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| 5. |
- Ahlsson, Fredrik, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Adipokines and their relation to maternal energy substrate production, insulin resistance and fetal size
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-2115 .- 1872-7654. ; 168:1, s. 26-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:The role of adipokines in the regulation of energy substrate production in non-diabetic pregnant women has not been elucidated. We hypothesize that serum concentrations of adiponectin are related to fetal growth via maternal fat mass, insulin resistance and glucose production, and further, that serum levels of leptin are associated with lipolysis and that this also influences fetal growth. Hence, we investigated the relationship between adipokines, energy substrate production, insulin resistance, body composition and fetal weight in non-diabetic pregnant women in late gestation.STUDY DESIGN:Twenty pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance were investigated at 36 weeks of gestation at Uppsala University Hospital. Levels of adipokines were related to rates of glucose production and lipolysis, maternal body composition, insulin resistance, resting energy expenditure and estimated fetal weights. Rates of glucose production and lipolysis were estimated by stable isotope dilution technique.RESULTS:Median (range) rate of glucose production was 805 (653-1337)μmol/min and that of glycerol production, reflecting lipolysis, was 214 (110-576)μmol/min. HOMA insulin resistance averaged 1.5±0.75 and estimated fetal weights ranged between 2670 and 4175g (-0.2 to 2.7 SDS). Mean concentration of adiponectin was 7.2±2.5mg/L and median level of leptin was 47.1 (9.9-58.0)μg/L. Adiponectin concentrations (7.2±2.5mg/L) correlated inversely with maternal fat mass, insulin resistance, glucose production and fetal weight, r=-0.50, p<0.035, r=-0.77, p<0.001, r=-0.67, p<0.002, and r=-0.51, p<0.032, respectively. Leptin concentrations correlated with maternal fat mass and insulin resistance, r=0.76, p<0.001 and r=0.73, p<0.001, respectively. There was no correlation between maternal levels of leptin and rate of glucose production or fetal weight. Neither were any correlations found between levels of leptin or adiponectin and maternal lipolysis or resting energy expenditure.CONCLUSION:The inverse correlations between levels of maternal adiponectin and insulin resistance as well as endogenous glucose production rates indicate that low levels of adiponectin in obese pregnant women may represent one mechanism behind increased fetal size. Maternal levels of leptin are linked to maternal fat mass and its metabolic consequences, but the data indicate that leptin lacks a regulatory role with regard to maternal lipolysis in late pregnancy.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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A transcriptional timetable of autumn senescence
- 2004
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Ingår i: Genome Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1465-6906 .- 1474-760X. ; 5:4, s. R24-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background We have developed genomic tools to allow the genus Populus (aspens and cottonwoods) to be exploited as a full-featured model for investigating fundamental aspects of tree biology. We have undertaken large-scale expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing programs and created Populus microarrays with significant gene coverage. One of the important aspects of plant biology that cannot be studied in annual plants is the gene activity involved in the induction of autumn leaf senescence. Results On the basis of 36,354 Populus ESTs, obtained from seven cDNA libraries, we have created a DNA microarray consisting of 13,490 clones, spotted in duplicate. Of these clones, 12,376 (92%) were confirmed by resequencing and all sequences were annotated and functionally classified. Here we have used the microarray to study transcript abundance in leaves of a free-growing aspen tree (Populus tremula) in northern Sweden during natural autumn senescence. Of the 13,490 spotted clones, 3,792 represented genes with significant expression in all leaf samples from the seven studied dates. Conclusions We observed a major shift in gene expression, coinciding with massive chlorophyll degradation, that reflected a shift from photosynthetic competence to energy generation by mitochondrial respiration, oxidation of fatty acids and nutrient mobilization. Autumn senescence had much in common with senescence in annual plants; for example many proteases were induced. We also found evidence for increased transcriptional activity before the appearance of visible signs of senescence, presumably preparing the leaf for degradation of its components.
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| 7. |
- Andrén, Thomas, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Income Effects from Labor Market Training Programs in Sweden During the 80's and 90's
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Manpower. ; :25, s. 688-713
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish labor market programs appear large from an international perspective, yet their consequences are not fully investigated and understood. In this paper we estimate a control function estimator with training effect modeled as a random coefficient, partitioned in an observed and unobserved component. We investigate labor market training for three cohorts during the 80s and the beginning of the 90s on its effect on earnings. We separate the analysis between Swedish-born and foreign-born individuals to identify differences in their responses to training. The results indicate that there is positive sorting into training. We find that the proportion of trainees having positive rewards from training was not very different from the proportion having negative rewards. This means that the results do not support the view that from efficiency considerations, too few persons were enrolled in labor market training during this period. Differences in results across cohorts can be interpreted as being caused by rapid changes in the labor market. Further, consistent with results from several previous studies we find that being young often means no positive pay-off from training, and the same is found for persons with only primary education. In conflict with what earlier studies have shown, we found that males have a better pay-off from training than females. Rewards from training were higher for foreign-born than for natives and rewards among the former vary by place of birth
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Andrén, Thomas, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Patterns of Social Assistance Receipt - Experiences from Sweden during a Period of Rapidly Deteriorating Labour Market Conditions
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. ; :13, s. 55-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses Swedish-born people who became first-time receivers of social assistance in 1987 and 1992. The macroeconomic situation at the time of entry was rather different for the two cohorts and the number of new entrances increased by almost 50 percent. Much of the increase consisted of young adults and experience of social assistance has been shown to be fairly widespread among those under age of 25. The role of bridging the period for individuals of being supported by their parents to being established as wage earners has become an important function of social assistance in Sweden. We find that pattern of social assistance receipt is rather heterogeneous across new recipients. The complex pattern of receipt means that due to choice of perspective, duration of social assistance can appear rather different. On one hand we find that median duration of social assistance receipt is as low as two years when an eleven-year follow-up period is applied. On the other hand, among people who receive social assistance during one particular year, as many as half had entered receipt more than four years earlier.
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| 10. |
- Begum, Syeda Shahanara, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Economic growth and child poverty reduction in Bangladesh and China
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Asian Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1049-0078. ; 23:1, s. 73-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes child poverty in Bangladesh and China during periods of rapid economic growth. It compares the extent as well as profile of child poverty in both countries. Comparisons on the extent of child poverty over time and across countries are made using a decomposition framework attributing child poverty differences to differences in three components: mean child income, demographic circumstances and the distribution of child income. Child poverty is found to be more extensive in Bangladesh than in China, and is very much a problem for rural children in both countries. The results show that economic growth can reduce child poverty but does not always do so. For understanding changes over time and across countries in the extent of child poverty, it can be necessary to also consider changes/differences in the distribution of child income as well as in the demographic composition.
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| 11. |
- Biterman, Danuta, et al.
(författare)
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Economic and Ethnic Polarisation among Children in Sweden's Three Metropolitan Areas
- 2008
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Ingår i: Schmollers Jahrbuch. Journal of Applied Social Science Studies. - 1439-121X. ; 128:1, s. 121-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates certain issues of economic and ethnic segregation from the perspective of children in the three metropolitan regions of Sweden by using a relative new operationalization of the neighbourhood concept. Neighbourhoods are clustered by population share of visible immigrants in proportion to share of native born residents. The target variable under study is child income based on income of parents. Inequality in child income 1990, 1996 and 2002 is studied by decomposing additively decomposable inequality indexes. Based on this, measures of residential economic polarisation and residential ethnic polarisation are obtained. Of major significance is that residential polarisation increased for all three regions and for both sub-periods 1990-1996 and 1996-2002. For example, while in the Stockholm region 7 percent of inequality in child income in 1990 was due to differences in mean income across neighbourhoods, the proportion had increased to as much as 22 percent in 2002. Ethnic residential polarisation increased as well and we report a relatively large overlap between economic and ethnic polarisation. Based on estimated regression models, we conclude that increased returns to parental education have forcefully contributed to larger economic polarisation among children in Swedish metropolitan regions.
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| 17. |
- Blume, Kraen, et al.
(författare)
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At the Lower End of the Table: Determinants of Poverty among Immigrants to Denmark and Sweden
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Ethnic and Migratoin Studies. - 1369-183X. ; 33:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we study determinants of relative poverty among immigrants and natives in Denmark and Sweden during the 1980s and 1990s. Denmark and Sweden share the same properties in a range of labour market and welfare state characteristics. At the same time they differ very much in cyclical profiles and immigration experiences during recent decades. Both countries have followed the same principles regarding immigration policy, i.e. immigration from low income countries has been restricted to tied movers and refugees. We use 60 percent of the median in the distribution of equivalent disposable as poverty line. Data comes from two large panels based on administrative data. We find that immigrants have higher poverty rates than natives in both countries and that this difference has clearly increased in both countries. The paper reports results based on running probability models of poverty incidence. Explanatory variables include measures of years since immigration, demographic characteristics, and variables measuring country of origin. We conclude that a significant part of the difference in aggregate immigrant poverty rates reflect differences in composition by country of origin and differences in the structure of benefits to families with children.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Deng, Quheng, et al.
(författare)
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China's Lesser Known Migrants
- 2007
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Ingår i: Economic Research Journal (Jingji Yanjiu). - 0577-9154. ; 42:4, s. 137-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In China hukou (the household registration system) imposes barriers on permanent migration from rural to urban areas. Using large sample surveys for 2002, we find that permanent migrants number about 100 million persons and constitute approximately 20 percent of all urban residents. Receiving a long education, being a cadre or becoming an officer in the Peiple's Liberation Army are important career paths towards urbanisation and permanent migrants are much betteer off than their counterparts left behind in rural China. The probability of becomming a permanent migrant is possitively related to parental education, belonging to the ethnic majority and the parent's membership in the Communist Party. At the destination, most permanent migrants are economically well-integrated.
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| 22. |
- Dieden, Sten, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Child Poverty in South Africa: An assessment based on microdata for 1995
- 2003
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Ingår i: International Journal of Social Welfare. - 1369-6866. ; 12:4, s. 326-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we assess child poverty in South Africa by estimating multivariate models using household-survey microdata from 1995. The applied poverty line defines children as poor if they live in households with a disposable per capita income less than USD1 Purchasing Power Parity. In South Africa, people living under such income conditions must be considered extremely poor. The results show that children living in South Africa face a risk of being poor comparable to that of the average world inhabitant. Child poverty in South Africa is an issue with strong racial connotations. Large variations in child poverty rates across provinces are found and most of South Africa's poor children live in rural areas. The educational level of household head is a strong predictor of child poverty. The probability of child poverty is vigorously reduced if a household receives wage earnings, but is affected by households' demographic structure.
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| 23. |
- Englund, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in mortality and causes of death in the Swedish Down syndrome population
- 2013
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Ingår i: American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. - : Wiley. - 1552-4825 .- 1552-4833. ; 161A:4, s. 642-649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the past few decades age at death for individuals with Down syndrome (DS) has increased dramatically. The birth frequency of infants with DS has long been constant in Sweden. Thus, the prevalence of DS in the population is increasing. The aim of the present study was to analyze mortality and causes of death in individuals with DS during the period 19692003. All individuals with DS that died between 1969 and 2003 in Sweden, and all individuals born with DS in Sweden between 1974 and 2003 were included. Data were obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the Swedish Birth Defects Register, and the National Cause of Death Register. Median age at death has increased by 1.8 years per year. The main cause of death was pneumonia. Death from congenital heart defects decreased. Death from atherosclerosis was rare but more frequent than reported previously. Dementia was not reported in any subjects with DS before 40 years of age, but was a main or contributing cause of death in 30% of the older subjects. Except for childhood leukemia, cancer as a cause of death was rare in all age groups. Mortality in DS, particularly infant mortality, has decreased markedly during the past decades. Median age at death is increasing and is now almost 60 years. Death from cancer is rare in DS, but death from dementia is common.
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| 24. |
- Galloway, Taryn Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Fattigdom bland invandrarbarn - Den nordiska modellens akilleshäl
- 2010
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 38:6, s. 57-71
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Barnfattigdom i Danmark, Norge och Sverige åren 1993 till 2001 undersöks med hjälp av paneldata. Medan färre än 10 procent av barn med inhemsk bakgrund i alla tre länderna är fattiga har den allt större andelen barn med rötter i medel- eller låginkomstländer fattigdomsrisker som varierar mellan 38 och hela 58 procent. Vid observationsperioden slut hade var tredje fattigt barn i Norge invandrarbakgrund, och motsvarande andel är så hög som kring hälften i Danmark och Sverige. Barnfattigdomsrisker är som regel höga kort efter ankomsten till det nya landet, och faller med år sedan invandringen. Multivariat analys visar att föräldrarnas vistelsetid och utbildning påverkar risken för varaktig barnfattigdom. I stora drag är bilden den samma i alla de tre länderna, men det finns även vissa skillnader.
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| 25. |
- Galloway, Taryn Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Immigrant Child Poverty - The Achilles Heel of the Scandinavian Welfare States
- 2015
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Ingår i: Measurement of Poverty, Deprivation, and Economic Mobility. Thesia I. Garner , Kathleen S. Short (eds.). - : Emerald. - 9781785603877 ; , s. 185-219
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immigrant and native child poverty in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden 1993–2001 is studied using large sets of panel data. While native children face yearly poverty risks of less than 10 percent in all three countries and for all years studied the increasing proportion of immigrant children with an origin in middle- and low-income countries have poverty risks that vary from 38 up to as much as 58 percent. At the end of the observation period, one third of the poor children in Norway and as high as about a half in Denmark and in Sweden are of immigrant origin. The strong overrepresentation of immigrant children from low- and middle-income countries when measured in yearly data is also found when applying a longer accounting period for poverty measurement. We find that child poverty rates are generally high shortly after arrival to the new country and typically decrease with years since immigration. Multivariate analysis shows that parents years since immigration and education affect risks of the number of periods in persistent poverty. While a native child is very unlikely to spend nine years in poverty, the corresponding risk for a child to a newly arrived immigrant was found to be far from negligible. Much of the pattern is similar across the three countries but there are also some notable differences.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Age at immigration matters for labor market integration : the Swedish example
- 2017
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Ingår i: IZA Journal of Development and Migration. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2520-1786. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses how age at immigration to Sweden and getting a first foothold in the labor market is related. We estimate hazard rate models using registry data on all persons who arrived in each of the years 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002. The results show that the number of years taken to get a foothold in the Swedish labor market increases rapidly by age among immigrants from middle- and low-income countries aged 40+. Most individuals who are born in middle- or low-income countries who immigrate after age 50 never get a foothold in the Swedish labor market.
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| 32. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Are China's Ethnic Minorities Less Likely to Move?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Eurasian geography and economics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-7216 .- 1938-2863. ; 56:1, s. 44-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study uses China’s Inter-Census Survey 2005 to analyse the extent migration behaviour among 14 large ethnic minority groups and the Han majority. Results show that the probability to migrate to all types of destinations varies by province of origin, decreases by age, and in most cases, by expected income at the origin. Furthermore the probability to migrate is found to typically increase by length of education and decrease for females by the number of children. In most cases investigated, a minority ethnicity reduces migration probabilities for people registered in rural China. This is particularly the case for persons belonging to the Uyghur and Tibetan ethnic groups, but also for the Mongolian, Bai, Yao and Tujia groups. In contrast, Korean and Hui have a higher probability of migration than the majority. For people with an urban hukou there are fewer examples that minority ethnicity affects probability to migrate.
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| 33. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Barnfattigdom i storstäderna
- 2011
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Ingår i: Socionomens Forskningssupplement. - 0283-1929. ; Nr 30:6, 2011, s. 18-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ett nytt sätt att studera barnfattigdomen i Sverige presenteras genom att det fokuseras på fattigdomen i grannskap i de tre storstadsregionerna. Grannskap med omfattande barnfattigdom har kraftigt ökat i antal mellan 1990 och 2002. En oproportionerligt hög andel barn med ursprung från icke rika länder bor i fattiga grannskap. Regressionsanalys visar att hög barnfattigdom i ett grannskap i stor utsträckning kan förstås som betingad av föräldrarnas låga sysselsättningsnivå och låga utbildningsnivå, inte primärt av invandrarskapet som sådant.
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| 34. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Barns representation i inkomstfördelningens topp och botten - har föräldrarnas födelseland betydelse?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 45:1, s. 35-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi redovisar hur barn födda i Sverige med invandrade föräldrar från 17 olika länder och barn till föräldrar födda i Sverige återfinns i inkomstfördelningens topp respektive botten under treårsperioderna 1983–85, 1995–97 och 2008–10. En högst betydande heterogenitet mellan kategorierna med föräldrar födda i olika länder framkommer. I stor utsträckning handlar det om en variation längs dimensionen grad av utveckling i föräldrarnas födelseland. Barn födda i Sverige med föräldrar från Danmark, Norge och Tyskland var lika väl representera de i inkomstfördelningens topp som barn till infödda föräldrar. Majoriteten av de barn i Sverige som klassificerades som fattiga 2008–10 var invandrarbarn.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Can Subjective Poverty Line be Applied to China? Assessing poverty among urban residents in 1999
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of International Development. ; :16, s. 1089-1107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the first time, subjective poverty line methodology is applied to China. The data refer to 12 cities for the year 1999. A major conclusion is that the level of the subjective poverty line is surprisingly close to that used for providing official estimates on poverty in urban China. However, the opinion of the public can differ considerably across cities. Applying the poverty line we find substantial variation across cities in the extent of poverty. Poverty status in urban China is very much related to the education level of the household, to the life cycle as well as to labour market status.
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| 39. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Catching Up with the West: Chinese Pathways to the Global Middle Class
- 2020
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Ingår i: The China Journal. - : University of Chicago Press. - 1324-9347 .- 1835-8535. ; 84:1, s. 102-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using nationwide household survey data for 2002 and 2013, we investigate how widely Chinese household incomes had caught up to those of the middle class in the developed worldby 2013, the year Xi Jinping came to power. Based on the living standards of the middle-income class in the European Union as our standard of comparison, we estimate that China’s “global middle class” with a similar living standard grew rapidly after 2002, reaching 254 million in 2013. We project that it had grown further to over 450 million by 2018. We describe the characteristics of this middle class, which is predominately urban, largely resides in China’s eastern region, and mainly depends on a wage income. A distinct business middle class exists but is relatively small. Analysis of the chances of attaining a middle-class income reveals the importance of an individual’s circumstances at birth. Parents’ education and occupation matter, and being born with an urban registration (hukou) provides a large advantage. For those born with a rural hukou, the most effective pathways to the middle class are migration and, if possible, obtaining an urban hukou.
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| 40. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in household income and poverty in urban China
- 2020
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Ingår i: Research on China’s Income Distribution and Labor Market (Vol.10, Ch.10). - Beijing, P.R. China : China Human Resources & Social Security Publishing Group Co., Ltd. - 9787516743119 ; , s. 203-223
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 41. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in Russian Poverty during Transition as Assessed from Microdata from the City of Taganrog
- 2004
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Ingår i: Economics of Transition. ; :12, s. 747-776
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The literature lacks solid assessments of poverty in Russia under transition compared to the poverty conditions at the onset of transition. This motivates us to analyse survey data from the city of Taganrog collected in similar manners for 1989 and 2000. Under all assumptions applied, we find that the extent of poverty has increased. The results also show that a large proportion of households with members in work-active ages have fallen into poverty. While poverty in 1989 was heavily concentrated to the elderly, Russian poverty in 2000 is to a large extent a problem for people in work-active ages and their children. Russian poverty has changed from being predictable and perhaps stable to the opposite.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Charitable donations by China’s private enterprises
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0939-3625. ; 41:3, s. 456-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of private enterprises in China has grown rapidly, and donations from them are an important source of philanthropy in China today. This paper investigates donations made by private enterprises in 2011 using a survey of data covering all 31 provincial-level units of China. The data show that philanthropy practised by Chinese private enterprises is widespread, but the amounts of donations are unequally distributed. Furthermore, donations are positively related to a company’s profit and in most cases also to the owner’s political participation as expressed in membership in the People’s Congress (PC) as well as the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) at different levels. Donating is also positively related to the presence of a branch of the Communist Party of China and a trade union within the firm. In contrast, there is little support for donations being related to the characteristics of the major owner of the business, such as their gender, age, previous employment experience, party membership or to the governance structure or location of the private firms.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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China's Emerging Global Middle Class
- 2017
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Ingår i: The latest changes of income distribution pattern in China - A study on the income distribution of Chinese residents (V). - Beijing, Kina : China Financial & Economic Publishing House.. - 9787509578971 ; , s. 351-385
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter seeks to throw new light on the emergence of the Chinese economic middle class using data from the China Household Income Project from 2002, 2007, and 2013. We find that between 2002 and 2013 China’s income distribution was transformed from a pyramid shape, with a majority having rather low income, to a more olive shape, as the middle class emerged. Defining “middle class” as having an income high enough not to be regarded as poor but also low enough not to be regarded as rich if living in a high-income country, we find that the share of China’s population that was middle class was extremely small in 2002, larger but still less than 10 percent in 2007, but it expanded rapidly from 2007 to 2013 to become one-fifth of China’s population, equivalent to roughly 250 million people. China’s middle class remains largely urban and is concentrated in the East; only a small minority of rural households and of rural migrants living in urban areas is middle class. We use simulations to investigate whether the growth of China’s middle class reflects across-the-board income growth versus a redistribution of income to the middle, and to project growth in the size of the middle class to 2020. If all household incomes grow uniformly by 6.5 percent per annum to 2020, then China’s middle class will almost double in size and in 2020 a majority of urban residents, but only 13 percent of rural residents, will be classified as middle class. We examine the characteristics of China’s middle class and find it to be distinctive in terms of its sources of income, location of residence, savings and consumption patterns, education, and Communist Party membership.
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| 46. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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China's Emerging Global Middle Class
- 2020
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Ingår i: Changing Trends in China's Inequality; Evidence, Analysis and Prospects. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780190077938 ; , s. 75-108
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter seeks to throw new light on the emergence of the Chinese economic middle class using data from the China Household Income Project from 2002, 2007, and 2013. We find that between 2002 and 2013 China’s income distribution was transformed from a pyramid shape, with a majority having rather low income, to a more olive shape, as the middle class emerged. Defining “middle class” as having an income high enough not to be regarded as poor but also low enough not to be regarded as rich if living in a high-income country, we find that the share of China’s population that was middle class was extremely small in 2002, larger but still less than 10 percent in 2007, but it expanded rapidly from 2007 to 2013 to become one-fifth of China’s population, equivalent to roughly 250 million people. China’s middle class remains largely urban and is concentrated in the East; only a small minority of rural households and of rural migrants living in urban areas is middle class. We use simulations to investigate whether the growth of China’s middle class reflects across-the-board income growth versus a redistribution of income to the middle, and to project growth in the size of the middle class to 2020. If all household incomes grow uniformly by 6.5 percent per annum to 2020, then China’s middle class will almost double in size and in 2020 a majority of urban residents, but only 13 percent of rural residents, will be classified as middle class. We examine the characteristics of China’s middle class and find it to be distinctive in terms of its sources of income, location of residence, savings and consumption patterns, education, and Communist Party membership.
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| 47. |
- Gustafsson, Björn, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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China's urban poor – Comparing twice poverty between residents and migrants in 2013 and 2018
- 2023
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Ingår i: China economic review. - 1043-951X. ; 80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data from the China Household Income Project in 2013 and 2018, this paper studies relative poverty among rural hukou holders living in urban China and urban hukou holders. People living in households with an income below a fixed percent of the median per-capita income and wealth below the same fixed percent of the median per-capita wealth among urban residents are deemed as relative poor. Although migrants with rural hukou living in urban China were more prone to twice poverty than urban residents in 2013, this was not generally the case in 2018. A multivariate analysis shows several factors to be related to the probability of being twice relative poor. Even considering these factors, a rural hukou status increased the probability of being twice relative poor in 2013. In contrast, such an excess risk of being twice relative poor was much lesser outspoken in middle and low-ranking cities in 2018. However, rural to urban migrants living in high-ranking cities had a somewhat higher risk of being relative poor than urban residents with the same characteristics in 2018.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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