| 1. |
- Bränström, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Reasons for and factors associated with issuing sickness certificates for longer periods than necessary : Results from a nationwide survey of physicians
- 2013
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Nature. - 1471-2458. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPhysicians' work with sickness certifications is an understudied field. Physicians' experience of sickness certifying for longer periods than necessary has been previous reported. However, the extent and frequency of such sickness certification is largely unknown. The aims of this study were: a) to explore the frequency of sickness certifying for longer periods than necessary among physicians working in different clinical settings; b) to examine main reasons for issuing sickness certificates for longer periods than necessary; and c) to examine factors associated with unnecessary issued sickness certificates.Methods In 2008, all physicians living and working in Sweden (a total of 36,898) were sent an invitation to participate in a questionnaire study concerning their sick-listing practices. A total of 22,349 (60.6%) returned the questionnaire. In the current study, physicians reporting handling sickness certification consultations at least weekly were included in the analyses, a total of 12,348.ResultsThe proportion of physicians reporting issuing sickness certificates for longer periods than actually necessary varied greatly between different types of clinics, with the highest frequency among those working at: occupational medicine, orthopedic, primary health care, and psychiatry clinics; and lowest among those working in: eye, dermatology, ear/nose/throat, oncology, surgery, and infection clinics. Logistic analyses showed that sickness certifying for longer periods than necessary due to limitations in the health care system was particularly common among physicians working at occupational medicine, orthopedic, and primary health care clinics. Sickness certifying for longer periods than necessary due to patient-related factors was much more common among physicians working at psychiatric clinics. In addition to differences between clinics, frequency of sickness certificates issued for longer periods than necessary varied by age, physicians' experiences of different situations, and perceived problems.
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| 2. |
- Bränström, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness certification at oncology clinics : perceived problems, support, need for education and reasons for certifying unnecessarily long sickness absences
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Care. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0961-5423 .- 1365-2354. ; 23:1, s. 89-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physicians' work with sickness certifications is an understudied field. The aims of this study were to gain knowledge of experiences concerning the sickness certification process among physicians working at oncology clinics. In 2008, all physicians working in Sweden (n = 36 898) were sent a questionnaire concerning sick-listing practices. All respondents working at an oncology clinic (n = 428) were included in the current study. Most of the physicians had sickness certification consultations at least weekly (91.3%). More than one fifth (22.3%) reported that they worked at a clinic with a workplace policy regarding the handling of sickness certification and 61.1% reported receiving at least some support in such cases from their immediate manager. Issuing unnecessary long sickness certificates were related to experiencing delicate interactions with patients and to lack of time. To a moderate degree, further competence was requested regarding: different types of compensation in the social insurance system, responsibilities of the Social Insurance Agency and employers, and sickness insurance rules. The large majority of physicians working in oncology reported regularly having consultations involving sickness certification. Overall, they reported few problems, low level of need for more competence regarding sickness certification, and low frequency of issuing sickness absences for longer periods than necessary.
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| 3. |
- Fyhr, Charlotte, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of shoulder injury on kinaesthesia : A systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Manual Therapy. - : Elsevier. - 1356-689X .- 1532-2769. ; 20:1, s. 28-37
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence for changes for proprioceptive variables consisting of movement and position sense in participants with glenohumeral musculoskeletal disorders. Five databases were searched until 13th August 2013. Methodological quality was assessed and meta-analyses were performed for active and passive joint reposition sense (AJPS and PJPS) and movement sense, determined with threshold to detection of passive motion (TTDPM). The search yielded 17 studies, four of which were classified as having high methodological quality, seven as moderate and six as low quality. For participants with post-traumatic glenohumeral instability, pooled findings indicate moderate evidence for higher TTDPM for involved shoulders compared to control groups and the contralateral uninvolved side, indicating decreased movement sense. For AJPS and PJPS there was moderate to limited evidence for significant increased errors for involved compared to uninvovled shoulders, but not when compared to the control groups. Limited evidence was found for decreased AJPS acuity for patients with chronic rotator cuff pain and for patients with unspecified shoulder pain compared to healthy controls. Movement sense is most likely to be impaired after shoulder injury involving post-traumatic instability when compared to the contralateral shoulder and to controls, while deficits for AJPS and PJPS are more likely to be evident compared to the contralateral shoulder in participants with glenohumeral musculoskeletal disorders. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Gustavsson Binder, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogen from biogas as fuel for buses in cold climate - Analysing the feasibility to produce hydrogen from local biogas and use in city buses in Luleå
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, we demonstrate that in certain cases, it can be advantageous to produce hydrogen from biogas and to use it in heavy-duty vehicles such as buses. In Luleå, it may be feasible to use hydrogen from biogas in city buses because there is a need for heating where waste heat from the fuel cell can be utilized. However, it is uncertain whether the waste heat is sufficient or if a separate auxiliary heater driven by diesel or HVO is needed. If such a heater is required, the conclusion is that hydrogen from biogas is suitable for other segments of heavy transportation, where battery electrification is not as suitable. Overall, our study shows that hydrogen from biogas may be interesting as a transitional fuel to increase the availability of environmentally friendly hydrogen until electrolyzer capacity is sufficiently expanded.At the same time, our mapping of the policy landscape concerning hydrogen and zero-emission buses shows that biohydrogen is disadvantaged in the EU's regulations on renewable hydrogen. This means that member states are restricted from providing support for investments to produce and distribute hydrogen from biogas and other biogenic feedstocks. The reason is that renewable hydrogen, according to EU terminology, is defined in the so-called delegated act on renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO). It is established that renewable hydrogen should be based on non-biological feedstocks (i.e., from electrolysis) and must meet a number of criteria.The results are interesting in the context of urban bus traffic rapidly moving towards zero-emission operation. In Sweden and many other countries, battery buses have become a common and obvious feature on city streets. But just like for other segments of heavy-duty vehicles, another technology to achieve zero-emission operation has also received increased attention, namely hydrogen and fuel cell buses. In Sweden, only a few fuel cell buses have been used - and moreover, only on a trial basis - but in several European cities, they have already begun to be used on a significant scale. An advantage of fuel cell operation with hydrogen from biogas is that it allows for the continued utilization of the biogas already produced and purchased for existing city bus traffic.System study consisting of two partsWe arrived at the result by investigating the suitability of both producing hydrogen from biogas at the existing sewage treatment plant in Luleå and the feasibility for LLT to use fuel cell buses in its city bus traffic. The study has considered both costs associated with each part and climate impact from a life cycle perspective for fuel production and bus operation.
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| 5. |
- Gustavsson, Catharina, et al.
(författare)
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Problems experienced by gynecologists/obstetricians in sickness certification consultations
- 2013
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Ingår i: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0001-6349 .- 1600-0412. ; 92:9, s. 1007-1016
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To explore frequencies and experiences with problems in sickness certification consultations among gynecologists and obstetricians in two different years.DESIGN: Cross-sectional surveys on two occasions; in 2004 and 2008.SETTING: Gynecological, obstetric and maternal health care.SAMPLE: Physicians working in gynecology, obstetrics or maternal health care in two Swedish counties from two samples: in 2004 (n = 315), and in 2008 (n = 327).METHODS: Data regarding sickness certification consultations were obtained from comprehensive questionnaires that had been mailed to the physicians in two Swedish counties in 2004 and in 2008, respectively.OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequencies and types of problems in sickness certification consultations, organizational support, and need to acquire more competence.RESULTS: The majority experienced that patients requested to be on sick leave for a reason other than work incapacity due to disease or injury, at least a few times per year (85% in 2004 and 88% in 2008). The most problematic situation to handle was when the physician and the patient had different opinions about the need for sick leave (2004: 66% and 2008: 58%). The physicians expressed a need for more competence about the options and responsibilities of employers, social insurance officers and physicians in sickness certification cases.CONCLUSIONS: Most gynecologists/obstetricians find sickness certification consultations problematic and especially when encountering patients requesting to be on sick leave for reasons other than disease. The physicians expressed a need for more competence in insurance medicine, especially about their own and other stakeholders' options and responsibilities.
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| 6. |
- Gustavsson, Emil, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of Structural Heterogeneity Controls Phytochrome Photoswitching
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biophysical Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3495 .- 1542-0086. ; 118:2, s. 415-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytochromes sense red/far-red light and control many biological processes in plants, fungi, and bacteria. Although the crystal structures of dark- and light-adapted states have been determined, the molecular mechanisms underlying photoactivation remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the conserved tongue region of the PHY domain of a 57-kDa photosensory module of Deinococcus radiodurans phytochrome changes from a structurally heterogeneous dark state to an ordered, light-activated state. The results were obtained in solution by utilizing a laser-triggered activation approach detected on the atomic level with high-resolution protein NMR spectroscopy. The data suggest that photosignaling of phytochromes relies on careful modulation of structural heterogeneity of the PHY tongue.
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| 7. |
- Gustavsson, Linnéa, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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No major difference in perceived quality of care in patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis assessed in a physical therapy-led triage compared with standard care: a randomized controlled trial
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. - 1471-2474. ; 24:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPhysical therapy-led orthopedic triage is a care model used to optimize pathways for patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis. However, scientific evidence of the effectiveness of this model of care is still limited and only a few studies report patients' perception of it. The aim of this study was to compare patients' perceived quality of care after physical therapy-led triage with standard practice in a secondary care setting for patients with primary hip or knee osteoarthritis.MethodsIn this randomized study, patients with hip or knee osteoarthritis referred for an orthopedic consultation received either physical therapy-led triage (n = 344) or a standard care assessment by an orthopedic surgeon (n = 294). To evaluate the patients' perceived quality of care, a short version of the Quality from the Patient's Perspective (QPP) questionnaire was sent to the patients within a week after their assessment. The primary outcome was the statement "I received the best examination and treatment" on QPP.ResultsA total of 348 patients (70%, physical therapy-led triage: n = 249, standard care: n = 199) answered the questionnaire. No significant difference was found in the primary outcome between the groups (p = 0.6). Participants in the triage group perceived themselves to have received significantly better information about how to take care of their osteoarthritis (p = 0.017) compared with the standard care group. The standard care group reported that they participated in the decision-making process to a greater extent (p = 0.005), that their expectations were met to a greater degree (p = 0.013), and that their care depended more on their need for care rather than the caregivers' routines (0.007).ConclusionBoth groups report high perceived quality of care. Significant differences were found in four of 14 questions, one in favor of the physical therapist and three in favor of the standard care group. The findings of this study are in line with previous research and support the use of this care model for patients with hip or knee OA in secondary care. However, due to the dropout size, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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| 8. |
- Ihalainen, J. A., et al.
(författare)
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Chromophore-Protein Interplay during the Phytochrome Photocycle Revealed by Step-Scan FTIR Spectroscopy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 140:39, s. 12396-12404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytochrome proteins regulate many photo-responses of plants and microorganisms. Light absorption causes isomerization of the biliverdin chromophore, which triggers a series of structural changes to activate the signaling domains of the protein. However, the structural changes are elusive, and therefore the molecular mechanism of signal transduction remains poorly understood. Here, we apply twocolor step-scan infrared spectroscopy to the bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans. We show by recordings in H2O and D2O that the hydrogen bonds to the biliverdin D-ring carbonyl become disordered in the first intermediate (Lumi-R) forming a dynamic microenvironment, then completely detach in the second intermediate (Meta-R), and finally reform in the signaling state (Pfr). The spectra reveal via isotope labeling that the refolding of the conserved "PHY-tongue" region occurs with the last transition between Meta-R and Pfr. Additional changes in the protein backbone are detected already within microseconds in Lumi-R Aided by molecular dynamics simulations, we find that a strictly conserved salt bridge between an arginine of the PHY tongue and an aspartate of the chromophore binding domains is broken in Lumi-R and the arginine is recruited to the D-ring C=O. This rationalizes how isomerization of the chromophore is linked to the global structural rearrangement in the sensory receptor. Our findings advance the structural understanding of phytochrome photoactivation.
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| 9. |
- Isaksson, Linnéa, et al.
(författare)
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Signaling Mechanism of Phytochromes in Solution.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Structure. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-4186 .- 0969-2126. ; 29:2, s. 151-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytochrome proteins guide the red/far-red photoresponse of plants, fungi, and bacteria. Crystal structures suggest that the mechanism of signal transduction from the chromophore to the output domains involves refolding of the so-called PHY tongue. It is currently not clear how the two other notable structural features of the phytochrome superfamily, the so-called helical spine and a knot in the peptide chain, are involved in photoconversion. Here, we present solution NMR data of the complete photosensory core module from Deinococcus radiodurans. Photoswitching between the resting and the active states induces changes in amide chemical shifts, residual dipolar couplings, and relaxation dynamics. All observables indicate a photoinduced structural change in the knot region and lower part of the helical spine. This implies that a conformational signal is transduced from the chromophore to the helical spine through the PAS and GAF domains. The discovered pathway underpins functional studies of plant phytochromes and may explain photosensing by phytochromes under biological conditions.
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| 10. |
- Kazimierczuk, Krzysztof, et al.
(författare)
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Resolution enhancement in NMR spectra by deconvolution with compressed sensing reconstruction
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemical Communications. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1359-7345 .- 1364-548X. ; 56, s. 14585-14588
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- NMR spectroscopy is one of the basic tools for molecular structure elucidation. Unfortunately, the resolution of the spectra is often limited by inter-nuclear couplings. The existing workarounds often alleviate the problem by trading it for another deficiency, such as spectral artefacts or difficult sample preparation and, thus, are rarely used. We suggest an approach using the coupling deconvolution in the framework of compressed sensing (CS) spectra processing that leads to a major increase in resolution, sensitivity, and overall quality of NUS reconstruction. A new mathematical description of the decoupling by deconvolution explains the effects of thermal noise and reveals a relation with the underlying assumption of the CS. The gain in resolution and sensitivity for challenging molecular systems is demonstrated for the key HNCA experiment used for protein backbone assignment applied to two large proteins: intrinsically disordered 441-residue Tau and a 509-residue globular bacteriophytochrome fragment. The approach will be valuable in a multitude of chemistry applications, where NMR experiments are compromised by the homonuclear scalar coupling. This journal is
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| 11. |
- Klockar, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire : translation and cross-cultural adaptation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes. - : Springer Nature. - 2509-8020. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) from English to Swedish and to evaluate psychometric properties of the questionnaire.METHODS: A cross-sectional study design, where the translation followed a process including initial translation, synthesis, backward translation, expert committee, and pretest. Content validity was assessed using Content validity index (CVI). Psychometric assessments included floor-ceiling effects and internal consistency.RESULTS: Language and cultural congruence were achieved, and content validity index scores were high (0.923-1). The psychometric evaluations provided acceptable outcomes concerning internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha scores for the total scale (0.902), the activities subscale (0.861) and the self-management subscale (0.818) respectively. Ceiling effects were evident, but no floor effects.CONCLUSION: This study found the Swedish version of the SSEQ promising as a tool for assessment of self-efficacy in a Swedish stroke care setting, although further psychometric assessments are recommended in future studies.
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| 12. |
- Kübel, Joachim, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Transient IR spectroscopy identifies key interactions and unravels new intermediates in the photocycle of a bacterial phytochrome
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9084 .- 1463-9076. ; 22:17, s. 9195-9203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytochromes are photosensory proteins in plants, fungi, and bacteria, which detect red- and far-red light. They undergo a transition between the resting (Pr) and photoactivated (Pfr) states. In bacterial phytochromes, the Pr-to-Pfr transition is facilitated by two intermediate states, called Lumi-R and Meta-R. The molecular structures of the protein in these states are not known and the molecular mechanism of photoconversion is not understood. Here, we apply transient infrared absorption spectroscopy to study the photocycle of the wild-type and Y263F mutant of the phytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP) from nano- to milliseconds. We identify two sequentially forming Lumi-R states which differ in the local structure surrounding the carbonyl group of the biliverdin D-ring. We also find that the tyrosine at position 263 alters local structure and dynamics around the D-ring and causes an increased rate of Pfr formation. The results shed new light on the mechanism of light-signalling in phytochrome proteins.
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| 13. |
- McCarthy, Linnea, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting after stroke : significant others’ understanding of and perceived role in self-management
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background and aims Self-management support is important in persons adaptation to a new life after stroke. Significant others often provide a meaningful part of that support. The impact on family members caring for a person after stroke has been extensively studied, however there is a lack of research into significant others’ understanding and experiences of self-management after stroke. Therefore, this study aimed to explore how significant others understand self-management and how they perceive their role in supporting self-management in post-stroke rehabilitation at home.Method Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 significant others of persons in rehabilitation after stroke. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis.Results The preliminary results showed that significant others commonly relate self- management to activities of daily living (ADL) and rehabilitation training. Participants saw their role as important not only to assist the stroke survivor practically, but also to provide emotional support and companionship.Conclusion There is an emerging discrepancy between descriptions in the literature and significant others’ perceptions of and actions to support self-management. If significant others obtained a clearer understanding of the concept of self- management, their support could be more efficient in strengthening self-efficacy and self-management abilities in stroke survivors.How will this research improve life after stroke for stroke survivors? By highlighting the characteristics of significant others’ self-management support and their understanding of the concept, interventions to enhance self-managementsupport for stroke survivors can be improved in the future.
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| 14. |
- Niklasson, Mia, et al.
(författare)
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Membrane-Depolarizing Channel Blockers Induce Selective Glioma Cell Death by Impairing Nutrient Transport and Unfolded Protein/Amino Acid Responses
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - : AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH. - 0008-5472 .- 1538-7445. ; 77:7, s. 1741-1752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glioma-initiating cells (GIC) are considered the underlying cause of recurrences of aggressive glioblastomas, replenishing the tumor population and undermining the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. Here we report the discovery that inhibiting T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ and KCa channels can effectively induce selective cell death of GIC and increase host survival in an orthotopic mouse model of human glioma. At present, the precise cellular pathways affected by the drugs affecting these channels are unknown. However, using cell-based assays and integrated proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and transcriptomics analyses, we identified the downstreamsignaling events these drugs affect. Changes in plasma membrane depolarization and elevated intracellular Na+, which compromised Na+-dependent nutrient transport, were documented. Deficits in nutrient deficit acted in turn to trigger the unfolded protein response and the amino acid response, leading ultimately to nutrient starvation and GIC cell death. Our results suggest new therapeutic targets to attack aggressive gliomas.
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| 15. |
- Palmkron, Shuai, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature and Heat Transfer Control During Freeze Drying. Effect of Vial Holders and Influence of Pressure
- 2022
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Ingår i: Pharmaceutical research. - : Springer. - 0724-8741 .- 1573-904X. ; 39, s. 2597-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: A common issue of freeze drying is the inhomogeneity between samples, both in regards to water content and structure. The purpose of this study is to address this issue, and try to understand the cause of inhomogeneity in the heat transfer and sample temperature. Methods: The temperature and the heat transfer was measured using different setups, both with and without vial holders at various positions at different shelf temperature and chamber pressures. By comparing sublimation rate measurements (water sample) with temperature equilibrium measurements with a non-evaporating liquid (oil sample), the heat transfer contribution from radiation and conduction could be separated and investigated individually. Results: The oil sample temperature increases each time the pressure is decreased; the increase is highest at lower shelf temperatures. Using vial holder reduces the deviation between the samples but have limited effect on the temperature increase. The sublimation rate for water sample is pressure dependent and samples close to the walls have a higher sublimation rate than vials in the center. The sublimation rate increases slightly when using a vial holder but the deviation between vials becomes more random. Conclusions: The heat transfer consists of conduction through rectified vapor and radiation from surrounding walls, about 65–75% of the heat is transferred by conduction and 25–35% by radiation under normal operational conditions. As the vial holder is also influenced by the radiation, the vial inside the holder is indirectly affected by the surrounding radiation. © 2022, The Author(s).
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| 16. |
- Sköldberg, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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BIO-CCS I FJÄRRVÄRMESEKTORN – SYNTES
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den svenska fjärrvärmesektorn har stor potential att bidra med negativa koldioxidutsläpp genom bio-CCS, minst 10 Mton per år. Den största osäkerheten beträffande möjligheterna för bio-CCS gäller marknads förutsättningarna. Uppvärmningsbranschen har en vision om att år 2045 utgöra en kolsänka. Ett sätt att åstadkomma detta är genom att avskilja och lagra koldioxidutsläpp med biogent ursprung. Ett antal fjärrvärmeföretag har redan olika långt gångna planer på att satsa på bio-CCS. De har sett ett värde i att samarbeta kring hur detta kan åstadkommas. Ett led i detta är projektet Bio-CCS i fjärrvärmesektorn som består av ett gediget underlag baserat på forskning kring olika aspekter av frågan samt en strategi baserad på det underlaget. I denna rapport redovisas en syntes av detta forskningsarbete. Projektet visar att fjärrvärmesektorn har stor teoretisk potential att bidra med negativa koldioxidutsläpp, minst 10 Mton per år. I huvudsak är avskiljning, transport och lagring av koldioxid beprövad teknik även om tillämpningen i detta fall är ny. Även om bio-CCS är förknippad med energianvändning så bidrar tekniken sett ur ett systemperspektiv med stor nytta för att minska koldioxid[1]utsläppen. Bio-CCS är en relativt dyr teknik och det är angeläget att utnyttja samverkan och kluster för att exempelvis skapa ökad kostnadseffektivitet i transport och mellanlagring. Tillgång till lagringsplatser är en förutsättning för framgång och flera alternativ bedöms bli tillgängliga. Det kan dock uppstå konkurrens om tillgången till lagringsplatserna. De regelmässiga förutsättningarna för bio-CCS i Sverige har förbättrats avsevärt de senaste dryga decenniet. Flera regelmässiga hinder kvarstår dock. En del utgör mindre barriärer, andra är av mer betydande karaktär. Den största osäkerheten beträffande möjligheterna för bio-CCS gäller ekonomin. Flera potentiella finansieringsmetoder har studerats, både stöd, regleringar och frivilligmarknader. Det finns fortfarande oklarheter kring syftet med planerade stöd och det framtida ägandet av de negativa utsläppen. Det genomförda projektet har skapat ett forum för kunskapsuppbyggnad, erfarenhetsutbyte och nätverkande, vilket de deltagande företagen bedömt vara mycket värdefullt.
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