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| 2. |
- Cervenka, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Association between striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2-receptor binding and social desirability
- 2010
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Ingår i: NeuroImage. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; 50:1, s. 323-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the biological underpinnings of personality can provide leads to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. In particular, interpersonal aspects of behavior are a common problem during the course of psychiatric illness. Animal research has demonstrated a role for the dopamine system in social behaviour, and recent molecular imaging studies have shown a negative correlation between dopamine D2-receptor binding in the striatum and social desirability. The emotional and cognitive aspects of social behavior suggest involvement of brain regions outside of the striatum, such as limbic structures. The aim of the present study was to explore associations between the personality trait social desirability and dopamine D2-receptor binding in both striatal and extrastriatal brain regions. We examined 16 control subjects with Positron Emission Tomography and the radioligands [C-11]raclopride and [C-11]FLB 457, in relation to social desirability in the inventory Swedish universities Scales of Personality. [C-11]raclopride D2-receptor binding in the striatum showed negative correlations to social desirability scores, corroborating previous findings. Furthermore, a correlation of a higher statistical significance was demonstrated for [C-11]FLB 457 binding in the hippocampal-amygdala complex. A separate analysis of social desirability items in relation to a model of interpersonal behaviour revealed that the associations were driven by items reflecting high submissiveness and high affiliation. Taken together with previous evidence on D2-receptor binding and social behaviour, a role for dopaminergic neurotransmission in regulating displays of dominance vs. submissive behaviour is proposed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gustavsson, J Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Early career burnout among nurses : modelling a hypothesized process using an item response approach.
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7489 .- 1873-491X. ; 47:7, s. 864-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Cherniss's pioneering research on burnout, based on grounded theory, focused specifically on competence crisis among new graduates, and identified negative attitude changes as the core phenomenon in the progression from competence crisis into early career burnout. In this model, the two main burnout dimensions of exhaustion and dysfunctional coping are ordered sequentially; i.e., initial exhaustion develops, due to dysfunctional coping (cynicism and disengagement), into burnout.OBJECTIVE: To test the sequential-developmental model of burnout originally proposed by Cherniss, using a psychometric approach.DESIGN: A sample of 933 early-career nursing professionals, recruited from a Swedish population-based cohort (response rate 81%), were assessed three years after graduation, using items from a burnout inventory. Data were analysed using the Rasch measurement model.RESULTS: The psychometric tests showed that data adhere to a sequential-developmental model when examined using the one-parameter item response approach. When tested against external variables, the prevalence of low mood, low levels of job performance and health problems increased monotonically along this sequential-developmental model of early career burnout.CONCLUSION: Among early-career nursing professionals burnout may be operationalized as a one-dimensional sequential-developmental model. This model resembles the results found in the literature on transition and socialization, and the association between these psychometric results and studies on nursing students' transition and socialization into working life are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Jokinen, Jussi, et al.
(författare)
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Karolinska interpersonal violence scale predicts suicide in suicide attempters
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. - 0160-6689 .- 1555-2101. ; 71:8, s. 1025-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Both childhood trauma and violent behavior are important risk factors for suicidal behavior. The aim of the present study was to construct and validate a clinical rating scale that could measure both the exposure to and the expression of violence in childhood and during adult life and to study the ability of the Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS) to predict ultimate suicide in suicide attempters.METHOD: A total of 161 suicide attempters and 95 healthy volunteers were assessed with the KIVS measuring exposure to violence and expressed violent behavior in childhood (between 6-14 years of age) and during adult life (15 years or older). The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), "Urge to act out hostility" subscale from the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), and the Early Experience Questionnaire (EEQ) were used for validation. All patients were followed up for cause of death and a minimum of 4 years from entering in the study.RESULTS: Five patients who committed suicide within 4 years had significantly higher scores in exposure to violence as a child, in expressed violent behavior as an adult, and in KIVS total score compared to survivors. Suicide attempters scored significantly higher compared to healthy volunteers in 3 of the 4 KIVS subscales. There were significant correlations between the subscales measuring exposure to and expression of violent behavior during the life cycle. BDHI, Urge to act out hostility, and EEQ validated the KIVS.CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to violence in childhood and violent behavior in adulthood are risk factors for completed suicide in suicide attempters. Behavioral dysregulation of aggression is important to assess in clinical work. The KIVS is a valuable new tool for case detection and long-term clinical suicide prevention.
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| 6. |
- Lindfors, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Change and stability in subjective well-being over the transition from higher education to employment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - Nottingham : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 70, s. 188-193, s. 327-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transition from higher education (HE) to employment is an anticipated life event experienced by many adults. This transition involves further socialization into work but is typically paralleled by other life changes. While the negative effects of such transitions have been investigated, little is known about changes in subjective well-being (SWB). This study set out to investigate SWB trajectories in terms of affective well-being (AWB) and cognitive well-being (CWB) in the transition from HE to employment. Data came from a seven-year nationwide longitudinal cohort study where student nurses (N=1702) were assessed annually. Longitudinal analyses showed a positive effect, particularly on AWB, of leaving higher education and starting work. Yet the effects decreased over time, suggesting that individuals over time adapt to this anticipated life event and that other factors, including challenges at work, influence long-term SWB. Consistent with previous findings, demographic factors had little impact, which may partly relate to the relative homogeneity of the student cohort. In showing that an anticipated life event such as the transition from HE to employment is paralleled by differential AWB and CWB trajectories, this study furthers the understanding of individual development as related to SWB during adulthood.
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| 7. |
- Nilsson Kajermo, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Translation, Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Context Assessment Index (CAI)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1545-102X .- 1741-6787. ; 10:1, s. 41-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The strength of and relationship between the fundamental elements context, evidence and facilitation of the PARIHS framework are proposed to be key for successful implementation of evidence into healthcare practice. A better understanding of the presence and strength of contextual factors is assumed to enhance the opportunities of adequately developing an implementation strategy for a specific setting. A tool for assessing context-The Context Assessment Index (CAI)-was developed and published 2009. A Swedish version of the instrument was developed and evaluated among registered nurses. This work forms the focus of this paper. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to translate the CAI into Swedish, adapt the instrument for use in Swedish healthcare practice and assess its psychometric properties. METHODS: The instrument was translated and back-translated to English. The feasibility of items and response scales were evaluated through think aloud interviews with clinically active nurses. Psychometric properties were evaluated in a sample of registered nurses (n = 373) working in a variety of healthcare organisations in the Stockholm area. Item and factor analyses and Cronbach's alpha were computed to evaluate internal structure and internal consistency. RESULT: Sixteen items were modified based on the think aloud interviews and to adapt the instrument for use in acute care. A ceiling effect was observed for many items and the originally identified 37 item five-factor model was not confirmed. Item analyses showed an overlap between factors and indicated a one-dimensional scale. DISCUSSION: The Swedish version of the CAI has a wider application than the original instrument. This might have contributed to the differences in factor structure. Different opportunities for further development of the scale are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the CAI is required.
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| 8. |
- Rudman, Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Burnout during nursing education predicts lower occupational preparedness and future clinical performance : a longitudinal study.
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7489 .- 1873-491X. ; 49:8, s. 988-1001
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Early-career burnout among nurses can influence health and professional development, as well as quality of care. However, the prospective occupational consequences of study burnout have not previously been investigated in a national sample using a longitudinal design.OBJECTIVES: To prospectively monitor study burnout for a national sample of nursing students during their years in higher education and at follow-up 1 year post graduation. Further, to relate the possible development of study burnout to prospective health and life outcomes, as well as student and occupational outcomes.DESIGN: A longitudinal cohort of Swedish nursing students (within the population-based LANE (Longitudinal Analysis of Nursing Education/Entry) study) from all sites of education in Sweden was surveyed annually. Data were collected at four points in time over 4 years: three times during higher education and 1 year post graduation.PARTICIPANTS: : A longitudinal sample of 1702 respondents was prospectively followed from late autumn 2002 to spring 2006.METHODS: Mean level changes of study burnout (as measured by the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, i.e. the Exhaustion and Disengagement subscales) across time, as well as prospective effects of baseline study burnout and changes in study burnout levels, were estimated using Latent Growth Curve Modeling.RESULTS: An increase in study burnout (from 30% to 41%) across 3 years in higher education was found, and levels of both Exhaustion and Disengagement increased significantly across the years in education (p<0.001). Baseline levels, as well as development of study burnout, predicted lower levels of in-class learner engagement and occupational preparedness in the final year. At follow-up 1 year post graduation, earlier development of study burnout was related to lower mastery of occupational tasks, less research utilization in everyday clinical practice and higher turnover intentions.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that study burnout may have interfered with learning and psychological well-being. Aspects related to work skills and intention to leave the profession were also affected. Thus, burnout development during higher education may be an important concern, and effective preventive measures to counteract burnout development may be necessary already at the outset of nursing education.
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| 9. |
- Rudman, Ann, et al.
(författare)
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Early-career burnout among new graduate nurses : a prospective observational study of intra-individual change trajectories.
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Nursing Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7489 .- 1873-491X. ; 48:3, s. 292-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Newly qualified and inexperienced nurses are at particular risk of suffering emotional exhaustion and burnout in unsupportive practice environments. Despite new nurses' potential vulnerability, development of burnout after graduation has rarely been studied longitudinally and in relation to demographic and educational characteristics prior to working life entry, i.e. during education.OBJECTIVES: To identify and compare typical change trajectories (i.e. common patterns of intra-individual development) in burnout symptoms for new graduate nurses annually over a three-year period, during which there was reason to believe that this group was especially vulnerable.DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal and national cohort of 1153 nurses within the population-based LANE study (Longitudinal Analyses of Nursing Education), where new graduate nurses were assessed four times annually, i.e. in their final year of nursing education and three times post graduation (after 1, 2 and 3 years).PARTICIPANTS: A longitudinal sample of 997 respondents was prospectively followed.METHODS: Within-group changes in burnout levels were analysed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance, and cluster analytic techniques were used to identify typical trajectories of burnout.RESULTS: At group level, mean levels of burnout were rather stable across time. However, underlying these levels we identified eight change trajectories, explaining 74% of all individual variation; seven of them reflected significant changes across time. Almost every fifth nurse reported extremely high levels of burnout at some point during their first three years after graduation. Changes in burnout levels were accompanied by concurrent changes in depressive symptoms and intention to leave the profession. This study also showed that negative development of burnout was predicted by not feeling well prepared for a nursing job, lacking study interest, high levels of performance-based self-esteem and depressive mood in the final year of education.CONCLUSIONS: An investigation of burnout symptoms over time disclosed numerous development patterns, some of which were stable while others changed significantly. Hence, this study gave a more nuanced picture of burnout development among new graduate nurses, highlighted by eight different trajectories. Regarding the time frame, nearly every second new graduate showed a significant increase in levels of burnout during their second year post graduation.
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| 10. |
- Wallin, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Capability beliefs regarding evidence-based practice are associated with application of EBP and research use : validation of a new measure
- 2012
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Ingår i: Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1545-102X .- 1741-6787. ; 9:3, s. 139-48
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Beliefs about capabilities, or self-efficacy, is a construct originating in social cognitive psychology. Capability beliefs have been found to be positively associated with intention and healthcare practice behaviour. A measure of an individual's beliefs about his/her capability to apply the components of evidence-based practice (EBP) has potential to be useful in implementation research. Aims: To evaluate the concurrent validity and internal structure of a new scale measuring nurses' capability beliefs regarding EBP.METHODS: Data were taken from a prospective longitudinal study in Sweden (the Longitudinal Analyses of Nursing Education and Entry in Worklife [LANE]). A cohort of nursing students who graduated in the autumn of 2004 that was followed up 2 years after their graduation was used (n= 1,256). Concurrent validity was tested relating different levels of capability beliefs to extent of research use and application of EBP. An item-response approach was applied in the evaluation of internal structure of the proposed scale (six items).RESULTS: The psychometric analyses indicated that the six items could be summed to reflect a one-dimensional scale. Nurses with the highest level of capability beliefs reported that they used research findings in clinical practice more than twice as often as those with lower levels of capability beliefs. They also participated in the implementation of evidence seven times more often.IMPLICATIONS: There is a need for further studies of the construct and predictive validity of the scale. It should also be validated in other groups of health professionals. Learning including mastery experiences, role modelling, social persuasion, and manageable stress could be used in undergraduate education as well as practice development to increase beliefs about capabilities which might open the way to increased application of EBP in healthcare practice.CONCLUSIONS: This new measure is well grounded in social cognitive theory, functions as a one-dimensional scale and possesses promising properties of concurrent validity.
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| 11. |
- Wennman-Larsen, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Development in quality of relationship between the significant other and the lung cancer patient as perceived by the significant other
- 2008
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Ingår i: European Journal of Oncology Nursing. - : Elsevier BV. - 1462-3889 .- 1532-2122. ; 12:5, s. 430-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To prospectively explore the quality of the relationship between significant others and patients during lung cancer. based on the perceptions of the significant others.Method: In a sample of 91 significant others, longitudinal data were collected during the first year after diagnosis, and explored on group level and as individual patterns over time.Results: Relational quality was skewed towards high quality, although 30% of the significant others reported low levels close to diagnosis. Forty-eight percent reported stability in the quality of their relationship during the disease trajectory. Within this group, 36% reported low levels of relational quality. Fifty-two percent reported change in quality of relationship and four typical patterns of change were identified. Two showed approximate linear changes in either a positive direction (15%) or a negative direction (49%), and two showed non-linear changes with a temporary ascending curve (11%) or a descending curve (26%). This implies that a change towards low levels of relational quality was most common.Conclusion: The present results show that illness may be a trigger for change in relational quality, which may have implications for future family-centred practice and research, since previously high relational quality has been linked to improved emotional well-being. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- Wännström, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Can scales assessing psychological and social factors at work be used across different occupations?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 34:1, s. 3-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To assess the psychometric properties of a comprehensive tool for assessing psychosocial work characteristics(the QPSNordic), focusing on measurement invariance (MI) across occupations.METHODS: QPSNordic consists of 26 scales covering task, individual, and organizational aspects of work. Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses were performed in order to elucidate MI across a variety of occupational groups.SUBJECTS: Private sector employees and health care workers from the public sector participated. Equal size (n = 500) groups from six different occupations were drawn and entered in multiple group confirmatory factor analyses for assessment of MI.RESULTS: Nine of the 24 analysed scales functioned well across all occupational groups and could thus be used for valid comparisons across professions. The majority of the remaining scales showed MI at least across some groups.CONCLUSION: With some exceptions, the QPSNordic has good psychometric properties. Scales measuring organizational aspects of work could also be used across professional groups, enabling valid comparisons between differing workplaces and occupations.
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| 13. |
- Wännström, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric properties of scales in the General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPSNordic) : confirmatory factor analysis and prediction of certified long-term sickness absence
- 2009
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 50:3, s. 231-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychometric properties, particularly predictive validity, of scales in the General Nordic Questionnaire for Psychological and Social Factors at Work (QPSNordic) were assessed. The analysis is confined to the scales in the QPSNordic, and 24 of the 26 scales are included. A large group of Swedish county council employees (n= 3,976; response rate = 65%) participated in a study and were given the QPSNordic. Register data for long-term sick leave (>90 days), with diagnosis, were used for predictive analysis. The following main results were obtained: Reliability was generally satisfactory, confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit, concurrent validity was good, some less often investigated organizational variables predicted sickness absence, and scales were differentially associated with absence due to psychiatric and musculoskeletal disorders. In conclusion, the psychometric testing of the QPSNordic so far suggests that it is a good instrument for assessing health-related factors at work.
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