| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Brundin, Peik M., et al.
(författare)
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Expression of Sex Hormone Receptor and Immune Response Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells During the Menstrual Cycle
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Endocrinology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-2392. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex hormones are known to interact with the immune system on multiple levels but information on the types of sex hormone receptors (SHR) and their expression levels in immune cells is scarce. Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone are all considered to interact with the immune system through their respective cell receptors (ERα and ERβ including the splice variant ERβ2, AR and PGR). In this study expression levels of SHR genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, CD56+ NK-cells, CD14+ monocytes and CD19+ B-cells) were analyzed using standard manual qPCR or a qPCR array (TLDA). Nine healthy individuals including men (n = 2), premenopausal (Pre-MP, n = 5) and postmenopausal (post-MP, n = 2) women were sampled for PBMCs which were separated to cell subsets using FACS. Ten Pre-MP women were longitudinally sampled for total PBMCs at different phases of the menstrual cycle. We found that ERα was most abundant and, unexpectedly, that ERβ2 was the dominant ERβ variant in several FACS sorted cell subsets. In total PBMCs, SHR (ERα, ERβ1, ERβ2, and AR) expression did not fluctuate according to the phase of the menstrual cycle and PGR was not expressed. However, several immune response genes (GATA3, IFNG, IL1B, LTA, NFKB1, PDCD1, STAT3, STAT5A, TBX21, TGFB1, TNFA) were more expressed during the ovulatory and mid-luteal phases. Sex hormone levels did not correlate significantly with gene expression of SHR or immune response genes, but sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a steroid hormone transporting protein, was positively correlated to expression of ERβ1 gene. This study provides new insights in the distribution of ERs in immune cells. Furthermore, expression patterns of several immune response genes differ significantly between phases of the menstrual cycle, supporting a role for sex hormones in the immune response.
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| 3. |
- Cundari, Maurizio, et al.
(författare)
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Neurocognitive and cerebellar function in ADHD, autism and spinocerebellar ataxia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. - 1662-5137. ; 17, s. 1-20
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cerebellum plays a major role in balance, motor control and sensorimotor integration, but also in cognition, language, and emotional regulation. Several neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as neurological diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) are associated with differences in cerebellar function. Morphological abnormalities in different cerebellar subregions produce distinct behavioral symptoms related to the functional disruption of specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits. The specific contribution of the cerebellum to typical development may therefore involve the optimization of the structure and function of cerebro-cerebellar circuits underlying skill acquisition in multiple domains. Here, we review cerebellar structural and functional differences between healthy and patients with ADHD, ASD, and SCA3, and explore how disruption of cerebellar networks affects the neurocognitive functions in these conditions. We discuss how cerebellar computations contribute to performance on cognitive and motor tasks and how cerebellar signals are interfaced with signals from other brain regions during normal and dysfunctional behavior. We conclude that the cerebellum plays a role in many cognitive functions. Still, more clinical studies with the support of neuroimaging are needed to clarify the cerebellum's role in normal and dysfunctional behavior and cognitive functioning.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Bumetanide for autism: Open-label trial in six children
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 110:5, s. 1548-1553
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Bumetanide, a diuretic agent, that reduces intracellular chloride-thereby reinforcing GABAergic inhibition-has been reported to improve core symptoms of autism in children. Given the positive results reported from French trials of bumetanide in children with autism, we decided to evaluate its effects in a small-scale pilot study, in advance of a larger randomised controlled study (RCT). Methods: This was an open-label three-month trial of bumetanide on six children (five boys), aged 3-14 years with autism. Ratings according to the Parental Satisfaction Survey (PASS) were used after four and twelve weeks to assess symptom change. Blood electrolyte status was monitored. Results: Improvement in the PASS domain "Communicative and cognitive abilities" was marked or very marked in four children, and two had some improvements. Few negative side effects were reported. Conclusion: Our small cohort responded well to bumetanide, particularly with regard to "Communicative and cognitive abilities". Taken with the evidence from larger-scale RCTs, we suggest that bumetanide should be considered for inclusion in ethically approved treatment/management trials for children with autism, subject to rigorous follow-up in large-scale RCTs.
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| 8. |
- Flanagan, Erin, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to local, source-specific ambient air pollution during pregnancy and autism in children : a cohort study from southern Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence of air pollution exposure, namely, ambient particulate matter (PM), during pregnancy and an increased risk of autism in children is growing; however, the unique PM sources that contribute to this association are currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate local, source-specific ambient PM exposure during pregnancy and its associations with childhood autism, specifically, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) as a group. A cohort of 40,245 singleton births from 2000 to 2009 in Scania, Sweden, was combined with data on locally emitted PM with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5). A flat, two-dimensional dispersion model was used to assess local PM2.5 concentrations (all-source PM2.5, small-scale residential heating- mainly wood burning, tailpipe exhaust, and vehicle wear-and-tear) at the mother’s residential address during pregnancy. Associations were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Exposure to local PM2.5 during pregnancy from each of the investigated sources was associated with childhood autism in the fully adjusted models. For ASD, similar, but less pronounced, associations were found. The results add to existing evidence that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk of childhood autism. Further, these findings suggest that locally produced emissions from both residential wood burning and road traffic-related sources (tailpipe exhaust and vehicle wear-and-tear) contribute to this association.
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| 9. |
- Gillberg, Christopher, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Archives of general psychiatry. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0003-990X. ; 54, s. 857-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: We wanted to study the effects of amphetamine on symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over a longer period than has been reported in previous studies of central stimulants in this condition. Methods: Sixty-two children, aged 6 to 11 years, meeting DSM-III-R symptom criteria for ADHD participated in a parallel-group design, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of amphetamine treatment. Treatment was not restricted to children with "pure" ADHD, ie, some had comorbid diagnoses. In the amphetamine group, children received active treatment for 15 months. Results: Amphetamine was clearly superior to placebo in reducing inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behavior problems and tended to lead to improved results on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised. Treatment failure rate was considerably lower and time to treatment failure was longer in the amphetamine group. Adverse effects were few and relatively mild. Conclusion: The results of this long-term, placebo-controlled study of the central stimulant amphetamine in the treatment of ADHD indicate that there are remaining positive effects of the drug 15 months after starting treatment.
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| 10. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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ADHD symptoms and maturity - a follow-up study in school children.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Acta paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 99:10, s. 1536-1539
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Aim: To test the hypothesis that there is a subgroup of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who show a decline in ADHD-symptoms that is associated with signs of biological maturation, a phenomenon referred to as a 'maturation catch-up'. Methods: The parents of 147 children who were given an examination in grades one and two 1999-2000 that included assessment of ADHD-symptoms and estimation of skeletal bone-age by use of hand radiographs (which was repeated in the eighth grade), were contacted 2008-2009 and were asked to answer questions concerning ADHD-symptoms and behavioural maturity in their children. The response frequency was 67%. A complete dataset was achieved in 57 children. A reduction of Conners scores for ADHD-symptoms of eight or more between the evaluations was defined as a marked reduction in symptoms. Results: When the children with a marked symptom reduction (n = 6) were compared with children without such a reduction (n = 51), we found a significant difference in skeletal maturation (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study gives support to the theory that there is a group of children with ADHD-symptoms who have a biological maturational-lag who will show a decrease in their ADHD-symptoms as they show a maturation catch-up with increasing age.
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| 11. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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ADHD symptoms and maturity - A study in primary school children
- 2008
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 97:2, s. 233-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To study if age and non-behavioural measures of biological maturity have any associations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Two hundred fifty-one children 7 to 9 years of age in a Swedish school were screened for ADHD-symptom. ADHD-symptoms were estimated by Conners Abbreviated Questionnaire by both parents and teachers. Motor function, body weight and body height were measured. Skeletal age was estimated through hand radiographs. Results: Height, weight and skeletal bone-age did correlate significantly with age (rs = 0.44-0.69, p < 0.001) but not with ADHD symptom scores. Motor dysfunction had a weak negative correlation with age (rs = -0.21, p < 0.05). Parent and teacher scores of ADHD-symptoms did not correlate with age. Conclusion: This study showed that the variables measuring general biological maturity had a strong association with age, whereas motor dysfunction and ADHD symptoms had no significant association with age. ADHD symptoms did not correlate with the variables measuring general biological maturity. These results do not support the hypothesis that a general biological immaturity is an important etiologic factor for ADHD symptomatology. © 2007 The Author(s).
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| 12. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between cerebral blood-flow measured by single photon emission tomography (SPECT), electro-encephalogram (EEG), behaviour symptoms and neurological soft signs in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- 2000
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Ingår i: Acta Pædiatrica. - : Wiley. - 1651-2227 .- 0803-5253. ; 89:7, s. 830-835
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-eight children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were examined with SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography). Seven of the children had abnormal distribution of the regional cerebral blood-flow (rCBF) on visual evaluation and 10 had abnormal EEG findings. The only clinical finding that differentiated the group with normal from abnormal rCBF was behaviour symptom load. A factor analysis of the rCBF in different regions of interest yielded one factor with low rCBF in the temporal and cerebellar regions and high rCBF in the subcortical and thalamic regions, which was significantly associated with the degree of motor impairment and results on a cognitive test (WISC). Another factor consisting of high rCBF in frontal and parietal regions had a significant negative correlation with the degree of behaviour symptoms. There was a negative correlation between the rCBF in the right frontal regions and the degree of behaviour symptoms. The number of minor physical anomalies (MPA) was negatively correlated to the rCBF in the frontal lobes bilaterally. These results suggest that there may be at least two functional disturbances in ADHD, one specific neurodevelopmentally determined disturbance of the frontal lobes, especially of the right hemisphere, related to behaviour deviance, and another disturbance of the integration of the temporal lobes, the cerebellum and subcortical structures, related to motor planning and aspects of cognition.
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| 13. |
- Gustafsson, Peik
(författare)
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Bio-social aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Neurophysiology, maturity, motor function and how symptoms relate to family interaction
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis has been to study biological and social factors of importance for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thirty children (age 6-11) with ADHD were examined with parent ratings, neurological examination, cognitive testing, cerebral blood-flow, and EEG. These children together with 14 other children the same age with ADHD, were video-taped during family-tasks before and after three months of treatment with amphetamine. Parents answered questionnaires concerning family functioning and parental well-being. Two-hundred and fifty-one children (age 6-9) were examined with skeletal bone-age, motor examination by the physical education teacher, and parent and teacher questionnaires concerning ADHD-symptoms. Thirty-five children were video-taped during neurological examination. Twenty children were examined on two occasions with four weeks between the examinations. Eighty-nine children age 5½, and 23 children age 7-9 underwent neurological examination and parents were interviewed concerning their child’s motor development. The results from the examination of cerebral blood-flow suggest that there may be at least two functional disturbances in children with ADHD, one involving the frontal lobes, especially on the right side, related to behavioural deviance, and another disturbance of the integration of the temporal lobes, the cerebellum and subcortical structures related to motor planning and aspects of cognition. The study of family function gives support to the notion that some aspects of family dysfunction may be related to the child’s ADHD behaviour. Variables related to general biological maturity did not correlate with ADHD-symptoms. The neurological “soft-signs” examination studied, was found to have good reliability and validity as a measure of motor function and can be recommended for clinical practice and research.
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| 14. |
- Gustafsson, Peik
(författare)
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Enures och Enkopres
- 2015. - Tredje utgåvan
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Ingår i: Barn- och ungdomspsykiatri. - 9789127131415
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 15. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Motor function and perception in children with neuropsychiatric and conduct problems : results from a population based twin study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. - Stockholm : Karolinska Institutet, Dept of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics. - 1866-1947 .- 1866-1955.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Children with early symptomatic psychiatric disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been found to have high rates of motor and/or perception difficulties. However, there have been few large-scale studies reporting on the association between Conduct Disorder (CD) and motor/perception functions. The aim of the present study was to investigate how motor function and perception relate to measures of ADHD, ASD, and CD. METHODS: Parents of 16,994 Swedish twins (ages nine and twelve years) were interviewed using the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC), which has been validated as a screening instrument for early onset child psychiatric disorders and symptoms. Associations between categorical variables of scoring above previously validated cut-off values for diagnosing ADHD, ASD, and CD on the one hand and motor and/or perception problems on the other hand were analysed using cross-tabulations, and the Fisher exact test. Associations between the continuous scores for ADHD, ASD, CD, and the subdomains Concentration/Attention, Impulsiveness/Activity, Flexibility, Social Interaction and Language, and the categorical factors age and gender, on the one hand, and the dependent dichotomic variables Motor control and Perception problems, on the other hand, were analysed using binary logistic regression in general estimated equation models. RESULTS: Male gender was associated with increased risk of Motor control and/or Perception problems. Children scoring above the cut-off for ADHD, ASD, and/or CD, but not those who were 'CD positive' but 'ADHD/ASD negative', had more Motor control and/or Perception problems, compared with children who were screen-negative for all three diagnoses. In the multivariable model, CD and Impulsiveness/Activity had no positive associations with Motor control and/or Perception problems. CONCLUSIONS: CD symptoms or problems with Impulsiveness/Activity were associated with Motor control or Perception problems only in the presence of ASD symptoms and/or symptoms of inattention. Our results indicate that children with CD but without ASD or inattention do not show a deviant development of motor and perceptual functions. Therefore, all children with CD should be examined concerning motor control and perception. If problems are present, a suspicion of ADHD and/or ASD should be raised.
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| 16. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Perinatal, maternal, and fetal characteristics of children diagnosed with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: results from a population-based study utilizing the Swedish Medical Birth Register.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622. ; 53:3, s. 263-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pre- and perinatal factors on the risk of developing attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method We investigated the medical history of 237 children (206 male; 31 female) from Malmö, Sweden born between 1986 and 1996 and in whom a diagnosis of ADHD (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IIIR or IV) was subsequently made at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, and a reference group of 31 775 typically developing children from Malmö using data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Results The results of multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that ADHD was significantly associated with a young maternal age (odds ratio [OR] for 5y increase 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-0.99), maternal smoking (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.14-1.60), maternal birthplace in Sweden (OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.45-2.94), and preterm birth <32 weeks (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.39-6.71), and a male predominance (OR 6.38; 95% CI 4.37-9.32). Apgar scores at 5 minutes below 7 were significantly associated with ADHD in the univariable analysis (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.15-5.90). The population-attributable fraction of ADHD caused by the perinatal factors studied was estimated to be 2.8%. Interpretation The results indicate that the studied factors constitute weak risk factors for developing ADHD.
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| 17. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability and validity of the assessment of neurological soft-signs in children with and without attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder
- 2010
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Ingår i: DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622 .- 1469-8749. ; 52:4, s. 364-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM To study the value and reliability of an examination of neurological soft-signs, often used in Sweden, in the assessment of children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), by examining children with and without ADHD, as diagnosed by an experienced clinician using the DSM-III-R. METHOD We have examined interrater reliability (26 males, nine females; age range 5y 6mo-11y), internal consistency (94 males, 43 females; age range 5y 6mo-11y), test-retest reliability (12 males, eight females; age range 6-9y), and validity (79 males, 33 females; age range 5y 6mo-9y). RESULTS The sum of the scores for the items on the examination had good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation [ICC] 0.95) and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha 0.76). The test-retest study also showed good reliability (ICC 0.91). There were modest associations between the examination and the assessment of motor function made by the physical education teacher (ICC 0.37) as well as from the parents description (ICC 0.39). The examination of neurological soft-signs had a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.76 in predicting motor problems as evaluated by the physical education teacher. INTERPRETATION The reliability and validity of this examination seem to be good and can be recommended for clinical practice and research.
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| 18. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Reliability and validity of the assessment of soft signs in children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622 .- 1469-8749. ; 52:4, s. 364-370
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To study the value and reliability of an examination of neurological soft-signs, often used in Sweden, in the assessment of children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), by examining children with and without ADHD, as diagnosed by an experienced clinician using the DSM-III-R. METHOD: We have examined interrater reliability (26 males, nine females; age range 5y 6mo-11y), internal consistency (94 males, 43 females; age range 5y 6mo-11y), test-retest reliability (12 males, eight females; age range 6-9y), and validity (79 males, 33 females; age range 5y 6mo-9y). RESULTS: The sum of the scores for the items on the examination had good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation [ICC] 0.95) and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.76). The test-retest study also showed good reliability (ICC 0.91). There were modest associations between the examination and the assessment of motor function made by the physical education teacher (ICC 0.37) as well as from the parents' description (ICC 0.39). The examination of neurological soft-signs had a sensitivity of 0.80 and a specificity of 0.76 in predicting motor problems as evaluated by the physical education teacher. INTERPRETATION: The reliability and validity of this examination seem to be good and can be recommended for clinical practice and research.
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| 19. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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The ability to maintain rhythm is predictive of ADHD diagnosis and profile
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1471-244X. ; 23:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder in the world. Currently, the diagnosis is based mainly on interviews, resulting in uncertainties in the clinical assessment. While some neuropsychological tests are used, their specificity and selectivity are low, and more reliable biomarkers are desirable. Previous research indicates that ADHD is associated with morphological changes in the cerebellum, which is essential for motor ability and timing. Here, we compared 29 children diagnosed with ADHD to 96 age-matched controls on prism adaptation, eyeblink conditioning, and timed motor performance in a finger tapping task. Prism adaptation and timing precision in the finger tapping task, but not performance on eyeblink conditioning, differed between the ADHD and control groups, as well as between children with and without Deficits in Attention, Motor control, and Perception (DAMP) – a more severe form of ADHD. The results suggest finger tapping can be used as a cheap, objective, and unbiased biomarker to complement current diagnostic procedures.
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| 20. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of ADHD with Amphetamine; Short-term effects on family interaction
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of attention disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 12:1, s. 83-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This research seeks to study the impact on family function after 3 months of treatment with amphetamine. Method: A total of 43 children, 6 to 11 years of age, with ADHD were treated with amphetamine for 3 months. Family function was studied before and after treatment by parent self-rating and independent observer ratings of videotaped parent—child interactions. Results: The families with a child with ADHD were found to be more dysfunctional than control families. Families with children with severe ADHD behavior showed evidence of more family dysfunction compared to families with children with less severe ADHD behavior. After 3 months of treatment with amphetamine, the children's behavior and the mother's well-being and some aspects of parent-reported and observer-rated family functioning improved. Conclusion: This study gives support to the notion that some aspects of family dysfunction may be related to the child's ADHD behavior.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Gustafsson, Peik, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With Amphetamine: Short-Term Effects on Family Interaction.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1557-1246 .- 1087-0547. ; 12:1, s. 83-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This research seeks to study the impact on family function after 3 months of treatment with amphetamine. Method: A total of 43 children, 6 to 11 years of age, with ADHD were treated with amphetamine for 3 months. Family function was studied before and after treatment by parent self-rating and independent observer ratings of videotaped parent—child interactions. Results: The families with a child with ADHD were found to be more dysfunctional than control families. Families with children with severe ADHD behavior showed evidence of more family dysfunction compared to families with children with less severe ADHD behavior. After 3 months of treatment with amphetamine, the children's behavior and the mother's well-being and some aspects of parent-reported and observer-rated family functioning improved. Conclusion: This study gives support to the notion that some aspects of family dysfunction may be related to the child's ADHD behavior.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Haglund, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Improvement of Autism Symptoms After Comprehensive Intensive Early Interventions in Community Settings
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. - : SAGE Publications. - 1078-3903 .- 1532-5725. ; 27:6, s. 483-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Preschool children with autism in southern Sweden participated in a comprehensive Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention (NDBI) program. AIMS: To evaluate the ongoing NDBI program by comparing the pre- and postintervention outcomes in terms of improved autism symptom severity. METHOD: The improvement of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-R) test results between baseline and evaluation among children participating in the NDBI program (n = 67) was compared with the results among children receiving community treatment as usual (n = 27) using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: The study showed that children in the NDBI group improved their ADOS-R total scores between baseline and evaluation (-0.8 scores per year; 95% CI [-1.2, -0.4]), whereas no improvement was detected in the comparison group (+0.1 scores per year; 95% CI [-0.7, +0.9]). The change in the NDBI group versus the change in the comparison group was statistically significant after adjusting for possible confounders as well. Children in the NDBI group also significantly improved their ADOS severity scores, but the scores were not significantly different from those of the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the current naturalistic study must be interpreted cautiously, but they do support earlier studies reporting on improvement of autism symptoms after early intensive interventions. Results from observational studies are difficult to interpret, but it is nevertheless of uttermost importance to evaluate costly autism intervention programs. The results do indicate that children with autism benefit from participating in early comprehensive intensive programs.
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| 26. |
- Haglund, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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The observation scale for autism (OSA): A new screening method to detect autism spectrum disorder before age three years
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment. - : Lifescience Global. - 2292-2598. ; 3:4, s. 230-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: Background: There is an increasing body of evidence that early interventions for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) promote a positive development of social interaction. Thus, tools for early detection of ASD are warranted. Aim: Development of, and deciding cut-off-levels for, a new screening tool for ASD, the Observation Scale for Autism (OSA). The OSA was designed to be used at the free health check-up at 30 months, offered to all children in Sweden. Method: The OSA consists of 12 observations and takes less than 10 minutes to use. The performance of the test was investigated by assessing 37 children previously diagnosed ASD, 23 with Down Syndrome (DS) and 26 typically developing children (TD). Results: Children diagnosed with ASD showed statistically significant higher scores in all 12 items compared to TD children, and significantly higher in 10 items compared to the children with DS. Most of the observations in OSA seemed to cover specific symptoms of ASD, but two of the observations were more related to developmental level. The nine most discriminative items for ASD were identified, and among those, a cut-off limit was chosen (≥3 items). Among children with ASD, 34/37 reached the proposed cut off, compared to 0/26 and 4/23 among children in the TD and DS groups, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that the OSA discriminates children with ASD from TD children and children with DS. Using the suggested cut off, OSA provides high sensitivity for ASD (92%) with a very low false positive rate.
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| 27. |
- Jostrup, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of stochastic vestibular stimulation on cognitive performance in children with ADHD
- 2023
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - 0014-4819. ; 241, s. 2693-2703
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous work has shown that exposure to auditory white noise (WN) can improve cognitive performance in children with ADHD, but it is unknown whether this improvement generalizes to other sensory modalities. To address this knowledge gap, we tested the effect of Stochastic Vestibular Stimulation (SVS) on cognitive performance and reaction time (RT) variability in two groups: children with ADHD and typically developing children (TDC). Children with ADHD (N=42) and TDC (N=28) performed three cognitive tasks (Spanboard, Word Recall and N-back tasks) at two different occasions, with and without exposure to SVS, in a double blinded design. The results showed no main effects of SVS on neither performance nor RT variability for children in any of the groups, and no interactions between SVS and group. Based on these results we conclude that, using our stimulation protocol, the positive effects of WN exposure on cognition in children with ADHD do not generalize to Stochastic Vestibular Stimulation.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Mattsson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Cotinine validation of self-reported smoking during pregnancy in the Swedish Medical Birth Register.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1469-994X .- 1462-2203.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-reported data on smoking during pregnancy from the Medical Birth Register of Sweden (MBR) are widely used. However, underreporting of such behaviour may occur, leading to biases. It is of importance to validate the smoking data in the MBR. The main objective was to investigate the agreement between self-reported smoking data from the MBR and cotinine levels in maternal serum among women from the general population in the region of Skåne, Sweden. We also estimated the transfer of cotinine from mother to fetus.
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| 30. |
- Meyer, Jenny, 1985-
(författare)
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ADHD in adolescence : Evaluation of a structured skills training group and associated predictors of functional impairment
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to difficulties with self-control and functional impairment across several life domains. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been recommended for adolescents with ADHD, but evidence of its effectiveness remains scarce. Associated predictors of daily impairment for this age group also need further investigation. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness, acceptability, and experience of a structured skills training group (SSTG) for adolescents with ADHD, and to explore associated predictors of functional impairment in this group of patients. Study I was a randomized controlled trial where the SSTG, which was based on dialectical behavioral therapy, was compared to an active control group of psychoeducation (164 participants were included in the main analyses). In Study II (n = 128), potential treatment moderators were explored in order to investigate if certain subgroup(s) might have an effect from the SSTG. In Study III, the experience of participating in the SSTG was investigated in a qualitative interview study (n = 20). Study IV was a cross-sectional study including adolescents with (n = 164) and without (n = 106) ADHD, where associated predictors of impairment were explored. The findings from Study I suggested that the SSTG was not more effective than the control intervention. A majority did report benefits from the SSTG, indicating that the treatment was acceptable for the adolescents. In Study II, three moderators were identified (hyperactivity/impulsivity, conduct problems, and impairment of emotional dysregulation); participants with elevated symptoms of these moderators had a better effect from the SSTG than from the control intervention. In Study III, the participants expressed appreciation of meeting peers with ADHD and described a feeling of togetherness. Adaptations of the treatment were suggested, such as more practicing and discussions. In Study IV, inattention was identified as the strongest associated predictor of impairment in school and symptoms of psychiatric comorbidity contributed to the explained variance of daily impairment. In conclusion, the group format of the SSTG seemed to provide added value for adolescents with ADHD, but further adaptations of the treatment (e.g., more extensive practicing of skills) are warranted to enable improvements in daily functioning. More research is needed to establish the potential effectiveness of the SSTG for certain subgroups. School-based interventions more tailored for attentional deficits might be needed to improve academic functioning, and comorbid symptoms should be routinely assessed and treated in adolescents with ADHD.
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| 31. |
- Ode, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of maternal and fetal exposure and temporal trends of perfluorinated compounds.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7499 .- 0944-1344. ; 20:11, s. 7970-7978
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, some perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been identified as potentially hazardous substances which are harmful to the environment and human health. According to limited data, PFC levels in humans could be influenced by several determinants. However, the findings are inconsistent. In the present study, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were measured in paired maternal and cord serum samples (N = 237) collected between 1978 and 2001 in Southern Sweden to study the relationship between these and to investigate several potential determinants of maternal and fetal exposure to PFCs. Time trends of PFCs in Swedish women were also evaluated. The study is a part of the Fetal Environment and Neurodevelopment Disorders in Epidemiological Research project. PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA levels (median) were higher in maternal serum (15, 2.1, and 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) than in cord serum (6.5, 1.7, and 0.20 ng/ml, respectively). PFC levels were among the highest in women originating from the Nordic countries and the lowest in women from the Middle East, North Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa. Multiparous women had lower serum PFOA levels (1.7 ng/ml) than primiparous women (2.4 ng/ml). Maternal age, body mass index, cotinine levels, and whether women carried male or female fetuses did not affect serum PFC concentrations. Umbilical cord serum PFC concentrations showed roughly similar patterns as the maternal except for the gestational age where PFC levels increased with advancing gestational age. PFOS levels increased during the study period in native Swedish women. In summary, PFOS levels tend to increase while PFOA and PFNA levels were unchanged between 1978 and 2001 in our study population. Our results demonstrate that maternal country of origin, parity, and gestational age might be associated with PFC exposure.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Ode, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Manganese and selenium concentrations in umbilical cord serum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1096-0953 .- 0013-9351. ; 137, s. 373-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing evidence on the effects of manganese and selenium during fetal life on neurodevelopmental disorders is inadequate. This study aims to investigate the hypothesized relationship between fetal exposure to manganese and selenium and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in childhood. Children born between 1978 and 2000 with ADHD (n=166) were identified at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Malmö, Sweden. Controls from the same region (n=166) were selected from the Medical Birth Register and were matched for year of birth and maternal country of birth. Manganese and selenium were measured in umbilical cord serum. The median cord serum concentrations of manganese were 4.3μg/L in the cases and 4.1μg/L in the controls. The corresponding concentrations of selenium were 47 and 48μg/L. When the exposures were analyzed as continuous variables no associations between cord manganese or selenium concentration and ADHD were observed. However, children with selenium concentrations above the 90th percentile had 2.5 times higher odds (95% confidence interval 1.3-5.1) of having ADHD compared to those with concentrations between the 10th and 90th percentiles. There was no significant interaction between manganese and selenium exposure (p=0.08). This study showed no association between manganese concentrations in umbilical cord serum and ADHD. The association between ADHD diagnoses in children with relatively high cord selenium was unexpected and should be interpreted with caution.
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| 34. |
- Ors, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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SPECT findings in children with specific language impairment.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Cortex. - 1973-8102. ; 41:3, s. 316-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Findings from 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT measurements at rest in a group of 19 school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) were compared to a group of 12 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) distributions were different in the two groups. Children with SLI showed significantly lower CBF values in the right parietal region and in the subcortical region compared to the ADHD group. In addition, the SLI group had symmetric CBF distributions in the left and right temporal regions, whereas the ADHD group showed the usual asymmetry with left-sided hemispheric predominance in the temporal regions. The findings give further evidence for anomalous neurodevelopment with deviant hemispheric lateralization as an important factor in the aetiology of SLI. They also point to the role of subcortical structures in language impairment in childhood. Earlier focus on cortical structures in SLI research needs to be widened to include subcortical regions as well.
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| 35. |
- Oudin, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Prenatal exposure to air pollution as a potential risk factor for autism and ADHD
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environment International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). One suggested environmental risk factor for ASD and ADHD is air pollution, but knowledge of its effects, especially in low-exposure areas, are limited. Here, we investigate risks for ASD and ADHD associated with prenatal exposure to air pollution in an area with air pollution levels generally well below World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. We used an epidemiological database (MAPSS) consisting of virtually all (99%) children born between 1999 and 2009 (48,571 births) in the study area, in southern Sweden. MAPSS consists of data on modelled nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels derived from a Gaussian dispersion model; maternal residency during pregnancy; perinatal factors collected from a regional birth registry; and socio-economic factors extracted from Statistics Sweden. All ASD and ADHD diagnoses in our data were undertaken at the Malmö and Lund Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, using standardized diagnostic instruments. We used logistic regression analyses to obtain estimates of the risk of developing ASD and ADHD associated with different air pollution levels, with adjustments for potential perinatal and socio-economic confounders. In this longitudinal cohort study, we found associations between air pollution exposure during the prenatal period and and the risk of developing ASD. For example, an adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.40 and its 95% Confidence Interval (CI) (95% CI: 1.02–1.93) were found when comparing the fourth with the first quartile of NOx exposure. We did not find similar associations on the risk of developing ADHD. This study contributes to the growing evidence of a link between prenatal exposure to air pollution and autism spectrum disorders, suggesting that prenatal exposure even below current WHO air quality guidelines may increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders.
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| 36. |
- Råstam, Maria, 1948, et al.
(författare)
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Eating Problems and Overlap with ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Nationwide Twin Study of 9- and 12-Year-Old Children.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scientific World Journal. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1537-744X .- 2356-6140.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim. To establish the prevalence of restrictive eating problems, the overlap and association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to estimate the heritability of eating problems in a general population sample of twins aged 9 and 12. Methods. Parents of all Swedish 9- and 12-year-old twin pairs born between 1993 and 1998 (n = 12,366) were interviewed regarding symptoms of ADHD, ASD, and eating problems (EAT-P). Intraclass correlations and structural equation modelling were used for evaluating the influence of genetic and environmental factors. Cross-twin, cross-trait correlations were used to indicate a possible overlap between conditions. Results. The prevalence of eating problems was 0.6% in the study population and was significantly higher in children with ADHD and/or ASD. Among children with eating problems, 40% were screened positive for ADHD and/or ASD. Social interaction problems were strongly associated with EAT-P in girls, and impulsivity and activity problems with EAT-P in boys. The cross-twin, cross-trait correlations suggested low correlations between EAT-P and ADHD or EAT-P and ASD. Genetic effects accounted for 44% of the variation in liability for eating problems. Conclusions. In the group with eating problems, there was a clear overrepresentation of individuals with ADHD and/or ASD symptoms.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Sjöström, David, et al.
(författare)
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The Winding Road to Equal Care : Attitudes and Experiences of Prescribing ADHD Medication among Pediatric Psychiatrists: A Qualitative Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601. ; 20:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence is lacking on how to understand the reasons for variations, both in prevalence of ADHD and ADHD medication prescribing patterns in children and adolescents, within Region Skåne. These variations are not in line with current national clinical guidelines and seem to have increased over time. This qualitative interview study illuminates pediatric psychiatrists' attitudes toward ADHD and their experiences of prescribing ADHD medication. Eleven pediatric psychiatrists described the complex interplay of variables that they experienced while assessing a child, which had influence on their decision to prescribe medication. Being part of a local unit's culture influenced how ADHD medications were prescribed. They wished that the assessment of the child's symptoms was consistent with guidelines in every unit but noted that such alignment was not implemented. They pointed out that an ADHD diagnosis is dependent on the surrounding's motivation and capacity to adapt to the present state of the child. The participants described how they balanced clinical guidelines with demands from the family, as well as from society at large. Their personal attitudes and clinical experiences towards diagnosing and prescribing medications to children with ADHD influenced their decisions. The study adds information about how attitudes may lead to variation in diagnostics and therapy.
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| 39. |
- Söderlund, Göran B.W., et al.
(författare)
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Comparing Auditory Noise Treatment with Stimulant Medication on cognitive Task Performance in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Pilot Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Recent research has shown that acoustic white noise (80 dB) can improve task performance in people with attention deficits and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is attributed to the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in which a certain amount of noise can improve performance in a brain that is not working at its optimum. We compare here the effect of noise exposure with the effect of stimulant medication on cognitive task performance in ADHD. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of auditory noise exposure with stimulant medication for ADHD children on a cognitive test battery. A group of typically developed children (TDC) took the same tests as a comparison. Methods: Twenty children with ADHD of combined or inattentive subtypes and twenty TDC matched for age and gender performed three different tests (word recall, spanboard and n-back task) during exposure to white noise (80 dB) and in a silent condition. The ADHD children were tested with and without central stimulant medication. Results: In the spanboard- and the word recall tasks, but not in the 2-back task, white noise exposure led to significant improvements for both non-medicated and medicated ADHD children. No significant effects of medication were found on any of the three tasks. Conclusion: This pilot study shows that exposure to white noise resulted in a task improvement that was larger than the one with stimulant medication thus opening up the possibility of using auditory noise as an alternative, non-pharmacological treatment of cognitive ADHD symptoms.
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| 40. |
- Tallberg, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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A longitudinal investigation of cognitive functioning and its relationship to symptom severity and academic functioning in treatment seeking youth with AHDH
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2245-8875. ; 9, s. 52-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Children with ADHD tend to present with poorer cognitive functioning leaving them more vulnerable to a range of negative outcomes. To date, only a handful of longitudinal studies have examined the stability of Wechsler composite scores in children and adolescents with ADHD, and none of them used a more recent version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC), than the WISC-III. Objective: The present study investigates the cognitive stability and its longitudinal relationship with the severity of the child's ADHD symptoms and school grades. Method: Cognitive functioning was measured with the fourth editions of the WISC-IV or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-IV) at baseline and at a 3-4-year follow-up in children with ADHD (n = 125, mean age = 11.40 years, SD = 3.27) and a Control group of schoolchildren (n = 59, mean age = 11.97 years, SD = 2.15). The stability of cognitive functioning and the relationship between cognitive functioning, ADHD and grades were evaluated using linear mixed models and logistic regression. Results: Standardized composite scores of Full scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, and Processing Speed declined between baseline and follow-up in the ADHD group. ADHD symptom scores were associated with Working Memory scores. Together, the severity of concurrent ADHD symptoms and lower scores for verbal comprehension at baseline and follow-up were associated with an increased risk of not achieving grades at follow-up in youth with ADHD. Conclusions: Youth with ADHD often present with cognitive impairments, not improved over time. Together these increase the risk of poorer academic outcomes. Concurrent evaluation of symptom severity and cognitive functions can add potentially useful information in terms of treatment planning, and school supports to prevent school failure.
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| 41. |
- Tallberg, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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A longitudinal investigation of parental ratings and performance metrics for executive functioning and symptom severity in clinically referred youth with ADHD.
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Applied neuropsychology. Child. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2162-2965 .- 2162-2973. ; 12:4, s. 259-271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There remains a knowledge gap concerning the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over the longer term. The current study aimed to investigate the change in parent-rated, and performance-based metrics of executive functioning (EF) and the relationship between these EF metrics and ADHD symptoms in individuals with ADHD from childhood/adolescence to young adulthood. This was done by examining possible improvements in parent-rated EF and performance-based measures of inattention and inhibition over a three-year interval and their relationship to ADHD outcomes in 137 clinically referred youth with ADHD (mean age = 12.4years, SD = 3.1). Participants' parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Swanson-Nolan-Pelham Scale at baseline and follow-up. Participants completed the Conners' Continuous Performance Test, Version II (CPT II) at baseline and follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed with Linear Mixed Models. The sex- and age-standardized measures Commission and Hit reaction time (RT) subscales of the CPT II and parent-rated metacognitive, and behavior regulation composites of the BRIEF were largely stable between measuring points. CPT Omissions, Hit RT standard error (reaction time variability), and parent-rated ADHD symptom scores improved slightly. BRIEF composites and reaction time variability were related to ADHD symptoms using longitudinal data. Overall, behavioral aspects of EF, as observed by parents in the home context, appear to play a significant role in the trajectory of childhood ADHD.
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| 42. |
- Tallberg, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Incremental clinical utility of continuous performance tests in childhood ADHD – an evidence-based assessment approach
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564. ; 60:1, s. 26-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite extensive research on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there are still uncertainties regarding the clinical utility of different ADHD assessment methods. This study aimed to examine the incremental clinical utility of Conners’ continuous performance test (CPT) II and QbTest in diagnostic assessments and treatment monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Retrospective data from child and adolescent psychiatric records of two populations were studied. The diagnostic clinical utility of Conners’ CPT II and QbTest was analysed using receiver operator characteristics (ROC) and post-test probability in 80 children with and 38 without ADHD. Dose titrations of central stimulants in 56 children with ADHD were evaluated using QbTest and the Swanson, Nolan, Pelham, version IV (SNAP-IV) scale. Conners’ CPT II, but not QbTest, had incremental clinical utility in diagnostic assessment of children with ADHD when teacher and parent ratings were inconclusive. QbTest proved useful in titration of central stimulant treatment when parent ratings were inconclusive. Continuous performance tests were found to be clinically useful when rating scales were inconclusive.
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| 43. |
- Tallberg, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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The three-year outcome of emotional symptoms in clinically referred youth with ADHD and their relationship to neuropsychological functions
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2245-8875. ; 10:1, s. 72-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Further knowledge is needed regarding long-term outcome of emotional symptoms, and the interplay between these symptoms and neuropsychological functioning in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective: We aimed to explore the effect of performance-based neurocognitive functions and parent-rated behavioral executive functioning (EF) on self-rated and parent-rated internalizing symptoms longitudinally in clinically referred youth with ADHD (n = 137; mean age = 12.4 years). We also aimed to examine the change in self-rated emotional symptoms in the ADHD group and a Control group (n = 59; mean age = 11.9 years). Method: At baseline, and three years later, parents completed rating scales of their child's ADHD symptoms (Swanson Nolan Pelham Scale, Version IV - SNAP-IV), emotional symptoms (Five To Fifteen Questionnaire, Strengths, and Difficulties Questionnaire), and EF (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function). At the same time, the child completed self-report measures of Anxiety, Depression, and Anger Inventories (the Beck Youth Inventories) and neurocognitive measures (Conner's Continuous Performance Test, Version II (CPT-II), Working Memory and Processing Speed composites (Wechsler Intelligence Scales). Statistical analyses were linear and logistic mixed models. Results: Using longitudinal data, parent- and self-ratings of emotional symptoms were associated with parent-ratings of EF behavior in youth with ADHD. Plan/organizing deficits were associated with Anxiety and Anger over and above other metacognitive subscales, while Emotional Control was related to Anger over and above other behavior regulation subscales. In the ADHD group, Anger symptoms improved across measuring points. When controlling for age, Anxiety, and Depression symptoms were largely stable in both groups, however at higher levels in the ADHD group. The differences in anxiety and depression symptoms across groups decreased over time. Conclusions: The current study emphasizes the importance of identification, monitoring, and treatment of emotional symptoms, and behavioral aspects of EF in youth with ADHD.
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| 44. |
- Taylor, M. J., et al.
(författare)
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Examining the Association Between Autistic Traits and Atypical Sensory Reactivity: A Twin Study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0890-8567 .- 1527-5418. ; 57:2, s. 96-102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Atypical responses to sensory stimuli are common features of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Consequently, atypical sensory reactivity (SR) is now a diagnostic feature of ASD. Quantitative genetic research on ASD has overlooked these symptoms, however. We therefore investigated the association between autistic traits and SR using twin methods. Method: Autistic traits and SR were assessed by 2 separate scales in 12,419 Swedish twin pairs (n = 3,586 monozygotic [MZ], n = 8,833 dizygotic [DZ]) when the twins were 9 or 12 years of age. The classic twin design estimated the degree to which etiological factors associated with autistic traits were also associated with SR, and the degree to which such shared factors explained the covariance between these phenotypes. DeFries Fulker analysis estimated the genetic correlation between screening diagnoses of ASD, defined broadly and strictly, and SR. Results: Autistic traits and SR were both highly heritable (62%-75% and 66%-71%, respectively). There was a moderate phenotypic correlation between autistic traits and SR (r = 0.47). Genetic influences on these phenotypes correlated moderately (genetic correlation = 0.60). These overlapping genetic factors explained most of the correlation between autistic traits and SR. Genetic correlations with SR increased for broad ASD (genetic correlation = 0.72) and strict ASD (genetic correlation = 0.80). Conclusion: The genetic overlap observed between autistic traits and SR lends quantitative genetic support to the notion that ASD and SR are strongly linked. Stich symptoms may thus comprise part of the ASD genotype, as well as phenotype. Associations persisted across all definitions of ASD, indicating a genetic link between the broader ASD phenotype and SR.
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| 45. |
- Tärnhäll, André, et al.
(författare)
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Healthcare utilization and psychiatric morbidity in violent offenders: findings from a prospective cohort study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 58:4, s. 617-628
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Although persistent offenders with histories of imprisonment and violence have disproportionate high rates of psychiatric disorders, little is known of their psychiatric healthcare utilization (HCU) and HCU-associated factors. This study aimed to explore psychiatric HCU, psychiatric morbidity, and psychotropic prescription drugs in violent offenders with a history of incarceration. Methods Male offenders aged 18-25 (n = 266) imprisoned for violent and/or physical sexual offenses were clinically assessed in 2010-2012 and prospectively followed in Swedish national registries through 2017. Register-based information regarding HCU, psychiatric morbidity, and psychotropic drugs was tracked and compared with a general population group (n = 10,000) and across offending trajectory groups. Baseline risk factors were used to explain prospective psychiatric HCU in violent offenders. Results Violent offenders used less general healthcare and psychiatric outpatient care, but more psychiatric inpatient care and were more often given psychiatric diagnoses and psychotropic drugs than the general population. Participants previously assigned to persisting offending trajectory groups had higher rates of psychiatric HCU than those assigned to a desisting trajectory. In multivariable regression models, psychiatric HCU was associated with anxiety disorders, prior psychiatric contact, placement in a foster home, psychopathic traits, low intellectual functioning, and persistent offending. Conclusions Violent offenders are burdened by extensive and serious psychiatric morbidity and typically interact with psychiatric healthcare as inpatients rather than outpatients. Knowledge about their backgrounds, criminal behaviors, and psychiatric statuses can aid the planning of psychiatric services for this troublesome group.
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| 46. |
- Tärnhäll, André, et al.
(författare)
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Offending Trajectories in Violent Offenders : Criminal History and Early Life Risk Factors
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. - 0306-624X. ; 67:2-3, s. 270-290
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The understanding of offending, and thus its possible prevention, is expanded through longitudinal studies on criminal trajectories depicting early life risk factors. This longitudinal study aimed to explore criminal trajectories, criminal histories, and early life risk factors in a cohort of violent offenders. A Swedish nationally representative cohort of male violent offenders (n = 266), clinically assessed while imprisoned aged 18 to 25, was followed through national registers from age 15 to 25–34. Substantial differences in criminal histories between violent offenders and a matched comparison group (n = 10,000) were demonstrated. Five trajectory groups were identified: four persisting and one desisting. Although differences were observed between persisting trajectory groups, a higher prevalence of early life risk factors was generally displayed compared to the desisting, especially in conduct problems and experiences of out-of-home placements. Neurocognitive ability and prevalence of ADHD and autism were similar across trajectories. Severe early life risks highlight the population’s need for early interventions.
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| 47. |
- Åsberg Johnels, Jakob, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship between intelligence and global adaptive functioning in young people with or without neurodevelopmental disorders
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have shown an association between IQ and adaptive global functioning, i.e. how well a person is functioning in different domains of life. However, it is unclear to what extent such an association applies in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The study group consisted of 550 population-screened children assessed with the K-SADS, WISC-IV, and the C-GAS. Approximately half of the sample had been diagnosed with one or several NDDs (ADHD, autism, language disorder and tic disorder). A factorial ANOVA with IQ level and the presence of NDD was conducted, with C-GAS score as the dependent variable. Results revealed a significant interaction effect between IQ-group and NDD-status. In the non-NDD group (49% girls), higher IQ scores were clearly linked with better global adaptive functioning. Among children with NDDs (35% girls), however, higher IQ scores were not clearly associated with better functioning. Thus, the association between IQ and adaptive functioning were found to differ depending on the presence of NDD. These results have implications for the interpretation of IQ test results in neurodevelopmental assessments and point towards the importance of providing support based on an assessment of needs and functioning rather than scores from IQ tests.
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